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Harry Broadhurst

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See also Henry Broadhurst for the trade unionist and politician
Air Chief Marshal

Sir Harry Broadhurst
Harry Broadhurst, pictured here while Air Officer Commanding, Western Desert Air Force.
Nickname(s)"Broady"
Born(1905-10-28)28 October 1905
Frimley, Surrey, England
Died29 August 1995(1995-08-29) (aged 89)
Birdham, Chichester District, West Sussex, England
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Service / branchRoyal Air Force
Years of service1925–1961
RankAir Chief Marshal
Service number24035
CommandsAllied Air Forces Central Europe (1959–61)
Bomber Command (1956–59)
Second Tactical Air Force (1953–56)
No. 61 Group (1946–48)
No. 83 Group (1944–45)
Desert Air Force (1943–44)
RAF Hornchurch (1941–42)
RAF Wittering (1940)
RAF Coltishall (1940)
No. 111 Squadron (1939–40)
Battles / warsSecond World War
AwardsKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Distinguished Service Order & Bar
Distinguished Flying Cross & Bar
Air Force Cross
Mentioned in Despatches (3)
Officer of the Legion of Merit (United States)
Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands)

Air Chief Marshal Sir Harry Broadhurst, GCB, KBE, DSO & Bar, DFC & Bar, AFC (28 October 1905 – 29 August 1995), commonly known as Broady, was a senior Royal Air Force commander and flying ace of the Second World War.

Early life

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Broadhurst was born in 1905 in Frimley, Surrey, England. He joined the British Army as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery and then, in 1926, transferred to the Royal Air Force (RAF).[1]

Early RAF career

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Completing his training, he joined No. 11 Squadron RAF in India in 1928,[2] flying the Westland Wapiti and Hawker Hart over the North West frontier. He returned to the United Kingdom in 1931, joining No. 41 Squadron RAF flying the Bristol Bulldog.[2]

By the mid-1930s, Broadhurst was an accomplished pilot, flying fighters and doing acrobatics at air shows, gaining a reputation as an aerial daredevil with a flair for aerial acrobatics. In 1936, as a Flight Lieutenant, he was personally congratulated by the king on his aerobatic showing in the Gloster Gauntlet. Awarded an Air Force Cross in 1937,[2] he served at the RAF Staff College in Andover.[2] In January 1939 he was posted as Officer Commanding No. 111 Squadron.[1]

War service

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In May 1940, Broadhurst was appointed Station Commander at RAF Coltishall,[2] before joining No. 60 Wing in France as wing commander.[2] He participated in ground support during the Battle of France, an experience that taught him the importance of close air support for later operations in the war. He was heavily involved in the Battle of Britain and as Officer Commanding RAF Wittering,[2] often flew with the squadrons under his command, both day and night fighter units.

Harry Broadhurst by Cuthbert Orde, 1941

In December 1940, he was posted to command the Hornchurch Sector of No. 11 Group Fighter Command, and continued to fly on operations, even as a group captain.

On 4 July 1941, leading No. 54 Squadron as Red 1, he was involved in a dogfight with Bf 109s, claiming two Bf 109Es destroyed at 15.30 over Béthune before he was hit and his aircraft badly damaged by a Bf 109.[2] He managed to return to base, belly landing his crippled Spitfire, with slight splinters in left arm and left thigh.[2] On 7 July 1941 his Spitfire Mk.Vb was severely damaged by a JG 26 pilot.[3] In the combat he was Red 1 and claimed 1-1-0 Bf 109F at 09.50 over Gravelines area. In May 1942 he became Senior Air Staff Officer (SASO), No. 11 Group, although he continued to fly operationally where possible. His final kill claims were made on 19 August 1942, bringing his total to 13 destroyed, seven probables and 10 damaged.[2]

General Sir Bernard Montgomery with his senior officers at Eighth Army Headquarters at Vasto, Italy, 1943. From left to right, Freddie de Guingand, Harry Broadhurst, Montgomery, Sir Bernard Freyberg, Miles Dempsey and Charles Allfrey.

In late 1942, he was posted to the Middle East and became Senior Air Staff Officer (SASO) to Air Vice Marshal Arthur Coningham, commander of the Desert Air Force (DAF).[2] Broadhurst came into conflict with Coningham over the use and objectives of the Desert Air Force. Broadhurst took command of the DAF in January 1943,[2] becoming (at the age of 38) the youngest (until Air Commodore Don Bennett was so promoted on 6 December 1943 at the age of 33) air vice marshal in the Royal Air Force. He quickly perfected the way he perceived fighter aircraft ought to be employed as ground support fighter-bombers. His fighter squadrons were trained intensively to strafe and bomb German and Italian vehicles, tanks, transport and communication lines. This aerial cover of the 8th Army won the approval and appreciation of General Bernard Montgomery and would form the basis of the ground attack principles used during the D-Day landings and beyond.[4]

Broadhurst's enthusiastic backing of the Army and his frank opinions did not always go down well with his superiors in the RAF. He returned to the UK in 1944 to command No. 83 Group,[2] part of 2nd Tactical Air Force. In September 1945, he became Air Officer Administration at RAF Fighter Command.[2]

Post-war

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In August 1946, Broadhurst was made Air Officer Commanding No. 61 Group and in 1949, attended the Imperial Defence College.[2] After promotion to air vice marshal again in July 1949, he became Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Operations) in April 1952 and then Commander-in-Chief of Second Tactical Air Force in December 1953 in the rank of air marshal.[2]

Broadhurst was appointed Air Officer Commander-in-Chief Bomber Command in January 1956.[2] In 1956, at the peak of Broadhurst's career as Commander in Chief of RAF Bomber Command, his reputation suffered following a fatal accident to an Avro Vulcan. Broadhurst took aircraft XA897, the first Vulcan delivered to the RAF, and a full Vulcan crew, on a round-the-world tour.[5] On return to the UK, Broadhurst was to land at London Heathrow Airport, a civil airport, to complete the successful tour before the assembled aviation media.[6] However, the weather at Heathrow was poor and RAF aircraft were not equipped to use the Instrument Landing System installed at Heathrow and other civil airports so a Ground-controlled approach (GCA) was carried out. XA897 struck the ground about 2,000 feet short of the runway just as power was applied.[5] XA897 was damaged by the initial impact but rose back in the air.[5] The pilot, Squadron Leader D.R. "Podge" Howard, and Broadhurst, who was occupying the co-pilot seat, both ejected from the aircraft and survived.[5] The aircraft again hit the ground and broke up. The Vulcan had only two ejection seats, for the pilot and co-pilot. The other four occupants on XA897, including Howard's usual co-pilot, died in the accident.[5]

In his book The Hidden Truth Maurice Hamlin, a former member of the RAF on duty the day of the crash, claims that Broadhurst ignored three direct orders to divert away from Heathrow due to the poor weather conditions (noting other aircraft had already been diverted). Pilots, he goes on to say, cannot ignore these orders but Hamlin believes that Broadhurst continued to attempt to land due to the waiting press and dignitaries. He further claims a fifty-year D-Notice was placed on the incident (that has now expired).[7]

The AAIB inquiry concluded that the inherent lag in the system of issuing of instructions by the ground controller combined with the Vulcan's normal higher than usual rate-of-descent in comparison with the types of aircraft normally handled by Heathrow's controllers, allowed the aircraft to descend below a safe height before corrective instructions could be issued and complied-with. Subsequently, the Vulcan later became one of the first aircraft qualified for full autoland.

Broadhurst was promoted to Air Chief Marshal in February 1957,[2] and in 1959 he became Commander, Allied Air Forces Central Europe, until March 1961, when he retired from the RAF.[2]

After retiring, Broadhurst was appointed managing director of Avro Aircraft.[8] In 1965, he became managing director of Hawker Siddeley Aviation Ltd., and in 1968 a Director of the Hawker Siddeley Group Limited, retiring in 1976.[9]

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Shores and Williams 1994, p. 150.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Air Chief Marshal Sir Harry Broadhurst
  3. ^ 'JG 26 War Diary Volume 1', Caldwell, (grub street)
  4. ^ 'Desert Air Force at War', Bowyer & Shores (Ian Allan 1981)
  5. ^ a b c d e Blackman 2007, p. 142.
  6. ^ Photo of the event
  7. ^ "Maurice's book has few equals". Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  8. ^ Blackman 2007. pp. 114 and 119.
  9. ^ Humphrey Wynn (23 September 2004). "Broadhurst, Sir Harry (1905–1995)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/60107. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)

Bibliography

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  • The Times, Tuesday, 2 October 1956; pg. 8
  • Blackman, Tony. Vulcan Test Pilot: My Experiences in the Cockpit of a Cold War Icon. London: Grub Street, 2007. ISBN 978-1-904943-88-4.
  • Shores, Christopher & Clive Williams. Aces High. London: Grub Street, 1994. ISBN 978-1-898697-00-8. page 150-151; full biog.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Broadhurst.
Military offices
Preceded by AOC Air HQ Western Desert
Post retitled AOC Desert Air Force on 10 July 1943
1943–1944 		Succeeded by
Preceded by AOC No. 83 Group
1944–1945 		Succeeded by
Preceded by C-in-C Second Tactical Air Force
1953–1956 		Succeeded by
Preceded by C-in-C Bomber Command
1956–1959 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Sir George Mills
 C-in-C Allied Air Forces Central Europe
1959–1961 		Succeeded by
The Earl of Bandon
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