Jump to content

Shenyang J-35

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Shenyang F60)
Shenyang J-35
J-35A at 2024 Zhuhai Air Show.
Role Stealth multirole fighter
National origin China
Manufacturer Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
Design group 601th Design Institute
First flight 31 October 2012 (FC-31)[1]
29 October 2021 (J-35)[2]
26 September 2023 (J-35A)[3]
Introduction 2024
Status In Test flight
Primary user People's Liberation Army Air Force
People's Liberation Army Navy

The Shenyang J-35 is a series of Chinese, twin-engine, all-weather, stealth fighter aircraft manufactured by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC). It is a multirole combat aircraft designed for air superiority and strike missions. The aircraft has two variants, a land-based variant designed for the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), and a carrier-based variant optimized for catapult-assisted launch (CATOBAR) for the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF).

The aircraft is developed from the Shenyang FC-31 Gyrfalcon (Chinese: 鹘鹰; pinyin: Gǔ yīng),[4][5][6][7] a private project and demonstrator aiming to secure potential export customers. The initial prototype was often referred unofficially as J-31,[8][note 1] F-60, J-21, Snowy Owl or Falcon Hawk in various media reports.[10][11][12][13][14] The fighter initially does not feature the J-XX nomenclatures, as such names are reserved for programs launched and financed by the military, while the FC-31 prototype was developed independently as a private venture by the aircraft manufacturer.[15][16] The original FC-31 prototype took flight on 31 October 2012.[1]

The People's Liberation Army took an interest in the project afterward, particularly the PLA Navy, leading to the prototype being developed into the Shenyang J-35 fighter, with a catapult launch bar and folded wings, which took its maiden flight on 29 October 2021.[2] The land-based variant emerged in 2023[3][17] and was officially debuted ahead of China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in 2024, designated the J-35A.[18]

Development

[edit]

Origin

[edit]

While the Chengdu J-20 stealth fighter was officially endorsed by the PLAAF after Chengdu Aerospace Corporation's proposal won the PLAAF bid for the next-generation jet fighter,[19] Shenyang Aircraft Corporation pressed on and developed a private project aiming to secure potential export customers.[15]

In September 2011, Shenyang Aircraft Corporation presented the scale model of the FC-31, dubbed the "F-60" at an innovation competition held in Beijing.[20][21]

In June 2012, the F-60 was photographed in transit with its airframe partially disassembled and wrapped by camouflage covering. Initially, military observers speculated the subject in transit was the Hongdu JL-10 trainer aircraft.[22] Few days later, pictures of the fully assembled aircraft, with prototype number 31001, parking on an airfield emerged.[21] Military observers gave temporary names to the aircraft, such as J-21, J-31, or F-60. Several features were also noted, such as the conventional airframe design with trapezoidal wings (instead of the canard delta configuration of the Chengdu J-20) and twin nose wheels, leading to the speculation that F-60 could become a carrier-borne aircraft in the future.[21][23][24]

On 31 October 2012, The first prototype made its maiden flight, accompanied by Shenyang J-11 fighters serving as the chase aircraft.[25]

Shenyang FC-31

[edit]

In November 2012, The aircraft was officially revealed at Zhuhai Airshow 2012, with the designation Shenyang FC-31, following Chinese export fighter terminology and aircraft such as FC-1 and FC-20.[21] A scale model of the FC-31 was displayed inside the exhibition hull.[26]

Shenyang FC-31 performing at Zhuhai Airshow 2014

On 12 November 2014, the FC-31 prototype performed its first public flight demonstration at Zhuhai Airshow 2014.[27][28] In TV broadcast of the unveiling, AVIC chairman Lin Zuoming claimed that funding for the aircraft came entirely from the company, with no input from military.[29]

As typical in-flight displays of fighter jets,[citation needed] afterburners were engaged throughout the maneuvers. Nevertheless, Reuben Johnson of ainonline.com claimed it to be evidence of aerodynamic inefficiencies, concluding that the aircraft "bleeds a lot of energy and the pilot had a hard time keeping the nose up."[30] Flights were done when the jet was "clean," so results would be worse when fitted with a combat loadout. However, a large-scale model of the FC-31 on display did show some detail changes of configuration compared to the flying prototype.[30]

At the 2015 Dubai Airshow, AVIC released more details regarding the aircraft's capabilities. The company revealed it is still looking for a partner in the aircraft project, and is actively marketing the aircraft to the PLAAF. AVIC's plan was to have a production model first flight by 2019.[31][32]

Design revision

[edit]

It is very likely that the FC-31 will be inducted as a carrier-based naval fighter. In an interview with China's state-run media, FC-31's chief designer Sun Cong expressed that the aircraft would follow his J-15 onto China's aircraft carriers.[33] However, officials from AVIC only said that the aircraft was intended for export as a competitor to the F-35.[34][35][36][37] There has also been reports that the PLAN has urged Shenyang to develop a carrier-compatible version of FC-31.[38]

In 2015, Jiangsu A-Star Aviation Industries Company marketed its EOTS-86 infra-red search and track as a possible addition to the FC-31.[39] An improved prototype, with modifications to the vertical stabilizers, wings, and airframe, an electro-optical targeting system, a larger payload, improvements in stealth, and upgraded electronics, made its maiden flight in December 2016.[40][41]

In November 2018, an Aviation Week article stated that the FC-31 program has received government funding and is being sought after by both the PLANAF and PLAAF, according to official sources.[42] In June 2020, reports surfaced that a third variant of FC-31, albeit a more production-ready version with smoother lines, a bigger radome for a bigger radar, and a closer alignment of control surfaces to reduce the radar signature, had been developed.[38] The "new fighter" has been referred to by some as J-35.[43]

[edit]
Navalized prototype of the Shenyang J-35 stealth fighter

On October 29, 2021, the modified carrier-based variant of the FC-31, dubbed J-35 by commentators, made its maiden flight.[44] It is intended to operate from the forthcoming Type 003 aircraft carrier with an electromagnetic catapult system. The naval variant is based on the second prototype of the FC-31, but also includes a catapult launch bar and a folding wing mechanism.[45][46]

Air Force variant

[edit]

On September 26, 2023, multiple pictures confirmed that the land-based variant J-35A made its first flight that day.[3] The main sign that this is likely not another J-35 carrier-based prototype is its smaller overall wing surface area. The horizontal tail surface does not have a "cut-in" wing similar to the J-35 carrier-based type. There is obviously a small gap between the wing surfaces. On the other hand, its wings are also different from the two FC-31 demonstrator aircraft.[47]

Official reveal

[edit]

The PLAAF officially revealed the J-35A on November 5, 2024, ahead of the upcoming Airshow China. The J-35A is designated as a multirole stealth fighter jet that is "independently developed by Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC)." According to Colonel Niu Wenbo, as reported by the Chinese Military. The J-35A is designed primarily for air combat operations, yet also possess air-to-surface capabilities.[48]

Operational history

[edit]

Flight testing

[edit]

The prototype conducted a high-speed taxiing test and briefly became airborne. On 31 October 2012, prototype No. 31001 conducted the model's maiden flight.[11][49][50][51] It was accompanied by two J-11 fighters in a ten-minute test flight with its landing gear lowered.

With the maiden test flight of prototype No.31001 on 30 October 2012, China became the second nation after the 1991 Advanced Tactical Fighter fly off, to have two stealth fighter designs in field-testing at the same time.[49][50] The aircraft has continued a limited test program, with footage emerging of further flights which took place in February 2013.[52]

Design

[edit]

2013–2019

[edit]

FC-31 incorporates certain stealth characteristics such as forward-swept intake ramps with diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) bumps, a two-piece bubble canopy, contoured weapon bays and two oblique vertical stabilizers.

Airframe

[edit]

The FC-31 is smaller than the Chengdu J-20. The use of twin-wheel nose landing gear led to speculations that the FC-31 may have been intended to be a carrier-based fighter.[53][54] Bill Sweetman has cited several improvements to the F-35C design files the Chinese may have acquired in the FC-31.[55] Analyst David Bignell argues that FC-31 is rather based on F-22, due to the similarity in platform, shape, aerodynamics and airframe configuration, instead of F-35.[56]

The FC-31 has two internal weapons bays that can each carry two medium-range missiles, along with two heavy hardpoints and one light hardpoint on each wing, but while it seems to have added an additional light hardpoint to each wing over the capacity of the F-35, it seems to lack the capacity of the F-35 to mount a centerline gunnery or jamming pod.[citation needed]

Officials from AVIC claimed that additive manufacturing was extensively used on the aircraft, resulting in 50% reduction in components compared to similar aircraft. However, the resulting airframe cannot be disassembled, and the static test frame had to be transported in whole as a consequence.[29]

Engines

[edit]

According to Vladimir Barkovsky of Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG (formerly known as the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau), the engines on the prototype aircraft are RD-93s.[57] However, China already has an engine similar to the RD-93, the Guizhou WS-13 currently installed on the JF-17 which has the same thrust and size of the Russian RD-93. China is working on an improved variant named WS-13E with 93 kN (21,000 lbf) of thrust for use on the FC-31. Lin Zuoming, chairman of AVIC, has said that he hopes to put domestic engines on the fighter.[58] As the Chinese build up confidence in newer, more reliable and powerful domestic engines, they may be able to power the FC-31 sooner than the larger J-20 and in greater numbers.[59] The WS-13E engine was fitted on the second prototype of FC-31.[46]

Payload

[edit]

The FC-31 can carry 8,000 kg (18,000 lb) of payload, with four munitions totaling 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) internally, and 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) carried on six external hardpoints; primary armaments include the PL-10 short-range missile and PL-12 medium-range air-to-air missile. 4 PL-21 missiles can also be fitted inside the FC-31's internal weapons bay.[60] It has a combat radius of 648 nmi (746 mi; 1,200 km) and a maximum take-off weight of 25,000 kg (55,000 lb).[31][32]

Stealth

[edit]

The FC-31 is speculated to use stealth coatings instead of "baked in" fiber-mat stealth.[61] Officials from AVIC claim the aircraft to be stealthy against L-band and Ku-band radars, and would be low-observable against a number of multi-spectrum sensors.[31] The engine nozzles are apparently being redesigned to reduce radar and infrared signatures.[62]

Recent updates (2020-)

[edit]

Payload

[edit]

The maximum take-off weight of this FC-31 increased from 25,000 kg to 28,000 kg.[63]

Engines

[edit]

Shenyang Aircraft Corporation has officially confirmed that J-35 will eventually install the Guizhou WS-19 turbofan engine, which is a fundamentally new design incorporating similar technology as the J-20's Xian WS-15, and has a maximum thrust of 10 tonnes-force (98.1 kN), compared to the interim WS-13 whose thrust is 9 tonnes-force (88.3 kN) with afterburner.[63][64] The total thrust of the jet has been increased from 18 tons to 20 tons. The maximum combat range of this jet was also extended to 1,250 km (780 mi),[63] and it can also supercruise.[63]

Stealth

[edit]

The FC-31 is now using stealth coatings instead of "baked in" fiber-mat stealth.[citation needed]

Foreign reactions

[edit]

U.S. military and industry officials believe that once the FC-31 enters service, it will likely be more than a match for existing fourth-generation fighters like the F-15 Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon, and F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. They suggest that the capability of the FC-31 against the newest fighters, such as the U.S. F-22 and F-35, would depend on factors such as numbers of platforms, quality of pilots, and capabilities of radars and other sensors.[65]

India (HAL AMCA) and Japan (Mitsubishi F-X) are pursuing their own programs to develop fifth and sixth generation fighters to counter China's developments, while some of China's other neighbors are considering purchase of the F-35 or Su-57 to foster their capabilities.[66][67][68][69]

In April 2009, the Wall Street Journal reported that computer spies, allegedly Chinese, had penetrated the database of the Joint Strike Fighter program and acquired terabytes of secret information.[70] Some experts alleged China to have incorporated the stolen knowledge into the FC-31.[71][72] However, Defense acquisitions chief Frank Kendall told a Senate hearing that he is confident classified information related to the development of the F-35 was well-protected but he is not confident that unclassified information is as well-protected. He claimed these data may only help U.S rivals to speed up their own fifth generation fighter projects and save costs of development.[73] In 2012, Vladimir Barkovsky of Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG has stated that, despite some design flaws, the FC-31 "looks like a good machine." Although it contains features already in use on the U.S. fifth generation fighter designs, it is "not a copy but a well done indigenous design."[57] Compare to the F-35, the J-35 has twin engines instead of a single engine, narrower fuselage design and higher speed.[74] According to an opinion piece published in The Diplomat by Rick Joe, stealth shaping is a much more universal and consistent trait that leaves limited room for variety, and that future international designs will likely reflect this.[75]

Potential operators and orders

[edit]

China

[edit]
 People's Republic of China

Pakistan

[edit]

At a ceremony in January 2024, Pakistan announced its intent to acquire the FC-31 aircraft.[76] On 3rd August 2024 Pakistan's BOL NEWS has reported that Pakistan Air Force (PAF) pilots are currently undergoing training on the Chinese FC-31 stealth fighter aircraft in China. The news of pilot training on the FC-31 itself, however, suggests that Pakistan may be considering acquiring the more advanced J-35 variant, rather than just its export counterpart.[77]

Egypt

[edit]

In 2024, Egypt is in talks with China to potentially buy FC-31 fighter jets.[78]

Variants

[edit]
FC-31
Prototype
J-31B Gyrfalcon
Variant unveiled by Chinese state media in July 2024.[9][79] The J-31B was depicted in the video as significantly larger than the FC-31 prototype, and will have side weapon bays each capable of carrying at least two missiles in addition to a main bay.[79][80][81][82] The aircraft was reported by Nikkei as being a naval variant, stating that it is expected to be deployed on the aircraft carrier Fujian.[79] However, an expert quoted by South China Morning Post believed that the J-31B is more likely intended for the People's Liberation Army Air Force.[9][81] A Beijing-based military analyst stated that the "B" designation potentially indicates the existence of other variants designated "J-31".[81]
J-35
Naval variant, with folded wings and catapult-launch bars.
J-35A
Land based variant.

Specifications (FC-31 prototype estimated)

[edit]

Because the aircraft is in development, these specifications—based on available imagery—are approximate and preliminary.

Data from Aviation Industry Corporation of China,[83] Aviation Week,[84] Flight Global[85] unless otherwise attributed

General characteristics

  • Crew: one (pilot)
  • Length: 17.3 m (56 ft 9 in)
  • Wingspan: 11.5 m (37 ft 9 in)
  • Height: 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in)
  • Wing area: 50 m2 (540 sq ft) [86]
  • Max takeoff weight: 28,000 kg (61,729 lb) [87]
  • Powerplant: 2 × Guizhou WS-13E (FC-31) afterburning turbofans [46], 93 kN (21,000 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 1.8 at high altitude
    • Mach 1.14 (1,400 km/h, 870 mph) at sea level
  • Range: 2,900 km (1,800 mi, 1,600 nmi) on internal fuel
  • Combat range: 1,200 km (750 mi, 650 nmi) on internal fuel, or 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) with aerial refueling
  • Service ceiling: 16,000 m (52,000 ft)

Armament

Avionics

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The designation was later used officially in a promotional video created by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation and aired on China Central Television.[9]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Chen, Minnie (31 October 2013). "China unveils new fifth-generation stealth fighter". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013.
  2. ^ a b Newdick, Thomas; Rogoway, Tyler (29 October 2021). "China's Carrier-Capable Naval Stealth Fighter Has Flown". The War Zone.
  3. ^ a b c Newdick, Thomas (29 September 2023). "Speculation Over Possible New J-35 Variant For China's Air Force". The War Zone.
  4. ^ "PLA stealth fighter jet J-35A to debut at 15th Airshow China in Zhuhai". 5 November 2024. Archived from the original on 5 November 2024.
  5. ^ "业务领域 战斗机". AVIC. Archived from the original on 2018-01-28. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  6. ^ "FC-31 Makes Airshow China Debut". Aviation Week. 2014-11-11. Archived from the original on 2017-07-01. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
  7. ^ "Fighters For Business". AVIC. Archived from the original on 2018-01-28. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  8. ^ "China's second FC-31 takes flight". FlightGlobal. 2016-12-23. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
  9. ^ a b c "China's latest stealth fighter 'J-31B' ready for PLA service, video suggests". South China Morning Post. 2024-07-06. Retrieved 2024-11-06.
  10. ^ Tamir Eshel (2012-09-16). "A New Stealth Fighter Unveiled in China". Defense Update. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  11. ^ a b New Chinese fighter conducts maiden flight Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine - Flightglobal.com, October 31, 2012
  12. ^ "J-21 (Jianjiji-21 Fighter aircraft 21) / F-21". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2019-01-05. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  13. ^ "Intensive Flight-Tests for China's J-31 Fighter; May Challenge US for Market Share". Defense News. Archived from the original on 2014-11-10. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  14. ^ China's Newest Stealth Fighter Takes Flight Archived 2014-03-20 at the Wayback Machine - Wired.com, October 31, 2012
  15. ^ a b I Sutton, H (8 June 2021). "First Sighting Of New Stealth Fighter For Chinese Navy's Aircraft Carriers". Naval News.
  16. ^ Kenhmann, Henri (28 August 2016). "La fin du programme Shenyang FC-31 ?". East Pendulum (in French). Archived from the original on 2016-12-29. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  17. ^ Newdick, Thomas (31 May 2024). "Land-Based Variant Of China's J-35 Naval Stealth Fighter Makes Sense". The War Zone.
  18. ^ Newdick, Thomas; Rogoway, Tyler (5 November 2024). "China's J-35A Stealth Fighter Officially Breaks Cover". The War Zone.
  19. ^ "中国空军选定下一代战机由611所方案胜出". War China (in Chinese). 5 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  20. ^ Trimble, Stephen. "F-60, UCAV stealth models revealed?". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  21. ^ a b c d Joe, Rick. "The FC-31, China's 'Other' Stealth Fighter". The Diplomat.
  22. ^ Cenciotti, David (22 June 2012). "New Chinese fighter revealed? Maybe or maybe not. Most probably just a very well known L-15 advanced jet trainer". The Aviationist. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012.
  23. ^ Cenciotti, David (16 September 2012). "China unveils its brand new stealth fighter: the J-31 "Falcon Eagle". But it's a copy of the F-22 Raptor". The Aviationist. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.
  24. ^ Waldron, Greg. "Pictures: New fighter aircraft emerges in China". Flight International. Archived from the original on 2012-09-18. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  25. ^ Associated Press (1 November 2012). "Second Chinese stealth fighter makes test flight". The Guardian.
  26. ^ AFP (13 November 2012). "Latest China military hardware displayed at airshow". Asia Online. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012.
  27. ^ Chan, Minnie (11 November 2014). "VIPs flock to Zhuhai airshow as J-31 stealth fighter takes to the skies". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  28. ^ Savadove, Bill (12 November 2014). "China shows off new stealth fighter". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  29. ^ a b 《对话》20141207： J31珠海航展特辑 － 角力天空的中国力量 [Special editorial of J-31 at Zhuhai Airshow]. CCTV2. December 7, 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-10-09. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
  30. ^ a b China's FC-31 Fighter Disappoints in First Display Archived 2014-11-21 at the Wayback Machine - Ainonline.com, 17 November 2014
  31. ^ a b c AVIC Begins FC-31 Export Drive Archived 2015-11-11 at the Wayback Machine - Aviationweek.com, 8 November 2015
  32. ^ a b Customer sought for AVIC's new stealth fighter Archived 2015-11-11 at the Wayback Machine - Flightglobal.com, 8 November 2015
  33. ^ Reed Business Information Limited. "China fighter designer compares J-15 to F/A-18 Hornet". Archived from the original on 2015-05-30. Retrieved 4 February 2015. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  34. ^ Waldron, Greg. "AIRSHOW CHINA: AVIC proposes stealth fighter for export". Flight International. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  35. ^ "AIRSHOW-China pushes exports, flags ambitions at arms fair." Archived 2015-10-05 at the Wayback Machine Reuters, 16 November 2012.
  36. ^ Rajagopalan, Megha; Laurence, Jeremy (9 December 2014). "China's stealth fighter could "take down" foreign rival - industry exec". in.reuters.com. Reuters. Archived from the original on 2015-06-29. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  37. ^ Yap, Chuin-Wei (12 December 2014). "China Stealth Jet Maker Walks Back Boast It Could 'Take Out' F-35". Archived from the original on 2015-03-15. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  38. ^ a b Axe, David. "The Chinese Navy Could Save The Stealth Fighter No One Else Wants". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-07-14.
  39. ^ Fisher, Richard D Jr (16 July 2015). "Beijing tech show highlights advances in Chinese fighter sensors". www.janes.com. IHS. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  40. ^ Fisher, Richard D. Jr; Dominguez, Gabriel (28 December 2016). "China's second FC-31 fighter prototype makes maiden flight". janes.com. IHS. Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  41. ^ "Janes | Latest defence and security news". Archived from the original on 2017-05-14. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  42. ^ "Avic's J-31 Fighter Is a Winner After All". aviationweek.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-20. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  43. ^ Mizokami, Kyle (2020-06-30). "Reports Say China Has a New Jet Fighter in the Works. Here's What We Know". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 2020-07-14.
  44. ^ "China's New Carrier-Based Stealth Fighter Makes First Flight". 29 October 2021.
  45. ^ "China's Carrier-Capable Naval Stealth Fighter Has Flown". 29 October 2021.
  46. ^ a b c Trevithick, Joseph (22 July 2022). "Our Best Look Yet At China's J-35 Carrier-Capable Stealth Fighter". The Drive.
  47. ^ 楊幼蘭 (2024-06-01). "陸基殲-35戰機研製中 北京要內外兼顧" (in Traditional Chinese). 中時新聞網. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  48. ^ "PLA stealth fighter jet J-35A to debut at 15th Airshow China in Zhuhai". 5 November 2024.
  49. ^ a b "New Stealth Fighter Jet to Make China Military Leader in the Region, Says Expert." Archived 2012-11-06 at the Wayback Machine IBT, 3 November 2012.
  50. ^ a b "Chinese Stealth Fighter Shenyang J-31 Gyrfalcon maiden flight » MiGFlug.com Blog". 3 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-02-04. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  51. ^ FFCZ. "中国第二款隐形战机成功首飞 - 热点追踪 - 超级大本营军事网站-最严肃的军事网站 - CJDBY.net". Archived from the original on 2012-12-20. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  52. ^ "Amateur video showing China's second stealth plane's test flight emerges" Archived 2013-08-21 at the Wayback Machine "The Aviationist", 21 August 2013.
  53. ^ Thompson, Mark. "Beijing Doubling-Down on Stealth Fighters." Archived 2012-07-20 at the Wayback Machine Time Magazine, 17 July 2012.
  54. ^ Axe, David. "Questions Abound as China Unveils Another Stealth Jet". WIRED. Archived from the original on 2014-03-29. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  55. ^ Sweetman, Bill. "China's New Stealth Fighter. Not a repeat from December 2010." Archived 2014-11-05 at the Wayback Machine Aviation Week, 16 September 2012.
  56. ^ "Zhuhai 2014 PLA Aircraft and PGMs".
  57. ^ a b Karnozov, Vladimir. "Russian Officials Reveal J-31 Engine and Describe Sales to China" AIN, 23 November 2012.
  58. ^ "Sky-high target for engines-Science-Tech-chinadaily.com.cn". Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  59. ^ Fisher, Richard. head "Deterring China's Fighter Buildup." International Assessment and Strategy Center, 19 November 2012.
  60. ^ "This new ramjet engine could triple the range of Chinese missiles". 18 March 2019.
  61. ^ F_161. "Intensive flight-tests for China's J-31 fighter; may challenge US for market share - People's Daily Online". Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 4 February 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ Lin, Jeffrey; Singer, P.W. (13 November 2014). "China's J-31 Stealth Fighter: Then And Now". www.popsci.com. Popular Science. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  63. ^ a b c d 王云飞：歼-31隐形战机传来捷报，下一代隐形舰载机配涡扇-19性能飙升！, retrieved 2020-12-08
  64. ^ 曾品潔 (2023-02-09). "中國渦輪-19發動機進度提前！ 航發總師曝 : 未來殲-35會比殲-20更早換裝" (in Traditional Chinese). Newtalk新闻. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  65. ^ U.S. Pilots Say New Chinese Stealth Fighter Could Become Equal of F-22, F-35 Archived 2014-11-07 at the Wayback Machine - News.USNI.org, 5 November 2014
  66. ^ "Chinese Aircraft Industry's New J-31 Stealth Fighter: Implications for India". Archived from the original on 2015-02-04. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  67. ^ Ajai Shukla (10 November 2012). "New Chinese stealth fighter heightens dilemma for Indian Navy". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  68. ^ "Lockheed sees increased Singapore interest in F-35 fighter". Reuters. 9 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-02-04. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  69. ^ ""IOPFOR; New Chinese stealth design and the strategic implications."". Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
  70. ^ Gorman S; Cole A; Dreazen Y (April 21, 2009). "Computer Spies Breach Fighter-Jet Project Article". The Wall Street Journal.
  71. ^ "Stolen F-35 secrets now showing up in China's stealth fighter". Fox News. 20 December 2015.
  72. ^ "New Snowden Documents Reveal Chinese Behind F-35 Hack". The Diplomat. 27 January 2015.
  73. ^ "Theft of F-35 design data is helping U.S. adversaries -Pentagons". Reuters. 20 June 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  74. ^ "Close-up look at J-35A finally lets us compare it to the F-35". Bulgarian military. 5 November 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  75. ^ Joe, Rick (11 January 2021). "J-20: The Stealth Fighter That Changed PLA Watching Forever". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  76. ^ "Pakistan's army chief praises air force's advanced weapon induction, calls it vital for regional power balance". Arab News. 2024-01-03. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  77. ^ "PAF Pilots Reportedly Training on Chinese J-31 Stealth Fighter, Signaling Potential Acquisition". Defence.in. 2024-08-03. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
  78. ^ https://defence-blog.com/egypt-in-talks-for-chinese-j-10c-and-j-31-fighters/ [bare URL]
  79. ^ a b c Honrada, Gabriel (2024-07-10). "China redefining air power with huge stealth fighter rollout". Asia Times. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
  80. ^ "China's J-31B Gyrfalcon stealth aircraft debuts with advanced tech". 2024-07-06. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
  81. ^ a b c Dangwal, Ashish (2024-07-06). "China Unveils New J-31B Gyrfalcon Stealth Aircraft That Appears To Have 'One Edge' Over F-22, J-20 Fighters". EURASIAN TIMES. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
  82. ^ Stojkovski, Bojan. "'F-35 rival': China's 5th gen J-31B stealth jet readies for combat role". Interesting Engineering. Retrieved 2024-11-10.
  83. ^ "型号：FC-31" (in Simplified Chinese). 中國航空工業集團.
  84. ^ Perrett, Bradley; Hewson, Robert; Johnson, Reuben; Sweetman, Bill (19 November 2012). "Avic Promotes J-31 As An Export Fighter". Aviation Week. Archived from the original on 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  85. ^ Waldron, Greg (21 September 2021). "New Chinese carrier-borne fighter by year-end: J-15, FC-31 designer". Flight Global.
  86. ^ asiavikin (2018-06-29). "算一算鹘鹰的当量机翼面积". 知乎. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
  87. ^ a b c d e f g h Fisher, Richard D. Jr (9 November 2016). "New details emerge on Shenyang FC-31 fifth-generation export fighter". IHS Janes 360. Archived from the original on 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  88. ^ a b Waldron, Greg (8 November 2015). "Customer sought for AVIC's new stealth fighter". Flight Global. Archived from the original on 2015-11-11. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  89. ^ "J-31 (Jianjiji-31 Fighter aircraft 21)". www.globalsecurity.org.
[edit]

Media related to Shenyang FC-31 at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shenyang_J-35&oldid=1256602578"