Norwegian and Swedish Travellers
 Romanisael family pictured in northern Bohuslän, 1919 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| ≈ 75,000 | |
| Languages | |
| Scandoromani |
Norwegian and Swedish Travellers, commonly known as Romanisael (Norwegian: romanifolket, tatere, sigøynere; Swedish: resande, zigenare, tattare; Scandoromani: romanisæl, romanoar, rom(m)ani, tavringer/ar, tattare), are a group or branch of the Romani people who have been resident in Norway and Sweden for some 500 years.[1] The estimated number of Romanisael in Sweden is 65,000,[2] while in Norway, the number is probably about 10,000.[3]
Origins
[edit]
Romanisael history and culture is particularly related to other Romani groups in Northern Europe such as Finnish Kale, Welsh Kale, Romanichal and Scottish Lowland Roma.[4]
Modern-day Romanisael (Tater) are the descendants of the first Roma who arrived in Scandinavia during the 16th century. Most were deportees from Britain to Norway,[5][1] but small numbers came via Denmark.[6] Norwegian and Swedish Romani identify as Romanisæl; this word has origins in the Angloromani word Romanichal. Romanichal is the word English Romani, Scottish Border Romani, and Southern Welsh Romani use to identify themselves.
The Finnish Kale (Kàlo) are descendants of early Scandinavian Roma who were deported in the 17th century from Sweden proper to Finland.[7] The Finnish Kale, however, maintain that their ancestors had originally come from Scotland,[8] They and other Scandinavian Romanisael are related to the present-day Romanichal of England and Scotland.
Romanisael in Norway at times have been confused with the indigenous Norwegian Travellers, although they perceive the latter group to be non-Roma by culture and origins.
Names for the group
[edit]By the settled majority population, the Norwegian Romanisael are known as Romanifolk or the exonym tatere, and in Sweden they used to be called the similar exonym tattare, but are officially called by the term Roma today, while the endonyms in use are dinglare or resande. Norwegian Roma most often use the endonyms reisendes or vandriar. Both exonymous terms hint to the original misconception that these people were Tatars. Before the turn of the 20th century, the majority population made little distinction between tatere/tattare and "Gypsies" (Norwegian: sigøynere; Swedish: zigenare);[9] this situation changed mainly due to the arrival of Kalderash Roma from Russia and Central Europe in the last decades of the 19th century, to whom the latter term came to be applied almost exclusively.
Skojare was a former name for Romanisael in Sweden;[10] in Norway skøyere was associated with indigenous Travellers. Fant or Fanter was another term formerly applied to both Romanisael and non-Romani Travellers in southern Norway. Many of these terms nowadays are considered pejorative due to their connotation of vagabondage and vagrancy.[11]
In Sweden, tattare is now considered a disparaging term and has been completely abandoned in official use. Since 2000 Swedish Roma are officially referred to as resande (Travellers), and counted as one of several groups within the "Roma" national minority. They often refer to themselves as resandefolket (Travelling people), or dinglare. Less common is the term tavringar. In recent years[when?] there has been an attempt to term Swedish Roma as tschiwi, but this usage is contested.
For Norwegian Romanisael, however, the name tatere is severely disputed. It does not carry the same stigma as in Sweden; their Norwegian counterparts have fought for the same rights as Swedish Romani for many years. Some Romani organizations maintain this term in their official names. In Norway, Romanisael are categorized as a national minority group, officially referred to as romanifolk or tatere, reisende (Travellers). Norwegian Romanisæl refer to themselves by various names, such as romany, romanoar, romanisæl, vandriar (Wanderers), etc. In contrast to Sweden, in Norway a distinction is made between romanifolket and rom (i.e., Roma groups that arrived since the 19th century) in the official legislation on national minorities.[12]
Language
[edit]Romanisael speak a form of Para-Romani referred to as Scandoromani. Many words of Nordic Romani origin have survived in the Scandinavian languages, both in common speech and slang.[13] Examples from Swedish:
- tjej, meaning 'girl' (originally slang, but now a more common alternative to the older flicka)
- puffra, meaning 'gun' (used to be common slang)
- hak, meaning 'place, joint, establishment' (used to be common slang)
- vischan, meaning 'the countryside', 'boondocks' or 'rural areas' (used to be common slang)
Organisations
[edit]Romanisael have founded organisations for preserving their culture and lobbying for their collective rights. One example is Föreningen Resandefolkets Riksorganisation, based in Malmö, Sweden.[14]
Media
[edit]Romani Posten (also Romaniposten, 'The Romani Post'; ISSN 0809-8379) was a news magazine for the Romani community in Norway. It had no political or religious affiliation, and published articles in Norwegian. At its most frequent, it came out eight times per year. On 6 September 2003, it was founded as an on-line publication; the first print edition was published in October 2006. Jone Pedersen was the founding publisher and editor-in-chief. As of 2007, it had ceased publication.[15]
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Romanisæl in Uddevalla, 1925-35 -
Romanisæl in Stockholm, 1931 -
Romanisæl in Stockholm, 1931
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "Norwegian, Traveller". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ^ "romer - Uppslagsverk - NE". www.ne.se. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ^ Parliamentary Assembly - Documents, Working papers- 2002 Ordinary Session (second part), 22-26. Vol. 4. Strasbourg Cedex, FR: Council of Europe Online Bookshop. April 2002. p. 45. ISBN 9789287149176. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
- ^ Eltzler. Zigenarna och deras avkomlingar i Sverige (Uppsala 1944) cited in: Angus. M. Fraser. The Gypsies (The Peoples of Europe) p120
- ^ "Luton government website" (PDF). luton.gov.uk. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ^ "Romani, Tavringer". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ^ "National Minorities of Finland, The Roma — Virtual Finland". finland.fi. Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ^ "Romani, Kalo Finnish". ethnologue.com. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ^ Cf. Tater in Danish Wikipedia.
- ^ S.v. "Skojare", Gösta Bergman, Ord med historia (Stockholm: Prisma, 2003), pp. 536–7.
- ^ Cf. Skojare from Svenska Akademiens ordbok.
- ^ "Sweden – narrative essay - RomArchive". www.romarchive.eu.
- ^ "Sidan kunde inte hittas på abf.se". www.abf.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2017-06-14.
- ^ "Start - Resande Folket". www.resandefolketsriksorganisation.se. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
- ^ "Romani Posten, no. 6-2006, p. 2". romani-posten.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
Sources, further reading
[edit]- Sundt, Eilert (1852). Beretning om Fante- eller Landstrygerfolket i Norge: Bidrag til Kundskab om de laveste Samfundsforholde (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Christiania: J. Chr. Abelsted. OCLC 7451358.
- Hazell, Bo (2002). Resandefolket: Från tattare till traveller (in Swedish). Stockholm: Ordfront. ISBN 91-7324-682-4. OCLC 185986575.
- Andrej Kotljarchuk (2019) STATE, EXPERTS, AND ROMA: Historian Allan Etzler and pseudo-scientific racism in Sweden, Scandinavian Journal of History.
External links
[edit]- "Romani folkets Hemsida" [Romani People's Website]. romanifolket.info.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2018-04-11.
- "Fact sheet" (PDF). romafacts.uni-graz.at. Retrieved 2020-08-28.