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Bhawani Singh of Jhalawar

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Bhawani Singh
Maharaj Rana
Portrait of Bhawani Singh
Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar
Reign6 February 1899 – 13 April 1929
Investiture6 February 1899
PredecessorZalim Singh II
SuccessorRajendra Singh
Born(1874-09-04)4 September 1874
Fatehpur, Jhalawar State, British India
Died13 April 1929(1929-04-13) (aged 54)
Aden, Yemen
IssueRajendra Singh
Names
Bhawani Singh Jhala
House Jhalawar
DynastyJhala
FatherChhatrasal Jhala

Sir Bhawani Singh KCSI (4 September 1874 – 13 April 1929) was the Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar from 1899 until his death in 1929.

Birth

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Bhawani Singh was born on 4 September 1874 to Thakur Chhatrasal of Fatehpur, a descendant of Madho Singh, the first Jhala Foujdar of the Kota State troops.[1][2]

Education

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He received his education at Mayo College, Ajmer, which he entered in 1881 and left in 1891.[2][3][4] During his time there, he excelled in both academics and outdoor sports.[2] Following the completion of his education, he was employed by the Jhalawar State Police.[3]

Succession

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On 22 March 1896, Zalim Singh II was deposed due to his inability to govern Jhalawar effectively.[4] Following this, the Government of India reconstructed the Jhalawar State by restoring a significant portion of the tracts ceded by Kota State in 1838 to create the principality of Jhalawar on 1 January 1899.[1] At the same time, the title was reduced from Maharaj Rana to Raj Rana, and the gun salute was decreased from 15 to 11 guns.[5] Thus, a new state was formed, of which Bhawani Singh was installed as the first chief and invested with full powers on 6 February 1899 by Sir Arthur Martindale, the then Governor-General's Agent in Rajputana.[1][2]

Reign

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One of his first acts upon assuming the reins of the administration was the grant of remission of Rs. 3,64,627 in the arrears of rent owed to the State.[2] After his investiture, he also had to deal with the Indian famine of 1899–1900, which had struck Jhalawar.[2] He personally supervised the relief work.[2][6] He quickly set up shelters for the poor, saving thousands of lives.[2] At the same time, he brought in a large quantity of food grains from the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which were sold to government workers and the public at prices significantly lower than those people were paying at the time.[2] He remitted the arrears of rent amounting to about four lacs to the subjects.[7] He adopted the Imperial Postal Union and British currency and weights in his state.[2][7] He introduced the Nāgarī script in the courts and offices of the state and remitted a number of petty, vexatious taxes.[2][7] He promoted social improvements such as the removal of untouchability, supported widow remarriage, and encouraged education for girls.[8] He established several Mofussil and girls' schools.[7] Education in all schools, including the high school, was provided free of charge,[9] and books and other school materials were distributed gratis.[7][10] The initiatives he undertook to encourage female education led to significant improvements in female literacy.[11] His state had the highest number of educated women in India,[7] and The Indian Ladies' Magazine praised him, stating that he had done more for female education than any other Indian ruler.[11]

Bhawani Singh with other Indian royals at Govind Nath Ji's temple at Moti Mahal, Bundi, in 1921.

In 1908, he was appointed Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India and received the insignia at the investiture held in Calcutta in February 1909.[2][7]

In 1912, during his time in London, he studied the methods of the UK Parliament.[12] After returning to Jhalawar, he introduced a constitutional government but kept considerable power for himself.[13]

Delhi Durbars

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Main article: Delhi Durbar

He attended the Delhi Durbars of 1903 and 1911.[14][15]

Overseas trips

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Visit to Europe

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In 1904, he visited Europe for the benefit of his health, accompanied by Major R.A.E. Benn.[2][7][16] After visiting England and most of the countries in Europe, he returned to India in November of that year.[2][7] He recorded his experiences on that occasion in a diary, which he published in 1912 primarily for the benefit of his subjects in a book titled Travel Pictures: The Record of a European Tour.[16][17] On 11 May 1904, Martin Gosselin informed him, while he was in Lisbon, that he would be presented to Carlos I of Portugal the following day in Sintra.[16] He proceeded to Sintra immediately, and the next day, Gosselin accompanied him to the palace, where he had an audience with Carlos I.[16] While in England, Curzon Wyllie called him and invited him to Buckingham Palace, where a court was to be held on 20 May 1904.[16] There, he was received in audience by Edward VII, who treated him with the utmost consideration.[2][7] While in London, Bhawani Singh inspected the new premises of The Bystander on Tallis Street.[18] On 18 June 1904, he laid a wreath at the Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, the tomb of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert, the Prince Consort.[16] Later, while in Mariánské Lázně, he frequently encountered Edward VII.[2][7]

Visit to England

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In 1912, he arrived in England for an extended stay, accompanied by a group of officials, including Pandit Shyam Shankar.[19] He regularly attended the International Commission meetings on Maritime Meteorology and Weather Telegraphy, held in London that September.[19] He visited Cambridge that year, where he was hosted for lunch and later for dinner at Newnham College.[19]

World War I

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During World War I, he placed all the resources of his state at the disposal of the Government of India and offered his personal services.[5] He organized weekly lectures for his people during the war to spread correct information and counter the rumors.[6] The title of Maharaj Rana was conferred on him on 1 January 1918, as a hereditary distinction for his services in connection with the war.[5][20] Also, the salute of his state was raised from 11 to 13 guns on 1 January 1921.[5][20]

Bhawani Natyashala

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Main article: Bhawani Natyashala

He built Bhawani Natyashala in 1921 for the performance of plays and cultural events, inspired by the opera houses he had seen in Europe.[21][22]

Art patronage

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Ghasiram Hardev Sharma was an artist associated with the Shrinathji Temple in Nathdwara, Rajasthan.[23][24] In 1916-17, during Bhawani Singh's visit to Nathdwara, he learned about Ghasiram and offered him a salary double what he was earning there, convincing him to move to Jhalawar.[25] Ghasiram remained at the Jhalawar court for approximately 10 to 12 years.[25] During his time in Jhalawar, he created exceptional mural paintings, portraits, and fully painted rooms at the Garh Palace.[25][26]

Personal life

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Marriage

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He was married in 1894 to the daughter of Maharaja Durjan Sal of Kherti, under Kota State.[27]

Children

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He had a son, Rajendra Singh, born to him on 13 July 1900.[27]

Death

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He died on board the mail steamer Ranpura near Aden on April 13, 1929, while traveling to Europe for treatment of heart trouble.[28][5][29] He was succeeded by his only son, Rajendra Singh, as Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar.[5][6]

Honours

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Country Year Honour Class/Grade Ribbon Post-nominal letters
 British India 1903 Delhi Durbar Medal (1903) Gold
 British India 1911 Delhi Durbar Medal (1911) Gold
 United Kingdom 1908 Order of the Star of India Knight Commander KCSI

References

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  1. ^ a b c Aitchison, C. U. (1909). A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements, And Sanads Relating To India And Neighbouring Countries Volume Iii Containing The Treaties Amp C., Relating To The States In Rajpuratana. p. 366.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Purushotam Vishram Mawjee (1911). (1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. pp. 89–90.
  3. ^ a b Bayley, C. S. (2004). Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana. Public Resource. New Delhi : Asian Educational Services. p. 87. ISBN 978-81-206-1066-8.
  4. ^ a b Feilden, Charles (1912). The Indian Empire Royal Book: Containing a True Account of the Commercial Relations of Great Britain and the Indian Empire... BPBC. p. 84.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Not Available (1933). Memoranda On The Indian States 1930. pp. 141–142.
  6. ^ a b c Harris, Russell (2001). Maharajas at the London studios : National Portrait Gallery, London. Internet Archive. New Delhi : Roli Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-81-7436-182-0.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Vadivelu, A. (1915). The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India. G.C. Loganadham. pp. 295–297.
  8. ^ Lyons, Tryna (2004). The Artists of Nathadwara: The Practice of Painting in Rajasthan. Indiana University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-253-34417-5.
  9. ^ Seesodia, Jessrajsingh (1915). The Rajputs: a Fighting Race: A Short Account of the Rajput Race, Its Warlike Past, Its Early Connections with Great Britain, and Its Gallant Services at the Present Moment at the Front. East and West, Limited. pp. 142–147.
  10. ^ Asian Review. East & West. 1915. p. 423.
  11. ^ a b Saxena, Rajendra Kumar (1978). Education and Social Amelioration of Women: A Study of Rajasthan. Sanghi Prakashan. p. 67.
  12. ^ The Morning Leader. The Morning Leader. p. 4.
  13. ^ The Grape Belt. The Grape Belt. p. 2.
  14. ^ Not Avaliable (1911). Coronation Durbar Delhi 1911. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. Superintendent Government Press. p. 209.
  15. ^ Wheeler Stephen (1904). History Of The Delhi Coronation Durbar 1903.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Bhavãni Singh, raj rama of Jhalawar (1912). Travel pictures, the record of a European tour. University of California Libraries. London, New York [etc.] Longmans, Green, and co. pp. vii–viii, 26–28, 39–40, 74.
  17. ^ "1930MNRAS..90..370. Page 370". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 90: 370. 1930. Bibcode:1930MNRAS..90..370.. doi:10.1093/mnras/90.4.370. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  18. ^ The Bystander: An Illustrated Weekly, Devoted to Travel, Literature, Art, the Drama, Progress, Locomotion. The Bystander. 1904. p. 198.
  19. ^ a b c Shaw, Napier (25 May 1929). "The Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar". Nature. 123 (3108): 805–806. Bibcode:1929Natur.123..805S. doi:10.1038/123805a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  20. ^ a b The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore. His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore. p. 77.
  21. ^ sudhagee (4 May 2017). "Bhawani Natyashala: The opera house at Jhalawar". My Favourite Things. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
  22. ^ The India Travel Planner. Cross Section Publications (P) Limited. 1996. p. 159.
  23. ^ Lyons, Tryna (2004). The Artists of Nathadwara: The Practice of Painting in Rajasthan. Indiana University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-253-34417-5.
  24. ^ Relia, Anil (12 October 2010). The Indian Portrait: An artistic journey from miniature to modern. Archer Art Gallery. p. 28.
  25. ^ a b c sudhagee (26 April 2017). "The painted rooms of the Garh Mahal of Jhalawar". My Favourite Things. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  26. ^ Bautze, Joachim (1998). Interaction of Cultures: Indian and Western Painting, 1780-1910 : the Ehrenfeld Collection. Art Services International. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-88397-124-6.
  27. ^ a b Rai Bahadur (1909). Report On The Administration Of The Jhalawar State(1909). p. 1.
  28. ^ The Glasgow Herald. The Glasgow Herald. p. 15.
  29. ^ Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India. Anmol Publications. 1996. p. 186. ISBN 978-81-7041-859-7.
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