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Death of Sohrabuddin Sheikh

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Encounter of Sohrabuddin Sheikh
Part of Encounter killings by police
DateNovember 23, 2005; 18 years ago (November 23, 2005)
Location
Vishala Circle, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Resulted inKilling of Sohrabuddin Sheikh
Parties
Casualties and losses
1 death

The Sohrabuddin Sheikh encounter case is a criminal case in the Gujarat state after the death of Sohrabuddin Anwarhussain Sheikh on November 26, 2005. A special CBI court acquitted all the 22 accused in the case in the alleged fake encounter of Sohrabuddin Sheikh and his wife.[1][2]

Apart from being involved in the criminal extortion racket in Gujarat, Sheikh was also involved in arms smuggling in Madhya Pradesh, and also had murder cases registered against him in Gujarat and Rajasthan.[3] Sheikh was also claimed by the police to be associated with the banned global terrorist organization Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Pakistani intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence, and was alleged to have planned to create communal chaos in the state by assassinating "an important political leader".[3][4] Although the target of Sheikh's plans has never been officially revealed, the impression was given to political effect that it was to have been Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi. Sheikh's wife Kauser Bi also disappeared on the same day as his killing. A year later, on December 26, 2006, Sheikh's associate Tulsiram Prajapati, a witness to Sheikh's killing, was also killed in another police encounter shooting.[5]

Sheikh was alleged by the police to be extorting protection money from local marble factories in Gujarat and Rajasthan.[5] He was also claimed to have links to fellow underworld criminals Sharifkhan Pathan, Abdul Latif, Rasool Parti and Brajesh Singh, who were all members and associates of India's largest organized crime network and underworld mafia operated by Dawood Ibrahim.[3][4][5] During investigations before he was arrested, the Anti-Terror Squad (ATS) of the Gujarat police claimed to have found 40 AK-47 assault rifles from his residence Village Jhirniya, District Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh.[6]

Facts of case

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Involved persons

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Accused non-governmental criminals and their associates include Sohrabuddin Sheikh, his wife Kauser Bi, Tulsiram Prajapati, and Sylvester Daniel.

Accused police and officials include Vipul Aggarwal, Abhay Chudasama, Geetha Johri, Dinesh MN, Rajkumar Pandian, P.P. Pandey, Ashish Pandya, Amit Shah, Himanshu Singh Rajawat[7] and D. G. Vanzara.

Judges, lawyers, and prosecutors involved in the case include JT Utpat, BH Loya, MB Gosavi, and Shrikant Khandalkar.

Witnesses for the prosecution include Rajnish Rai.

In addition to the various cases directly connected to the death of Sohrabuddin and his wife, other related cases include the Tulsiram Prajapati killing, the Ishrat Jahan case, the murder of Haren Pandya, and the Popular Builders firing case.

Timeline

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On 23–24 November 2005 Gujarati police deputy inspector general D. G. Vanzara took custody of history-sheeter Sohrabuddin Sheikh, his wife Kauser Bi, and Tulsiram Prajapati as they travelled by bus in Sangli, Maharashtra.[8] Vanzara sent Tulsiram to Ahmedabad, Gujarat, where the Rajasthani police took custody of him and took him to Udaipur, Rajasthan.[8]

On 26 November police shot and killed Sohrabuddin in what they would describe as a police encounter.[8] On 28–29 November in a village in Ilol someone murdered and cremated Kauser Bi.[8] Some accounts say that someone raped her also.[8] In December Sohrabuddin's brother wrote to the Chief Justice of India claiming murder with police involvement.[8] In response, the Supreme Court of India directed the Criminal Investigation Department in Gujarat to take the case from police and themselves investigate it.[8]

A year later on 26 December 2006 police reported that Tulsiram had escaped from police custody.[8] On 28 December a police encounter led to the Tulsiram Prajapati killing between the town of Ambaji and the village of Sarhad Chapri near the border between Gujarat and Rajasthan.[8]

In February 2007 DIG Rajnish Rai submits a report to the CID.[8] In April Rai arrests fellow IPS officers Dinesh MN, Rajkumar Pandian, and D. G. Vanzara.[9][8] Weeks later Rai leaves the case investigation.[8]

Early in 2010 the Supreme Court transfers the investigation of the case from the police in Gujarat to the CBI office in Mumbai.[8] In April 2010 CBI arrests DIG Abhay Chudasama on charges of criminal collaboration with the deceased Sohrabuddin.[10][8] Chudasama was the 14th police officer arrested in the case.[10] In July 2010 CBI chargesheeted[11] and arrested Amit Shah, who was then Minister of State for the Government of Gujarat.[8]

In April 2011 CBI took control of the investigation into the Tulsiram Prajapati killing.[8] In 2012 the SC transferred the trial from the Gujarat High Court to the Bombay High Court to promote a more fair trial.[8] In 2013 the SC combined the cases of Sohrabuddin, his wife Kauser Bi, and Tulsiram.[8]

In May 2014 Narendra Modi became Prime Minister of India, which was related to the case because defendant Amit Shah was his close advisor.[8] The SC had stated that one judge should oversee the entire case.[8] The first judge, J T Utpat, had ordered Amit Shah to appear in court.[8] Judge Utpat left the case for unclear reasons in June 2014 and BH Loya replaced him.[8] Judge Loya also insisted that Shah appear in court.[8] In December 2014 Judge Loya died in strange circumstances claimed newspaper Deccan Herald[8] Judge MB Gosavi replaced Loya.[8] That month, the court discharged Shah from the case as court found no evidence against Amit Shah and it was simply plotted by then ruling party and misused their power.[8]

In November 2015 Sohrabuddin's brother petitioned the Bombay High Court with a challenge Shah's discharge.[8] Within days, he withdraws his petition.[8] Activist Harsh Mander petitions the court with his own challenge against Shah's discharge first to the Bombay court then the SC, but by the end of 2016 both courts dismissed Mander for lack of standing.[8]

In November 2017 CBI Judge SJ Sharma begins the trial.[8] Of 210 witnesses, 92 withdraw or change their earlier testimony and become hostile.[8] Also in that month The Caravan publishes a story from Judge Loya's family in which they describe strange and hidden circumstances of his death.[8][12] In January 2018 Judge Dipak Misra declares that Loya's death was by natural causes.[8]

In September 2018 the court discharges several of the accused including Dinesh, Pandian, and Vanzara.[8] In November the witness examination ends without the defense producing any witnesses.[8] In December the court heard final arguments, and on 21 December the court discharged all 22 accused due to lack of evidence.[8]

Cases against Sohrabuddin Sheikh

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Sohrabuddin Sheikh was accused of possessing 40 AK-47 assault rifles that were recovered from his house in Jharania village of Ujjain district in 1995.[6] At the time of his killing, he also had more than 60 pending cases against him, ranging from extorting protection money from marble factories in Gujarat and Rajasthan, to arms smuggling in Madhya Pradesh, to murder cases both in Gujarat and Rajasthan. According to the police, Sheikh was an underworld criminal with links to the Sharifkhan Pathan alias Chhota Dawood and Abdul Latif gangs, and with Rasool Parti and Brajesh Singh, both known to be close to India's underworld kingpin Dawood Ibrahim.[3][13] To escape the police, Sheikh fled with his family from Gujarat to the city of Hyderabad in the state of Telangana.

Encounter

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On 23 November 2005, Sohrabuddin Sheikh was traveling on a public bus with his wife, Kauser Bi, from Hyderabad to Sangli, Maharashtra. At 01:30 am, the Gujarat police ATS stopped the bus and took them away.[14] Kauser wanted to stay with her husband, but was taken to a Disha farmhouse outside Ahmedabad instead.

Three days later, Sheikh was killed in an encounter on a highway at Vishala Circle near Ahmedabad. The report filed in the Supreme Court by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) quotes a number of witnesses and builds up a narrative of the killing.[15]

Exposure and state investigations

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The encounter killing was not exposed until a media report made a year later. This report, together with a petition filed in the Supreme Court by Sheikh's brother, led to investigations into the incident. In April 2007, senior state police officers were arrested for their connection to the case.

Media report and Supreme Court petition

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The encounter killing was exposed after a few police inspectors boasted about it over drinks with journalist Prashant Dayal. Dayal conducted his own investigations at the farmhouse, and then at Illol, and ascertained that a burqa-clad woman had been cremated there. He then broke the story in November 2006, in the leading Gujarati newspaper, Divya Bhaskar,[16] and gave details of the encounter.

Meanwhile, Sheikh's brother Rubabuddin petitioned the Supreme Court claiming that the Gujarat police had orchestrated the encounter and demanded to be given information on the location of his sister-in-law Kauser. In March 2007, the Supreme Court ordered the state Criminal Investigation Department to conduct a time-bound investigation. Inspector-General Geetha Johri was given the task of conducting the investigation, and was to report directly to the court. She gathered evidence that implicated the role of several police officers in the encounter. However, it has been claimed that she may have "steered clear of linking them to a political conspiracy".[17] Based on the evidence collected by Johri, DIG Police Rajnish Rai on 24 April 2007, arrested DIG (Border Range) D G Vanzara and Rajkumar Pandian, Superintendent of Police with the Intelligence Bureau, and M.N. Dinesh of Rajasthan police, who is alleged to have been working at the behest of the marble lobby.[18]

The Supreme Court asked the Gujarat government to place before it the inquiry reports prepared by Johri, which had allegedly said that Sheikh was killed in an encounter killing. Johri was removed from the investigation after this report was published.[19] On 3 May 2007, the court asked the government whether Johri had been dismissed from the investigation so that a further probe would not be carried out, and directed it to submit a final report on May 15, the day it will give the final order.[20]

Inspector General's report

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In Part B of the report, Johri recorded facts relating to repeated attempts by the accused police officers and Amit Shah to sabotage the Supreme Court mandated enquiry. The report states that Shah "brought to bear pressure" on the enquiry process, with the result that Ms. Johri was directed to suspend the enquiry and the enquiry papers were taken away from her "under the guise of scrutiny." Johri also records that Shah even "directed Shri G.C. Raigar, Additional Director General of Police, CID (Crime & Railways) to provide him with the list of witnesses, both police and private, who are yet to be contacted by CID (Crime) for recording their statement in the said enquiry."[21]

The government was asked by the court to give the reason for Johri's removal from the case on May 15.[22] Not finding the Gujarat government's explanations satisfactory, the bench of Justices Tarun Chatterjee and P.K. Balasubramanyam ruled that Johri would report directly to the Supreme Court. She was reinstated in the same position and also asked to head the case.[23]

Allegations of involvement in Haren Pandya murder

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The newspaper DNA, citing sources in the Gujarat State Police, reported in August 2011 that Sohrabuddin and Tulsiram may have been "used to kill Haren Pandya",[24] the erstwhile BJP leader who was once close to Narendra Modi. The murder remains unsolved[25] after 12 people arrested for it were released in what the high court called a "botched up and blinkered" investigation.[26] According to the DNA report, Sohrabuddin was initially given the task but he back-pedalled and the murder was eventually executed by Tulsiram. The encounter killings of Sohrabuddin and Tulsiram were a result of unease among the conspirators:

However, the alleged conspirators at whose behest Pandya was killed began to lose confidence in Sohrabuddin and Tulsiram and, eventually, their equations began to worsen, the source said.[24]

A similar charge has been made by ex-IPS officer Sanjiv Bhatt, who discovered evidence for Sohrabuddin and Tulsiram's involvement and forwarded it to Amit Shah, who sounded "very disturbed over the telephone" and asked him "not to speak about it to anyone".[27] Bhatt followed this up with a letter to Shah detailing the "involvement of Sohrabuddin and some policemen in the murder".

Bhatt was subsequently suspended from the Gujarat police.

D.G. Vanzara, ex-IPS who had originally investigated the Pandya murder,[28] and is currently out on bail after being jailed on charges of coordinating the Sohrabuddin and Tulsiram encounters, told the CBI in September 2013 that about the role of Sohrabuddin in Pandya's murder.

CBI enquiry

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Despite the detailed nature of the Johri report, the Supreme Court felt impelled, given the allegations of involvement by senior politicians, that the case should be transferred to the Central Bureau of Investigation for investigation. Since 2007, the Gujarat government had strongly resisted these attempts.[21][29] The CBI took help of T D Dogra of AIIMS New Delhi and Forensic experts of Central Forensic Science Laboratory New Delhi in Forensic investigations.[30]

Media pressure began building up, with calls from organizations such as Amnesty International.[31] Eventually, on 12 January 2010, the Supreme Court observed that "the facts surrounding Prajapati's death evokes strong suspicion that a deliberate attempt was made to destroy a human witness".[32] The court then directed the CBI to take over the probe.

Subsequently, the CBI arrested senior Gujarat police officer Abhay Chudasama, who was charged with extortion in partnership with Sheikh.[33] After Chudasama's arrest, the CBI also charged the now ex-home minister Shah with collusion.[15]

Suspicion of political interference intensified after the evidence handed over to the CBI from the state investigations showed that 331 phone calls by Shah to the concerned police officers had been deleted from the records.[34] After media reports revealed the original records of calls from Shah to Vanzara and other police officers executing the killings, the CBI acquired the original records, and ex-police chief O.P. Mathur, who was then Director of Raksha Shakti University, was indicted for deleting evidence.[34] Shah was subsequently named as the "prime accused" in the case.[35]

A CBI witness also claimed that they were paid Rs. 10 crores by R.K. Patni, the owner of RK marbles who was acquainted with Indian National Congress leaders,[36] to eliminate Sheikh.[37] But BJP MLAs Gulab Chand Kataria and Om Prakash Mathur from the neighbouring state of Rajasthan also got named in the case. Kataria, who visited Gujarat to lobby for the release of Rajasthan police officer Dinesh M.N. in 2007,[18] denied all charges.[38] On September 1, IPS Officer D G Vanzara resigned, blaming lack of interest shown by State Government in rescuing him and other police officers jailed in fake encounter cases.[39] Dinesh M. N. was granted bail in May 2014. He had served seven years in jail due to cases.[40]

The Special Court had discharged Amit Shah from the case due to lack of evidence in December 2014.[40]

D. G. Vanzara and Dinesh M. N. were acquitted in August 2017 due to lack of evidence.[40]

Reactions

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Rahul Gandhi
@RahulGandhi
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

NO ONE KILLED... Haren Pandya. Tulsiram Prajapati. Justice Loya. Prakash Thombre. Shrikant Khandalkar. Kauser Bi. Sohrabuddin Shiekh. THEY JUST DIED.

Dec 22, 2018[41]

As the case included the high ranking BJP politician Amit Shah, the opposition party including Rahul Gandhi criticized the case throughout.[42] When the court found no evidence of guilt at the end, Gandhi remarked that somehow various people died from strange circumstances.[42]

In 2007 Amnesty International criticized the police investigation and the practice of encounter killings by police.[43]

A publication advocating for rule of law in India criticized the circumstances of the case for the normalization of extraordinary and gruesome occurrences, and for out of process police investigation, and for unacceptably poor courtroom proceedings.[44]

News sources including The Hindu,[45] Deccan Herald,[46] and The Indian Express[47] described the case as a failure of the justice system.

National Herald claimed that the court inappropriately issued a gag order to prevent media coverage of the case.[48]

Legal commentators Harsh Mander and Sarim Naved said that the case demonstrated the Indian justice system's lack of capacity to effectively manage large court cases involving high-profile people.[49] Legal blog Bar and Bench used the case to talk about various challenges in the Indian legal system.[50]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Sohrabuddin Encounter Case: All 22 accused acquitted". The Times of India. 21 December 2018. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  2. ^ "Sohrabuddin Shaikh encounter case verdict LIVE: All 22 accused acquitted of all charges". The Indian Express. 21 December 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ a b c d "Criminal sent by LeT, ISI to kill Gujarat leader shot dead". news.outlookindia.com. 26 November 2005. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Terrorism Update". Satp.org. 27 November 2005. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  5. ^ a b c "Sohrabuddin case: Traders claim senior cops extorted money", timesofindia.indiatimes.com, July 25, 2010, webpage: TI976.
  6. ^ a b "City Crime Branch gets Dawood gang member on transit warrant". Indian Express. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  7. ^ "All 22 Accused Acquitted in Sohrabuddin Shaikh Fake Encounter Case". The Wire. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Bose, Mrityunjay (6 January 2019). "Who killed Sohrabuddin?". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  9. ^ Parihar, Uday Mahurkar Rohit (7 May 2007). "IPS officers D G Vanzara, R K Pandian arrested in Sohrabuddin's encounter case". India Today. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  10. ^ a b Bhan, Rohit (28 April 2010). "Gujarat top cop arrested for Sohrabuddin case". NDTV. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  11. ^ Manas, Dasgupta (24 July 2010). "Amit Shah resigns, still untraceable". The Hindu. The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  12. ^ Takle, Niranjan (19 November 2017). "Shocking details emerge in death of judge presiding over Sohrabuddin trial". The Caravan. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  13. ^ "'Sohrabuddin was aide of Haren Pandya murder plotter' - India - DNA". Dnaindia.com. 8 August 2010. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  14. ^ Who was Sohrabuddin Sheikh? Archived 2021-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Ndtv.com (2010-07-23). Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  15. ^ a b Encounter: how Sohrabuddin Sheikh was killed. Hindustan Times (2007-05-02). Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  16. ^ "Rickshaw driver -journalist behind Gujarat arrests". rediff.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
  17. ^ Who is Geeta Johri? Archived 2021-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Ndtv.com (2010-07-30). Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  18. ^ a b Other States / Rajasthan News : Kataria denies any role in Sohrabuddin case Archived 2021-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. The Hindu. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  19. ^ "Kauser Bi killed, body burnt; Gujarat govt to SC". Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
  20. ^ Gujarat encounter: SC order on May 15
  21. ^ a b "Geetha Johri report speaks of "collusion of State government"". The Hindu. 5 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
  22. ^ Gujarat encounter probe in right direction: SC Archived 2021-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Rediff.com (2004-12-31). Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  23. ^ SC rejects CBI inquiry. Expressindia.com (2007-05-17). Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  24. ^ a b "Was it Tulsiram Prajapati who killed Haren Pandya?". DNA (newspaper). 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  25. ^ "Haren Pandya murder: Case shut, but mystery unsolved - Rediff.com India News". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  26. ^ Sarim Naved (17 September 2011). "The Haren Pandya Judgment: Dissection of a Botched Investigation". Economic and Political Weekly, Vol - XLVI No. 38. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  27. ^ D. P. Bhattacharya (31 August 2011). "Tulsiram Prajapati killed Haren Pandya, says Sanjiv Bhatt". India Today. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  28. ^ By VINOD K JOSE (March 2012). "The Emperor Uncrowned : The rise of Narendra Modi". Caravan magazine. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  29. ^ "Centre for CBI enquiry into Gujarat encounters". Rediff.com. 26 April 2007. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
  30. ^ "CBI reconstructs Tulsi Prajapati encounter". Zeenews.india.com. 9 July 2011. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  31. ^ "India: A pattern of unlawful killings by the Gujarat police: Urgent need for effective investigations". Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  32. ^ Supreme Court assigns Sohrabuddin case to CBI Archived 2021-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Ndtv.com. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  33. ^ "Abhay, Sohrab had 75:25 partnership in extortion business". Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  34. ^ a b "Another top cop under scanner for erasing Amit Shah reference in CD". indianexpress.com.
  35. ^ India's Independent Weekly News Magazine Archived 2011-02-03 at the Wayback Machine. Tehelka. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  36. ^ Sohrabuddin case: Congress red-faced too - Politics - Politics News - ibnlive. Ibnlive.in.com (2010-02-03). Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  37. ^ 'Rs 10 crore paid to ministers, cops to kill Sohrabuddin' Archived 2021-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Ndtv.com (2010-07-31). Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  38. ^ Ex-Minister denies being paid for Sohrabuddin encounter. Indianexpress.com (2010-08-01). Retrieved 2010-08-29.
  39. ^ "The Resignation Letter of D G Vanzara, Gujarat IPS Officer". Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  40. ^ a b c "DG Vanzara discharged: Former Gujarat cop cleared in Sohrabuddin encounter case due to lack of evidence". Firstpost. 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  41. ^ Rahul Gandhi [@RahulGandhi] (22 December 2018). "NO ONE KILLED... Haren Pandya. Tulsiram Prajapati. Justice Loya. Prakash Thombre. Shrikant Khandalkar. Kauser Bi. Sohrabuddin Shiekh. THEY JUST DIED" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  42. ^ a b India Today Web Desk (22 December 2018). "No one killed Sohrabuddin, Justice Loya, they just died: Rahul Gandhi's latest jibe". India Today. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  43. ^ Amnesty International (24 May 2007). "INDIA: A PATTERN OF UNLAWFUL KILLINGS BY THE GUJARAT POLICE: URGENT NEED FOR EFFECTIVE INVESTIGATIONS". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  44. ^ Sharma, Aayomi (31 December 2018). "Why the mass acquittal in Sohrabuddin Sheikh case is about grave systemic injustice". TheLeaflet. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  45. ^ "Failure of justice: on Sohrabuddin case verdict". The Hindu. 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  46. ^ Deccan Herald News Source (24 December 2018). "EDITORIAL A case of failure of justice". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  47. ^ Janwalkar, Mayura; Bhasin, Ruhi (14 February 2018). "Failure of justice system in Sohrabuddin encounter case, Bombay High Court should relook: Ex-judge Abhay M Thipsay". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  48. ^ Sengupta, Uttam (30 November 2017). "Who is afraid of Sohrabuddin Sheikh?". National Herald. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  49. ^ Mander, Harsh; Naved, Sarim (29 December 2018). "Opinion: Sohrabuddin Sheikh judgement betrays every principle of justice and legal procedure". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  50. ^ Dave, Dave (7 January 2019). "Sohrabuddin Judgment: A Blot on Independence of Judiciary". Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news.
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