Snub-nosed monkey

Snub-nosed monkeys
	Golden snub-nosed monkey; (Rhinopithecus roxellana)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Cercopithecidae
Tribe:	Presbytini
Genus:	Rhinopithecus; A. Milne-Edwards, 1872
Type species
	Semnopithecus roxellana; A. Milne-Edwards, 1872
Species
	See text

Snub-nosed monkeys are a group of Old World monkeys and make up the entirety of the genus Rhinopithecus. The genus is rare and not fully researched. Some taxonomists group snub-nosed monkeys together with the genus Pygathrix.

Distribution and habitat

Snub-nosed monkeys live in Asia, with a range covering southern China (especially Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou) extending into the northern parts of Myanmar and Vietnam. Snub-nosed monkeys inhabit mountain forests up to elevations of more than 4,000 m (13,000 ft). In the winter, they move into the deeply secluded regions. Higher elevation areas are more remote and difficult for humans to access and utilize and other studies have found less deforestation, more reforestation and afforestation, less range contraction, and less extinction in topographically steep areas. All Rhinopithecus species inhabit primary forest and grid cells with tree cover ≥ 75% might constitute important potential habitat.^[1]

Description

These monkeys are named for the short stump of a nose on their round faces, with nostrils arranged forward. They have relatively multicolored and long fur, particularly at the shoulders and backs. They grow to a length of 51–83 cm (20–33 in) with a tail of 55–97 cm (22–38 in).

Behavior

Snub-nosed monkeys spend the majority of their life in the trees. They live together in very large groups of up to 600 members, splitting up into smaller groups in times of food-scarcity, such as in the winter. Groups consist of many more males than females. They have territorial instincts, defending their territory mostly with shouts. They have a large vocal repertoire, calling sometimes solo while at other times together in choir-like fashion.

Diet

The diet of these animals consists mainly of tree needles, bamboo buds, fruits and leaves. A multi-chambered stomach helps them with digesting their food.

Breeding

The impulse for mating starts with the female. She takes up eye contact with the male and runs away a short bit, then flashes her genitals. If the male shows interest (which does not always occur), he joins the female and they mate. The 200-day gestation period ends with a single birth in late spring or early summer. Young animals become fully mature in about six to seven years. Zoologists know little about their lifespan.

Conservation

The golden^[2] and black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys^[3] are both endangered species, while the other three species are critically endangered.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Golden snub-nosed monkey communities with large populations have high genetic diversity, but also show higher levels of recent inbreeding than other snub-nosed monkeys.^[7]

Species

Genus **Rhinopithecus** – A. Milne-Edwards, 1872 – five species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey	R. bieti A. Milne-Edwards, 1897	Southern China	Size: 74–83 cm (29–33 in) long, plus 51–72 cm (20–28 in) tail^[8] Habitat: Forest^[3] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and lichen^[8]	EN 1,000 ^[3]
Golden snub-nosed monkey	R. roxellana (A. Milne-Edwards, 1870) Three subspecies R. r. hubeiensis (Hubei golden snub-nosed monkey) R. r. qinlingensis (Qinling golden snub-nosed monkey) R. r. roxellana (Moupin golden snub-nosed monkey)	Central China	Size: 57–76 cm (22–30 in) long, plus 51–72 cm (20–28 in) tail^[9] Habitat: Forest^[2] Diet: Leaves, bark, and lichen, as well as buds and fruit seeds^[9]	EN Unknown ^[2]
Gray snub-nosed monkey	R. brelichi Thomas, 1903	Central China	Size: About 64–73 cm (25–29 in) long, plus 70–97 cm (28–38 in) tail^[10] Habitat: Forest^[4] Diet: Leaves, buds, fruit, seeds and bark, as well as insect larvae^[10]	CR 200 ^[4]
Myanmar snub-nosed monkey	R. strykeri Geissmann et al., 2010	Northern Myanmar	Size: About 56 cm (22 in) long, plus 78 cm (31 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[6] Diet: Leaves, fruit, seeds, buds, flowers, twigs, and bark^[12]	CR 350–400 ^[6]
Tonkin snub-nosed monkey	R. avunculus Dollman, 1912	Northern Vietnam	Size: 51–65 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 66–92 cm (26–36 in) tail^[13] Habitat: Forest^[5] Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and seeds^[13]	CR 80–100 ^[5]