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Sherman, Texas

Coordinates: 33°37′38″N 96°37′20″W / 33.62722°N 96.62222°W / 33.62722; -96.62222
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Sherman Riot of 1930)
Not to be confused with Sherman County, Texas.

Sherman, Texas
City
Paul Brown United States Courthouse in Sherman
Paul Brown United States Courthouse in Sherman
Motto: 
"Classic Town. Broad Horizon."
Location of Sherman, Texas
Location of Sherman, Texas
Coordinates: 33°37′38″N 96°37′20″W / 33.62722°N 96.62222°W / 33.62722; -96.62222
CountryUnited States
StateTexas
CountyGrayson
Founded1846
Government
 • TypeCouncil-Manager
Area
[1]
 • City46.22 sq mi (119.72 km2)
 • Land46.15 sq mi (119.52 km2)
 • Water0.08 sq mi (0.20 km2)
 • Urban
38.5 sq mi (99.7 km2)
 • Metro
979 sq mi (2,536 km2)
Elevation
[3]
686 ft (209 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • City43,645
 • Density945.82/sq mi (365.18/km2)
 • Urban
66,691[2] (US: 418th)
 • Urban density1,732.5/sq mi (668.9/km2)
 • Metro
135,543
 • Metro density140/sq mi (50/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP codes
75090-75092
Area code(s)903, 430
FIPS code48-67496[4]
GNIS feature ID2411888[3]
Websitewww.cityofsherman.com

Sherman is a city in and the county seat of Grayson County, Texas, United States.[5] The city's population in 2020 was 43,645.[6] It is one of the two principal cities in the Sherman–Denison metropolitan statistical area, and is the largest city in the Texoma region of North Texas and southern Oklahoma.

History

[edit]
Sherman in 1891

Sherman was named after General Sidney Sherman (July 23, 1805 – August 1, 1873), a hero of the Texas Revolution. The community was designated as the county seat by the act of the Texas Legislature, which created Grayson County on March 17, 1846. In 1847, a post office began operation. Sherman was originally located at the center of the county, but in 1848, it was moved about 3 miles (5 km) east to its current location. By 1850, Sherman had become an incorporated town under Texas law. It had also become a stop on the Butterfield Overland Mail route through Texas. By 1852, Sherman had a population of 300 and consisted of a public square with a log court house, several businesses, a district clerk's office, and a church along the east side of the square. In 1861, the first flour mill was built.

During the 1850s and 1860s, Sherman continued to develop and to participate in regional politics. Because many residents of North Texas had migrated from the Upper South and only a low percentage were slaveholders, considerable Unionist sentiment existed in the region. E. Junius Foster, the publisher of Sherman's antisecessionist Whig newspaper, the Patriot, circulated a petition to establish North Texas as an independent free state. Following Confederate passage of a conscription law, resistance arose to conscription in North Texas, especially as owners of many slaves were exempt.

Late in the Civil War, pro-Confederate guerrillas led by William Quantrill spent the winter of 1863-1864 in North Texas, with a camp in Sherman and two others in nearby Kentuckytown to the south and Fink to the north. Former guerrilla Jesse James also came to Sherman for his honeymoon. He was photographed seated on his horse in Sherman.

During the 1860s, secondary education developed in North Texas. The Sherman Male and Female High School began accepting students in 1866, under the patronage of the North Texas Methodist Conference. It became one of three private schools operating in Sherman. The school operated under several names, including the North Texas Female College and Conservatory of Music from 1892 to 1919 and Kidd-Key College and Conservatory, from 1919 to 1935.[7] It gradually lost Methodist support, following the opening of Southern Methodist University in Dallas in 1915. In 1876, Austin College, the oldest continuously operating college in Texas, was relocated to Sherman from Huntsville. The Sherman Female Institute, later called Mary Nash College,[8] opened in 1877 under sponsorship of the Baptist Church. It continued to operate until 1901, when the campus was sold to Kidd-Key College. Carr–Burdette College, a women's college affiliated with the Disciples of Christ, operated from 1894 to 1929. Sherman also has a long history within the Jewish community. By 1873, Jews in the region regularly met for the High Holidays.[9]

While general depression and lawlessness occurred during the Reconstruction, Sherman remained commercially active. During the 1870s, Sherman's population reached 6,000. In 1875, after two fires destroyed many buildings east of the town square, a number of civic buildings were rebuilt using more permanent materials. This included a new Grayson County Courthouse built in 1876. In 1879, the Old Settlers' Association of North Texas formed and met near Sherman. The organization incorporated in 1898 and purchased Old Settlers' Park in 1909.

On May 15, 1896, a tornado measuring F5 on the Fujita scale struck Sherman. The tornado had a damage path 400 yards (370 m) wide and 28 miles (45 km) long, killing 73 people and injuring 200. About 50 homes were destroyed, with 20 of them obliterated.

In 1901, the first electric "Interurban" railway in Texas, the Denison and Sherman Railway, was completed between Sherman and Denison.[10] The Texas Traction Company completed a 65-mile (105 km) interurban between Sherman and Dallas in 1908, and in 1911 purchased the Denison and Sherman Railway. Through the connections in Dallas and Denison, travel to the Texas destinations of Terrell, Corsicana, Waco, Fort Worth, Cleburne, and Denton, became possible, as well as to Durant, Oklahoma, by interurban railways. One popular destination on the Interurban between Sherman and Denison was Wood Lake Park, a private amusement park at the time. By 1948, all interurban rail service in Texas had been discontinued.

Sherman Riot of 1930

[edit]
Main article: Lynching of George Hughes

During the Sherman Riot of May 9, 1930,[11] the Grayson County Courthouse was burned down by local citizens in an attempt to lynch George Hughes, an African American suspected of assaulting a white woman.[12] During the riot, Hughes was locked in the vault at the courthouse and apparently died in the fire.[13] Rescue work was hindered by saboteurs cutting the fire hoses. After rioters retrieved Hughes' body from the vault, it was dragged behind a car, hanged, and set afire. The black business section of Sherman was also burned down, and many African Americans fled. Texas Ranger Frank Hamer was in Sherman during this riot, and reported the situation to Texas Governor Dan Moody.[14] Governor Moody sent National Guard troops to Sherman on May 9 and martial law was declared in Sherman for ten days.[12] Fourteen men were later indicted, not for lynching, but for arson and rioting. In the end, only J.B. "Screw" McCasland was convicted and sentenced to prison for arson[15] and for rioting.[16][11]

Geography

[edit]

Sherman is located slightly east of the center of Grayson County, between Denison to the north and Howe to the south. The city has a total area of 41.5 square miles (107.4 km2), of which 41.4 square miles (107.2 km2) are land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km2), or 0.20%, is covered by water.[6]

Sherman is 70 miles (110 km) north of Dallas[17] and 31 miles (50 km) southwest of Durant, Oklahoma. Gainesville is 32 miles (51 km) to the west, and Bonham is 26 miles (42 km) to the east.

Climate

[edit]

Sherman is part of the humid subtropical climate area.

Climate data for Sherman, Texas (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1897–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 86
(30) 		91
(33) 		95
(35) 		97
(36) 		107
(42) 		110
(43) 		109
(43) 		113
(45) 		107
(42) 		100
(38) 		89
(32) 		88
(31) 		113
(45)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 52.6
(11.4) 		57.1
(13.9) 		65.2
(18.4) 		72.6
(22.6) 		80.0
(26.7) 		88.1
(31.2) 		92.5
(33.6) 		92.7
(33.7) 		85.4
(29.7) 		75.3
(24.1) 		63.3
(17.4) 		54.2
(12.3) 		73.2
(22.9)
Daily mean °F (°C) 43.2
(6.2) 		47.1
(8.4) 		55.1
(12.8) 		62.7
(17.1) 		70.8
(21.6) 		78.9
(26.1) 		83.0
(28.3) 		82.8
(28.2) 		75.8
(24.3) 		65.2
(18.4) 		53.7
(12.1) 		45.1
(7.3) 		63.6
(17.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 33.9
(1.1) 		37.2
(2.9) 		45.0
(7.2) 		52.8
(11.6) 		61.6
(16.4) 		69.8
(21.0) 		73.5
(23.1) 		73.0
(22.8) 		66.1
(18.9) 		55.1
(12.8) 		44.1
(6.7) 		36.1
(2.3) 		54.0
(12.2)
Record low °F (°C) −2
(−19) 		−3
(−19) 		7
(−14) 		28
(−2) 		35
(2) 		49
(9) 		53
(12) 		52
(11) 		36
(2) 		22
(−6) 		13
(−11) 		−2
(−19) 		−3
(−19)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.52
(64) 		2.76
(70) 		3.96
(101) 		3.87
(98) 		5.54
(141) 		4.54
(115) 		2.90
(74) 		2.88
(73) 		3.43
(87) 		4.77
(121) 		3.50
(89) 		3.62
(92) 		44.29
(1,125)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 6.3 6.5 7.8 6.9 8.8 7.0 5.0 5.3 5.6 6.7 5.8 6.9 78.6
Source: NOAA[18][19]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
185035—
18606131,651.4%
18701,439134.7%
18806,093323.4%
18907,33520.4%
190010,24339.6%
191012,41221.2%
192015,03121.1%
193015,7134.5%
194017,1569.2%
195020,15017.5%
196024,98824.0%
197029,06116.3%
198030,4134.7%
199031,6013.9%
200035,08211.0%
201038,5219.8%
202043,64513.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[20]
Sherman racial composition as of 2020[21]
(NH = Non-Hispanic)[a]
Race Number Percentage
White (NH) 24,248 55.56%
Black or African American (NH) 4,473 10.25%
Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 490 1.12%
Asian (NH) 1,387 3.18%
Pacific Islander (NH) 24 0.05%
Some Other Race (NH) 134 0.31%
Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) 2,310 5.29%
Hispanic or Latino 10,579 24.24%
Total 43,645

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 43,645 people, 15,687 households, and 10,097 families residing in the city.

Economy

[edit]

In 2022, Texas Instruments broke ground to build an Integrated Circuit fab campus in Sherman.[24] Beginning in the first quarter of 2025, Texas Instruments will begin operations at a new $30 billion, 3,000-job, 300-millimeter semiconductor wafer fabrication plant near Sherman's southern city limits. Around that same time, GlobalWafers will open a $5 billion, 1,500-job wafer factory nearby.

Top employers

Government

[edit]

Sherman operates under a council-manager form of local government, and is a home rule city under Texas state law. As of 2024, the city was led by City Manager Robby Hefton and Mayor David Plyler.

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the Sherman District Parole Office in Sherman.[25]

Education

[edit]
Administration Building on the Austin College campus

Public schools

[edit]

Most children in Sherman are zoned to the Sherman Independent School District, which includes Sherman High School. Some parts are in Denison Independent School District or Howe Independent School District.

Private schools

[edit]

A small percentage of children attend one of the three private schools in Sherman: Grayson Christian School, St. Mary's Catholic School, or Texoma Christian School.

Colleges and universities

[edit]

Austin College, a private, Presbyterian, liberal arts college, relocated to Sherman in 1876. Founded in 1849, it is the oldest college or university in Texas operating under its original charter. Grayson College, a community college based in neighboring Denison, operates a branch campus in Sherman.

Libraries

[edit]

The Sherman Public Library serves the city of Sherman and all citizens. The library underwent a $2 million, floor-to-ceiling renovation in 2017, reopening to the public in August 2018.

Media

[edit]
A Herald Democrat location in downtown Denison
KXII television studio in Sherman

Magazine

[edit]
  • Texoma Living! magazine[26]

Newspaper

[edit]

Radio stations

[edit]

Television stations

[edit]

Infrastructure

[edit]
Sherman City Hall

Transportation

[edit]

Sherman is served by two U.S. Highways: US 75 (Sam Rayburn Freeway) and US 82. (The latter is locally designated as the Buck Owens Freeway after the famous musician who was born in Sherman.) It is also served by three Texas State Highways, which extend beyond Grayson County: State Highway 11, State Highway 56, and State Highway 91 (Texoma Parkway), one of the main commercial strips that connects Sherman and Denison, and also extends to Lake Texoma.

Sherman Municipal Airport

General aviation service is provided by Sherman Municipal Airport and North Texas Regional Airport/Perrin Field in Denison.

Wilson N. Jones Regional Medical Center in Sherman

TAPS Public Transit is the sole transit provider for Sherman, with curb-to-curb paratransit for all residents.[27]

Medical care

[edit]

The city of Sherman is served locally by Wilson N. Jones Regional Medical Center, Texoma Medical Center, and a Baylor Scott & White surgery center.

Sports

[edit]

In 2023, organizers announced Sherman as the home of two new minor league sports franchises. A semi-professional baseball team called the Sherman Shadowcats will begin play in the Mid-American League during late spring of 2024.[28] A minor league soccer club, Texoma FC, will begin play in the city during 2025.[29]

Notable people

[edit]
Main article: List of people from Sherman, Texas

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.[22][23]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  2. ^ "Urban and Rural: List of 2020 Census Urban Areas". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
  3. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Sherman, Texas
  4. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  6. ^ a b "Census - Geographic Profile: Sherman city, Texas". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  7. ^ Handbook of Texas Online, s.v. "Kidd-Key College", (accessed March 18, 2007)
  8. ^ Handbook of Texas Online, s.v. "Mary Nash College", (accessed March 18, 2007)
  9. ^ "Sherman/Denison, Texas" Archived 2012-06-16 at the Wayback Machine, found in the Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities,
  10. ^ Handbook of Texas Online, s.v. "Electric Interurban Railways" (accessed March 31, 2007)
  11. ^ a b Thompson, Nolan Herman (1995). "Sherman Riot of 1930". Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 4, 2015 (uploaded June 15, 2010; modified February 7, 2014).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) OCLC 54906271 (all editions) (online), 259977569, 1048555490, 3095662, 560142789.
  12. ^ a b Bills, E. R. (né Eddie Ray Bills II) (2015). Black Holocaust: The Paris Horror and a Legacy of Texas Terror. Fort Worth: Eakin Press. Charleston: The History Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ISBN 978-1-6817-9017-6, 1-6817-9017-3; OCLC 922702180 (all editions).
  13. ^ Bills, E.R. (2007). "9. Sherman Riot". Texas Far & Wide: "The Tornado With Eyes" – "Gettysburgs Last Casualty" – "The Celestial Skipping Stone" – and Other Tales. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-6305-9.
  14. ^ Statement of Frank Hamer on May 13, 1930 (accessed March 6, 2007)
  15. ^ Dallas Morning News, The (June 5, 1931). "McCasland Gets Two-Year Term in First of Sherman Riot Trials – Is Convicted of Arson of Burning Courthouse – Lynching Ignored". Vol. 46, no. 248. pp. 1, 12 (section 1). Retrieved June 8, 2021 – via GenealogyBank.com.
  16. ^ Fredericksburg Standard (July 3, 1931). "Sherman Rioter Given Two Years". Vol. 21, no. 41. Fredricksburg, Texas. p. 6. Retrieved June 9, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. LCCN sn86089412 ; OCLC 14279865.
  17. ^ Google Maps
  18. ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  19. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
  20. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  21. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
  22. ^ https://www.census.gov/ [not specific enough to verify]
  23. ^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
  24. ^ "Texas Instruments breaks ground in Sherman, commits to $30 billion and four chip plants". The Dallas Morning News. May 18, 2022. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024.
  25. ^ "Parole Division Region II Archived 2011-08-20 at the Wayback Machine." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved on May 15, 2010.
  26. ^ "Search every page of every issue published by Texoma Living! Magazine from 2006 to 2010". Texoma Living! Online. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
  27. ^ "TAPS Public Transit". Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  28. ^ "Name of Sherman's new minor league baseball team unveiled". December 11, 2023.
  29. ^ "Professional soccer team coming to Texoma". May 30, 2023.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Grayson County Frontier Village, The History of Grayson County Texas, Hunter Publishing Co., Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 1979.
  • Redshaw, Peggy A., "Sherman, Texas, and the 1918 Pandemic Flu," East Texas Historical Journal, 51 (Spring 2013), 67–85.
  • E. R. Bills (author). Black Holocaust: The Paris Horror and a Legacy of Texas Terror. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2015.
[edit]
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