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Simon Tseko Nkoli
Born(1957-11-26)26 November 1957
Soweto, Union of South Africa
Died30 November 1998(1998-11-30) (aged 41)
Johannesburg, South Africa
Cause of deathAIDS-related illness
Known foranti-apartheid, gay rights, and AIDS activism
Partner(s)Roy Shepherd; Roderick Sharp

Simon Tseko Nkoli (26 November 1957 – 30 November 1998) was an anti-apartheid, gay rights and AIDS activist in South Africa. Active in the Congress of South African Students (COSAS), the United Democratic Front, and the Gay Association of South Africa (GASA), he was arrested as part of the Delmas Treason Trial in 1984. After his release in 1988, he founded the Gay and Lesbian Organisation of the Witwatersrand (GLOW) and organized South Africa's first pride parade. His activism influenced the African National Congress (ANC) to enshrine gay rights in the South African constitution. One of the first South Africans to disclose that he was living with HIV/AIDS, Nkoli founded the Township AIDS Project. After his death from AIDS-related complications, his colleagues established the Treatment Action Campaign.

Early life

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On November 26, 1957, Nkoli was born in Phiri, Soweto in a seSotho-speaking family with three other children during apartheid-era South Africa.[1][2] Because of the apartheid government's pass laws, his family were considered squatters, so they periodically had to hide from law enforcement.[3][4] After his parents separated, Nkoli lived with his grandparents who were tenant farmers to a white landlord in the Orange Free State.[4] When his grandparents and landlord tried to convince him to work with them full time, he ran away to Johannesburg to go to school and lived with his mother in Sebokeng.

On his 20th birthday, Nkoli introduced his family to his partner, André.[5] His mother disapproved of this relationship and took him to multiple sangomas (traditional healers) and a psychologist in an attempt to change his sexual orientation.[4][5] Some of these people told the family that Nkoli's sexual orientation was acceptable.[4][5]

Activism

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As a young adult, Nkoli was imprisoned several times for anti-apartheid activism.[6][5] Nkoli organized his fellow students in a petition against the government's proposal to mandate that classes were delivered in Afrikaans.[4]

He attended secretarial college in Johannesburg where he became a youth activist against apartheid, joining the Congress of South African Students (COSAS) and becoming secretary for the Transvaal division. Around 1981, he came out to COSAS. Despite experiencing homophobia from his fellow activists, he won re-election with 80% of the vote.[2][4][3]

GASA and Delmas Treason Trial (1983-1987)

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In 1983, Nkoli joined the Gay Association of South Africa (GASA) whose membership was primarily white. GASA called itself "apolitical", while others called it "accommodationist", "apartheid-friendly", and "looking for gay power within the current racist political structure".[7][8] When Nkoli joined, GASA held its meetings in white-only spaces, a practice he persuaded them to change.[5] In an attempt to create more Black-friendly spaces within GASA, Nkoli created the Saturday Group.[4][6][9]

During the Vaal uprising, Nkoli organized and spoke at rallies in support of rent strikes. In September 1984, he attended a funeral for a friend who was killed at a protest, and he was arrested. Nkoli was held without charge for 9 months before being charged with treason, murder, and terrorism.[6][4][10] He was falsely accused of killing someone by throwing a stone at a protest.[5] A potential sentence for these charges was the death penalty.[10] Twenty one other political leaders were also charged, including Terror Lekota, Popo Molefe, Tom Manthata, Gcina Malindi and Moss Chikane.[1] They became collectively known as the Delmas 22, and their years long trial was called the Delmas Treason Trial.[6][4]

While imprisoned together during the trial, some of his fellow defendants expressed homophobic beliefs. In the ensuing discussion, Nkoli came out as gay to his fellow defendants. Some of them feared that his sexual orientation would decrease their support and advocated for him to be tried separately, but they eventually agreed to be tried together.[11][4][6][12]

As news of the trial spread, Nkoli gained supporters in Europe and North America, including the Simon Nkoli Anti-Apartheid Committee in Toronto.[6] Despite Nkoli's growing fame as the "gay Mandela", GASA declined to support Nkoli or advocate for his acquittal.[13][10] Although Nkoli had been at a GASA meeting when the alleged crime took place, GASA declined to corroborate his alibi.[14][1] GASA did not make an official statement about his trial until 1986 during which they appeared to justify his imprisonment. GASA president, Kevin Botha, warned international organizations against supporting Nkoli.[4][6] In his letters from prison, Nkoli wrote about GASA's lack of support and whether he should remain in the organisation.[15][9] Because of GASA's behavior towards Nkoli, the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) considered revoking their membership.[9][5]

While in prison, Nkoli was diagnosed with HIV/AIDS.[4]

GLOW, TAP, and NCGLE (1988-1998)

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Following Nkoli's acquittal and release from prison in 1988, he founded the Gay and Lesbian Organisation of the Witwatersrand (GLOW), the first "non-racial" and first township-based gay rights organization.[16][9][1]

Nkoli noticed a need for HIV education for Black South African communities; according to Nkoli, the apartheid government did not provide HIV education materials in Black South African languages and denied that AIDS existed among the population.[17][18] Community-based HIV prevention efforts targeted white men.[1] Nkoli and GLOW helped to establish the Township AIDS Project (TAP) which provided HIV prevention and education programs, especially in the townships.[8][16][2]

After his release from prison, Nkoli had been contacted by supporters around the world who asked him to visit. Between July and September 1989, Nkoli travelled to 26 cities throughout Europe and North America raising money for TAP and speaking about apartheid, gay rights, and AIDS in South Africa. He began his trip at the ILGA conference in Vienna and ended it at the Lesbian and Gay Community Services Center in New York City.[8][19][20] San Francisco and Atlanta honored him with Simon Nkoli Days.[21][17] In Chicago, he spoke at a conference called "From Stonewall to Sharpeville", where he told the audience: "Freedom is what we want in that country; and that is what we are going to get!" The tour was coordinated in part by the National Association of Black and White Men Together.[18] By the following year, TAP had received enough donations to officially open offices in Soweto.[22][23]

In July 1990, Nkoli reported that the police had raided the Glowbar, the only Black gay bar in Soweto and the meeting place for GLOW. After the owner was arrested, the Glowbar got a new owner, a homophobic white man who did not want gay clientele.[24]

Along with fellow activist, Beverley Palesa Ditsie, Nkoli organised the first pride parade in South Africa in October 1990.[25] He led the march of about 800 people through Johannesburg chanting "Out of Closets— Into the Streets" and "Not the Church, Not the State— We Ourselves Decide Our Fate."[26][1] Some participants wore paper bags over their heads to protect their identities[25][16] but later recounted taking off the bags once it started raining.[14][26] Edwin Cameron gave a speech against the criminalisation of gays and lesbians.[25] In his speech, Nkoli stated: "I am black and I am gay. I cannot separate the two parts into secondary and primary struggles. [...] So, when I fight for my freedom, I must fight against both oppressors."[11][14]

Around 1990, Nkoli publicly disclosed that he was living with HIV, becoming one of the first openly HIV-positive African gay men.[4] He has been credited with influencing later activists to also disclose their status in an effort to fight HIV-related stigma.[27] He founded "Positive African Men", a support group for Black men living with HIV in Johannesburg.[28][29]

In 1994, Nkoli co-founded the National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality (NCGLE).[28][30][31] The following year, an NCGLE delegation, including Nkoli and Ian McKellan, met with the newly elected President Nelson Mandela to discuss the ANC's commitment to gay rights.[11][30] Nkoli assisted in the NCGLE's campaign for the inclusion of the "gay rights clause" in the South African constitution's Bill of Rights.[31][4][32] The campaign was successful, making South Africa, in 1996, the first country in the world to explicitly prohibit discrimination against gay people in its constitution.[33] Nkoli and the NCGLE also campaigned against the sodomy law, which was repealed in the last year of his life.[27][16][33][34]

As the ILGA board member for the African region, Nkoli advocated for the ILGA conference to be held in South Africa. It was held in Johannesburg in 1999, after Nkoli's death.[16][1]

Nkoli vocally criticized the South African government for its response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.[3] According to Nkoli, 25 members of GLOW died of AIDS-related causes between 1988 and 1998.[35] In an interview, he advocated writing letters to the Department of Health, saying "people are dying anyway without action. Why not die with action?"[4] He planned to go on hunger strike in protest.[5]

Death

[edit]

For 12 years, Nkoli lived with HIV and was seriously ill during the last 4 years of his life.[3] Although effective HIV treatment became available in 1996, Nkoli was unable to access it.[36][27][37][38] He went into a coma on 30 November 1998 and died.[4]

His memorial service was held on 4 December at St. Mary's Cathedral in Johannesburg, and his funeral was held on 10 December at the Mphatlalatsane Community Hall in Sebokeng. His coffin was draped in a rainbow flag and flowers, and many people spoke in tribute of him, including Prudence Mabele, Terror Lekota, Popo Molefe, and Gcina Malinde.[39][40] In obituaries, Zackie Achmat called him a "gay martyr" and Mark Gevisser called him: "A leading light of gay and AIDS activism in [South Africa]".[1][3]

Personal life

[edit]

Nkoli's surname is pronounced "Nkodi" and was often spelled this way, including by Nkoli himself.[9]

Nkoli's longtime partner was Roy Shepherd whom he later recalled meeting at the GCC or Gay Christian Community.[9] During Nkoli's trial and imprisonment, the two exchanged letters, and their relationship "sustained" Nkoli.[12] A collection of their letters was published as part of the GALA Queer Archive under the title Till the Time of Trial: The Prison Letters of Simon Nkoli.[9][15] Excerpts from these letters were also published in the book Yes, I Am!: Writing by South African Gay Men.[41]

In the last five years of his life, he was in a relationship with Roderick Sharp.[3][42]

Legacy and Impact

[edit]

Activism

[edit]

Nkoli's imprisonment and subsequent coming out have been called "a watershed in gay politics" in South Africa: it challenged notions of anti-apartheid activists as exclusively heterosexual men and required "anti-apartheid activists to consider the place that gay rights would hold within an ANC-led government".[7][4] His co-defendant, Terror Lekota, later stated: "How could we say that men and women like Simon, who had put their shoulders to the wheel to end apartheid, should now be discriminated against?”[43][3]

Nkoli is credited with influencing the attitude of the African National Congress towards being more supportive of gay rights.[12] As an openly gay man and anti-apartheid activist, he assisted in linking the two movements together, saying: "I cannot be free as a black man if I am not free as a gay man."[44][7] Through his work with GLOW, he helped to ensure that gay rights were explicitly protected in the South African Constitution.[4][45][1]

Nkoli died due to a lack of access to effective HIV/AIDS treatment,[27][37] unlike fellow activist Edwin Cameron, who did have access and so was able to live longterm with HIV/AIDS.[38] Zackie Achmat observed this difference[36] and co-founded the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), soon after Nkoli's death. TAC successfully lobbied the government to provide South Africans with the HIV/AIDS treatment that Nkoli was unable to access.[36][46][32][43] In his obituary of Nkoli, Achmat wrote: "the Delmas Treason Trial shows that lesbian and gay equality is integrally linked to struggles for bread, condoms and freedom around the world!"[1]

Honours

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  • August 24, 1989, was declared Simon Nkoli Day in San Francisco.[17][47]
  • September 9, 1989, was declared Simon Nkoli Day in Atlanta.[21]
  • He opened the first Gay Games in New York and was made a freeman of that city by mayor David Dinkins.[3]
  • In 1996, Nkoli was given the Stonewall Award in the Royal Albert Hall in London.[28][48]
  • In September 1999, Nkoli was honored at the gay pride parade that he had founded in Johannesburg. A street corner in Hillbrow was named after him, and his partner, Roderick Sharp, spoke at the dedication ceremony.[42][49]
  • On World AIDS Day 2017, Stellenbosch University renamed a building Huis Simon Nkoli House[50][51]
  • In 2019, Stellenbosch University Museum held an exhibit about Nkoli[11]
  • There is an annual Simon Nkoli Memorial Lecture organized by the Simon Nkoli Collective.[11][52]
  • The Feather Awards, an annual event for the South African LGBTQ community, include a Simon Nkoli Award.[53][54]

Representation in Media

[edit]
  • Canadian filmmaker John Greyson made a short film about Nkoli titled A Moffie Called Simon in 1987.[55]
  • Melanie Chait created Out in Africa (1989), a short film about Nkoli and Ivan Toms.[56]
  • Nkoli's account of coming out as a black gay activist in South Africa is included as a chapter in Mark Gevisser's and Edwin Cameron's Defiant Desire: Gay and Lesbian Lives in South Africa (1994) pages 249–257.
  • Nkoli was the subject of Robert Colman's 2003 play, Your Loving Simon[57] and Beverley Ditsie's 2002 film Simon & I.[58]
  • John Greyson's 2009 film Fig Trees, a hybrid documentary/opera includes reference to Nkoli's activism.[59]
  • South African musician Majola has a song called "Nkoli" on his album Boet/Sissy (2017)[11]
  • Athi-Patra Ruga created a sculpture called Proposed Model for Tseko Simon Nkoli Memorial (2017)[11][60]
  • In November 2023, a stage production honouring Nkoli's life and activism called Nkoli: The Vogue Opera premiered at Johannesburg's Market Theatre.[61] Developed as GLOW: The Life and Trials of Simon Nkoli, the production began in 2020 as a workshopped collaboration between South African composer Phillip Miller, the cast members, and various consultants who had known Nkoli (these included his mother Elizabeth, fellow activist Beverly Ditsie, and defence lawyer Caroline Heaton-Nicholls).[62] The final product incorporated Opera, Voguing and other aspects of Ballroom culture, hip hop, rap, anti-Apartheid protest songs, and other elements. It was written by Miller and South African musician Gyre, and directed by British actor Rikki Beadle-Blair.[63]

References

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  2. ^ a b c "Simon Nkoli". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Gevisser, Mark (6 December 1998). "A leading light of gay and AIDS activism in SA". Sunday Times of South Africa. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Martin, Yasmina (2020). ""Now I Am Not Afraid": Simon Nkoli, Queer Utopias and Transnational Solidarity". Journal of Southern African Studies. 46 (4): 1–14. Bibcode:2020JSAfS..46..673M. doi:10.1080/03057070.2020.1780022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Vargo, Marc E (2011). "Chapter 5 An Arrest for Homicide: Simon Nkoli and the Delmas Treason Trial". Scandal: Infamous Gay Controversies of the Twentieth Century. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-56023-411-1.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Imma, Z'étoile (2017). "Black, Queer, and Precarious Visibilities: Simon Nkoli's Activist Image in South Africa's Exit Newspaper". Callaloo. 40 (3): 61–74. doi:10.1353/cal.2017.0120. ISSN 1080-6512.
  7. ^ a b c Cock, Jacklyn (2002). "Engendering gay and lesbian rights: the equality clause in the south african constitution". Women's Studies International Forum. 26 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1016/s0277-5395(02)00353-9.
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  30. ^ a b Mtetwa, Phumi (5 July 2013). "Bill of Rights allows rainbow flag to fly proudly over rainbow nation". The Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  31. ^ a b Oswin, Natalie (March 2007). "Producing Homonormativity in Neoliberal South Africa: Recognition, Redistribution, and the Equality Project". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 32 (3): 649–669. doi:10.1086/510337. ISSN 0097-9740.
  32. ^ a b Powers, Theodore (2016). "Knowledge practices, waves and verticality: Tracing HIV/AIDS activism from late apartheid to the present in South Africa". Critique of Anthropology. 37: 27–46. doi:10.1177/0308275X16671788.
  33. ^ a b Martin, Yasmina (30 April 2024). "Simon Nkoli, GLOW, and the Anti-Apartheid Struggle". Black Perspectives. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
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  39. ^ Cohen, Steven (17 December 1998). "Queer State funeral in Sebokeng". q online. Archived from the original on 22 March 2005. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
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  41. ^ Malan, Robin; Johaardien, Ashraf, eds. (2010). Yes, I am!: writing by South African gay men. Mowbray, South Africa: Junkets Publisher. ISBN 9780620458283.
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  44. ^ Barnard-Naudé, Jaco; de Vos, Pierre (2022). "War by Other means: The law and politics of sexual minority freedom in post-apartheid South Africa". Queer Lawfare in Africa (PDF). Pretoria, South Africa: Pretoria University Law Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-7764116-8-9.
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  50. ^ Igual, Roberto (27 November 2017). "Stellies honours LGBT and HIV rights icon Simon Nkoli". MambaOnline. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
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  52. ^ "The Simon Nkoli Collective". Facebook. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  53. ^ "Here are all the 2023 Feather Awards nominees!". MambaOnline. 13 October 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
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See also

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