Scatophagidae
| Scats Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
-2.JPG)
| |
| Scatophagus argus | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Acanthuriformes |
| Family: | Scatophagidae Gill, 1883[1] |
| Genera | |
|
See text | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
|
Prenidae Whiley, 1956 | |
Scatophagidae, the scats are a small family of ray-finned fishes in the order Perciformes. They are found in the Indo-Pacific region but one species has been introduced elsewhere.
Taxonomy
[edit]Scatophagidae was first formally described as a family in 1883 by the American ichthyologist Theodore Nicholas Gill.[1] They are classified in the superfamily Siganiodea, along with the rabbitfishes of the family Siganidae, within the suborder Percoidei in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.[2] Other workers have classified them with the surgeonfishes in the order Acanthuriformes[3] or as incertae sedis within the series Eupercaria.[4] The name of the family comes from its type genus Scatophagus and this is a compound of skatos meaning "dung" and phaga which means to eat, a reference to this species purported taste for human faeces.[5]
Genera
[edit]There are two genera classified within the Scatophagidae, each containing two extant species:[6]
- Scatophagus Cuvier, 1831
- Selenotoca Myers, 1936
Characteristics
[edit]Scatophagidae fishes, the scats, have highly compressed, oblong bodies. The dorsal profile of the head rises steeply to the nape, they have a rounded snout, as is the space between the eyes. The small mouth is horizontal, and cannot be protruded, and has several rows of small bristle-like teeth on the jaws. There are no teeth on the roof of the mouth. The dorsal fin has 11–12 robust spines and 16–18 soft rays, the first spine lies flat and there is a deep incision between the spiny and soft-rayed parts of the fin. The anal fin has 4 robust spines and 13–16 soft rays and the relatively small pectoral fins have 16–17 rays. The caudal fin may be truncate or weakly emarginate. although it is rounded in juveniles. The head and the body are covered with tiny ctenoid scales and these reach the soft rayed parts of the dorsal and anal fins. There are no spines or serrations on the opercular bones. They are silvery or greenish in colour marked with darker spots or bars.[7] The scats vary in maximum total length from 9 cm (3.5 in) for Selenotoca papuensis up to 40 cm (16 in) for Selenotoca multifasciata.[3]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Scatophagidae is native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans from the eastern coast of Africa into the western Pacific.[3] The spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) has been introduced to Malta, where it has become established, and it has been recorded from Florida.[8] Scats are found in harbours, brackish estuaries, and the lower reaches of freshwater streams.[7]
Biology
[edit]Scatophagidae fishes normally occur in schools and they feed during the day on a variety of benthic invertebrates, bottom detritus, algae and refuse.[7]
Utilisation
[edit]Scatophagidae fishes are too small to be of interest to commercial fisheries as food, they are caught using gill nets and fish traps.[7] They appear in the aquarium trade.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
- ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 462–463. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
- ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Order Acanthuriformes". FishBase. June 2021 version.
- ^ Betancur-R, R.; Wiley, E.O.; Arratia, G.; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
- ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 January 2021). "Order Acanthuriformes (part 2): Families Ephippidae, Leiognathidae, Scatophagidae, Antigoniidae, Siganidae, Caproidae, Luvaridae, Zanclidae and Acanthuridae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Scatophagidae". FishBase. June 2021 version.
- ^ a b c d "Scatophagidae" (PDF). FAO Species Identification Sheets. FAO. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
- ^ Schofield, P.J. (2021). "Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766)". Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
- ^ "Scatophagus argus". Tropical Fish Hobbyist Magazine. April 2004. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
- "Scatophagidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 27 March 2006.
- Parenti, Paolo (February 2004). "Family Scatophagidae Bleeker 1876" (PDF). Annotated Checklists of Fishes (36). ISSN 1545-150X.