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Xylaria

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Xylaria
Xylaria hypoxylon
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Xylariales
Family: Xylariaceae
Genus: Xylaria
Hill ex Schrank (1789)
Type species
Xylaria hypoxylon
(L.) Grev. (1824)
Species

See text

Xylaria is a genus of ascomycetous fungi commonly found growing on dead wood. The name comes from the Greek xýlon meaning wood (see xylem).

'Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa' by Wijayawardene et al. lists up to (ca. 571) species (in 2020),[1] and around 454 records are listed by Species Fungorum (including synonyms).[2]

Two of the common species of the genus are Xylaria hypoxylon and Xylaria polymorpha.

Xylaria hypoxylon, known by the common names stag's horn and candle-snuff fungus, is the most conspicuous because of its erect, 3–7 cm tall, antler-like ascocarps (fruitbodies) which are black at the base (where the perithecia are embedded) but white and branched towards the top, where the fruiting bodies produce white conidia (asexual spores).

Xylaria polymorpha, dead man's fingers, often grows in finger-like clusters from the base of a tree or from wood just below ground level. This is a primary fungus utilized in the spalting of sugar maple and other hardwoods.

Xylaria longipes, known by the common name dead moll's fingers, allegedly improves the quality of the wood used in string instruments.[3] It has not been linked to spalting of maple.

Species

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Species in the genus include:

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  • X. hypoxylon
    X. hypoxylon
  • X. polymorpha
    X. polymorpha
  • X. polymorpha illustrating the range of shapes of fruiting bodies.
    X. polymorpha illustrating the range of shapes of fruiting bodies.
  • A longitudinally split fruiting body of X. polymorpha, showing the many perithecia that lie just beneath the black outer rind.
    A longitudinally split fruiting body of X. polymorpha, showing the many perithecia that lie just beneath the black outer rind.
  • X. polymorpha in early July
    X. polymorpha in early July

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  2. ^ "Xylaria - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  3. ^ Schwarze FWMR, Spycher M, Fink S (2008). "Superior wood for violins – wood decay fungi as a substitute for cold climate". New Phytologist. 179 (4): 1095–1104. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02524.x. PMID 18554266.
  4. ^ a b c Huang G, Wang R, Guo L, Liu N (2015). "Three new species of Xylaria from China". Mycotaxon. 130: 299–304. doi:10.5248/130.299.
  5. ^ Srihanant N, Petcharat V, Vasilyeva LN (2015). "Xylaria thailandica – a new species from southern Thailand". Mycotaxon. 130: 227–231. doi:10.5248/130.227.

Other sources

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  • Deacon, J. Fungal Biology. Blackwell Publishing. 2005.
  • Robinson, S. C. and P. E. Laks. 2010. Culture age and wood species affect zone line production of Xylaria polymorpha. The Open Mycology Journal 4:18-21.
  • Robinson, S. C., et al. 2012. Promoting fungal pigment formation in wood by utilizing a modified decay jar method. Wood Science and Technology 46:841-849.
  • Robinson, S. C., et al. Methods of inoculating Acer spp., Populus tremuloides, and Fagus grandifolia logs for commercial spalting applications. Journal of Wood Science in press. doi:10.1007/s10086-013-1335-5
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