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Ischiopatellar dysplasia

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Ischiopatellar dysplasia
Ischiopatellar dysplasia is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner[1]

Ischiopatellar dysplasia is a rare autosomal dominant[2] disorder characterized by a hypoplasia of the patellae as well as other bone anomalies, especially concerning the pelvis and feet.[3] It is also known as small patella syndrome, with earlier synonyms being Scott-Taor syndrome, Coxo-podo-patellar syndrome, Patella aplasia, coxa vara, tarsal synostosis, Congenital coxa vara, patella aplasia and tarsal synostosis ischiocoxopodopatellar syndrome.[4]

Signs and symptoms

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Individuals affected by ischiopatellar dysplasia commonly have abnormalities of the patella and pelvic girdle,[5] such as absent or delayed patellar and ischial ossification as well as infra-acetabular axe-cut notches.[6][7][8] Patellae are typically absent or small in these individuals, when patellae are present they are small and laterally displaced or dislocated.[9] In addition, abnormalities in other parts of their skeleton and dysmorphic features are common in those affected.[10][11] Other features that have been identified in patients with ischiopatellar dysplasia include foot anomalies,[12] specifically flat feet (pes planus), syndactylism of the toes,[13] short fourth and fifth toes, and a large gap between the first and second toes,[14][15] femur anomalies,[16] cleft palate,[17] and craniofacial dysmorphisms.[18][19]

Ischiopubic junction ossification can be absent, delayed, or abnormal. Other findings include hallux varus, brachymetatarsia affecting the fourth and fifth metatarsals, flat feet, and the presence of an elongated medial patellofemoral ligament.[20][21][22] Less common findings include micrognathia, cleft palate, frontal bossing and nose prominence.[23] Complications include infancy-onset recurrence of luxations, pain of the knee, impaired ability of running and riding bicycles, and late-onset gonarthrosis,[24] although it is not uncommon for some cases to be asymptomatic.

Causes

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Ischiopatellar dysplasia is often considered a familial condition.[25][26][27][28] Ischiopatellar dysplasia has been identified on region 5.6 cM on chromosome 17q22. Mutations in the TBX4 (T-box protein 4) gene, in chromosome 17, have been found to cause ischiopatellar dysplasia due to the essential role TBX4 plays in lower limb development since TBX4 is a transcription factor.[29]

Diagnosis

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Ischiopatellar dysplasia is usually identified through radiographic evidence since its characteristic changes are most notable in radiographic tests that indicate delayed bone age or absent ossification.[30] A full skeletal survey should be performed on any patient that has an absent or hypoplastic patellae since they could potentially have ischiopatellar dysplasia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is especially helpful in the diagnosis of ischiopatellar syndrome and is recommended when an individual affected by ischiopatellar dysplasia has a traumatic injury to the knee.[31]

Around 50-70 cases have been described in medical literature.[32] Diagnosis is made through genetic testing and radiography.[33]

Management

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History

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Ischiopatellar dysplasia is sometimes referred to as Scott-Taor syndrome after the researchers who first described ischiopatellar dysplasia as they recognized it in a family as an autosomal dominant disorder in 1979.[34] This finding was important as they were the first to note that it was a benign disorder that is separate from the more severe nail-patella syndrome.[35] Other common names for ischiopatellar syndrome are small patella syndrome (SPS), since the patellae are often small or absent in patients who have this syndrome, and coxo-podo-patellaire syndrome.[36][37][38]

References

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  1. ^ INSERM US14. "Orphanet: Ischiopatellar dysplasia". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 16 December 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Bongers EM, Duijf PH, van Beersum SE, Schoots J, Van Kampen A, Burckhardt A, Hamel BC, Losan F, Hoefsloot LH, Yntema HG, Knoers NV, van Bokhoven H. Mutations in the human TBX4 gene cause small patella syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74:1239–1248.
  3. ^ Kim H-S, Yoo J-H, Park N-H, Chang J-H, Ban Y-S, Song S-H. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Small Patella Syndrome. Knee Surgery & Related Research. 2016;28(1):75-78.
  4. ^ "Small patella syndrome". 16 June 2022.
  5. ^ Scott JE, Taor WS. The "small patella" syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979;61:172–175.
  6. ^ Kim H-S, Yoo J-H, Park N-H, Chang J-H, Ban Y-S, Song S-H. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Small Patella Syndrome. Knee Surgery & Related Research. 2016;28(1):75-78.
  7. ^ Kozlowski K, Nelson J. Small patella syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1995;57:558–561.
  8. ^ Bongers EM, Van Bokhoven H, Van Thienen M, Kooyman M, Van Beersym S, Boetes C, Knoers N, Hamel B. The small patella syndrome: description of five cases from three families and examination of possible allelism with familial patella aplasia-hypoplasia and nail-patella syndrome. J Med Genet 2001;38:209-214.
  9. ^ Scott JE, Taor WS. The "small patella" syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979;61:172–175.
  10. ^ Kozlowski K, Nelson J. Small patella syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1995;57:558–561.
  11. ^ Azouz EM, Kozlowski K. Small patella syndrome: a bone dysplasia to recognize and differentiate from the nail-patella syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 1997;27:432–435.
  12. ^ Kim H-S, Yoo J-H, Park N-H, Chang J-H, Ban Y-S, Song S-H. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Small Patella Syndrome. Knee Surgery & Related Research. 2016;28(1):75-78.
  13. ^ Scott JE, Taor WS. The "small patella" syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979;61:172–175.
  14. ^ Bongers EM, Duijf PH, van Beersum SE, Schoots J, Van Kampen A, Burckhardt A, Hamel BC, Losan F, Hoefsloot LH, Yntema HG, Knoers NV, van Bokhoven H. Mutations in the human TBX4 gene cause small patella syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74:1239–1248.
  15. ^ Kim H-S, Yoo J-H, Park N-H, Chang J-H, Ban Y-S, Song S-H. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Small Patella Syndrome. Knee Surgery & Related Research. 2016;28(1):75-78.
  16. ^ Bongers EM, Duijf PH, van Beersum SE, Schoots J, Van Kampen A, Burckhardt A, Hamel BC, Losan F, Hoefsloot LH, Yntema HG, Knoers NV, van Bokhoven H. Mutations in the human TBX4 gene cause small patella syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74:1239–1248.
  17. ^ Kozlowski K, Nelson J. Small patella syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1995;57:558–561.
  18. ^ Bongers EM, Duijf PH, van Beersum SE, Schoots J, Van Kampen A, Burckhardt A, Hamel BC, Losan F, Hoefsloot LH, Yntema HG, Knoers NV, van Bokhoven H. Mutations in the human TBX4 gene cause small patella syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74:1239–1248.
  19. ^ Kim H-S, Yoo J-H, Park N-H, Chang J-H, Ban Y-S, Song S-H. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Small Patella Syndrome. Knee Surgery & Related Research. 2016;28(1):75-78.
  20. ^ "Small patella syndrome - About the Disease - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-07-10. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  21. ^ Bongers, Ernie M. H. F.; Bokhoven, Hans Van; Thienen, Marie-Noëlle Van; Kooyman, Marinus a. P.; Beersum, Sylvia E. C. Van; Boetes, Carla; Knoers, Nine V. a. M.; Hamel, Ben C. J. (2001-03-01). "The small patella syndrome: description of five cases from three families and examination of possible allelism with familial patella aplasia-hypoplasia and nail-patella syndrome". Journal of Medical Genetics. 38 (3): 209–214. doi:10.1136/jmg.38.3.209. ISSN 0022-2593. PMC 1734819. PMID 11303519.
  22. ^ Kim, Hyoung-Soo; MD; Yoo, Jeong-Hyun; MD; Park, Noh-Hyuck; MD; Chang, Jun-Hee; MD; Ban, Yun-Seong; MD; Song, and Sang-Heon (2016-03-30). "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Small Patella Syndrome". Knee Surgery & Related Research. 28 (1): 75–78. doi:10.5792/ksrr.2016.28.1.75. PMC 4779809. PMID 26955616.
  23. ^ "Small patella syndrome". Global Genes. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  24. ^ "Orphanet: Search a disease". www.orpha.net. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  25. ^ Bongers EM, Duijf PH, van Beersum SE, Schoots J, Van Kampen A, Burckhardt A, Hamel BC, Losan F, Hoefsloot LH, Yntema HG, Knoers NV, van Bokhoven H. Mutations in the human TBX4 gene cause small patella syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74:1239–1248.
  26. ^ Kim H-S, Yoo J-H, Park N-H, Chang J-H, Ban Y-S, Song S-H. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Small Patella Syndrome. Knee Surgery & Related Research. 2016;28(1):75-78.
  27. ^ Bongers EM, Van Bokhoven H, Van Thienen M, Kooyman M, Van Beersym S, Boetes C, Knoers N, Hamel B. The small patella syndrome: description of five cases from three families and examination of possible allelism with familial patella aplasia-hypoplasia and nail-patella syndrome. J Med Genet 2001;38:209-214.
  28. ^ Burckhardt A. The small patella syndrome. Z Orthop 1988;126:22–29.
  29. ^ Bongers, Ernie M. H. F.; Duijf, Pascal H. G.; van Beersum, Sylvia E. M.; Schoots, Jeroen; van Kampen, Albert; Burckhardt, Andreas; Hamel, Ben C. J.; Lošan, František; Hoefsloot, Lies H.; Yntema, Helger G.; Knoers, Nine V. A. M. (2004-06-01). "Mutations in the Human TBX4 Gene Cause Small Patella Syndrome". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (6): 1239–1248. doi:10.1086/421331. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1182087. PMID 15106123.
  30. ^ Kozlowski K, Nelson J. Small patella syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1995;57:558–561.
  31. ^ Kim H-S, Yoo J-H, Park N-H, Chang J-H, Ban Y-S, Song S-H. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Small Patella Syndrome. Knee Surgery & Related Research. 2016;28(1):75-78.
  32. ^ "OMIM Entry - # 147891 - Ischiocoxopodopatellar syndrome with or without pulmonary arterial hypertension; ICPPS". omim.org. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  33. ^ Kozlowski, Kazimierz; Nelson, John (1995-07-01). "Small patella syndrome". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 57 (4): 558–561. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320570408. ISSN 0148-7299. PMID 7573128.
  34. ^ Azouz EM, Kozlowski K. Small patella syndrome: a bone dysplasia to recognize and differentiate from the nail-patella syndrome. Pediatr Radiol. 1997;27:432–435.
  35. ^ Scott JE, Taor WS. The "small patella" syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1979;61:172–175.
  36. ^ Bongers EM, Duijf PH, van Beersum SE, Schoots J, Van Kampen A, Burckhardt A, Hamel BC, Losan F, Hoefsloot LH, Yntema HG, Knoers NV, van Bokhoven H. Mutations in the human TBX4 gene cause small patella syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74:1239–1248.
  37. ^ Kim H-S, Yoo J-H, Park N-H, Chang J-H, Ban Y-S, Song S-H. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Small Patella Syndrome. Knee Surgery & Related Research. 2016;28(1):75-78.
  38. ^ Kozlowski K, Nelson J. Small patella syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1995;57:558–561.
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