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Salisbury, North Carolina

Coordinates: 35°39′56″N 80°29′27″W / 35.66556°N 80.49083°W / 35.66556; -80.49083
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Salisbury, North Carolina
City
Clockwise from top left: Rowan County Courthouse, Fame statue, St. John's Lutheran Church, Farmers & Merchants Bank, the Bell Tower Green
Clockwise from top left: Rowan County Courthouse, Fame statue, St. John's Lutheran Church, Farmers & Merchants Bank, the Bell Tower Green
Flag of Salisbury, North Carolina
Flag
Official seal of Salisbury, North Carolina
Seal
Location of Salisbury, North Carolina
Location of Salisbury, North Carolina
Coordinates: 35°39′56″N 80°29′27″W / 35.66556°N 80.49083°W / 35.66556; -80.49083
CountryUnited States
StateNorth Carolina
CountyRowan
Area
[1]
 • Total22.03 sq mi (57.05 km2)
 • Land22.03 sq mi (57.05 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)
Elevation
[2]
702 ft (214 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total35,540
 • Estimate 
(2022)[3]
35,808
 • Density1,613.47/sq mi (622.98/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP codes
28144-28147-28146
Area code(s)704,980
FIPS code37-58860[4]
GNIS feature ID2405407[2]
Websitewww.salisburync.gov

Salisbury (/ˈsɔːlzbɛri/ SAWLZ-ber-ee)[5][6] is a city in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, United States; it has been the county seat of Rowan County since 1753 when its territory extended to the Mississippi River.[7][8] Located 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Charlotte and within its metropolitan area, the town has attracted a growing population. The 2020 census shows 35,580 residents.

Salisbury is the oldest continually populated colonial town in the western region of North Carolina. It is noted for its historic preservation, with five Local Historic Districts and ten National Register Historic Districts.

Soft drink producer Cheerwine and regional supermarket Food Lion are located in Salisbury and Rack Room Shoes was founded there.

History

Old Rowan County Courthouse in Salisbury, 1934
Main Street (1914)
Child laborer in Salisbury, 1908

In 1753 an appointed Anglo-European trustee for Rowan County was directed to enter 40 acres (16 ha) of land for a County Seat, and public buildings were erected. The deed is dated February 11, 1755, when John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville conveyed 635 acres (257 ha) for the "Salisbury Township".[7] The settlement was built at the intersection of longtime Native American trading routes. It became an economic hub along what was improved as the Great Wagon Road in North Carolina.[9] It became the principal city of the Salisbury judicial and militia districts in the years leading up to the American Revolutionary War.[7] On June 12, 1792, Salisbury was granted a US Post Office. Its first postmaster was George Lauman. This post office has been in continuous operation ever since.[10][11]

During the United States Civil War, Salisbury was home to the first and only Confederate Prison in North Carolina, used to house captured Union prisoners-of-war (POWs), dissident Southerners, and Confederate defectors. On July 9, 1861, six weeks after North Carolina declared secession from the Union, the Confederate government asked Governor Henry T. Clark if the state could provide a place to hold prisoners of war (POWs). The 20-year-old Maxwell Chambers textile mill in Salisbury, then vacant, was retrofitted for that purpose. The prison was only designed to hold up to 2,500 prisoners, but by 1864, more than 10,000 prisoners had arrived due to the fall of Atlanta and the ongoing siege of Richmond, Virginia. By February 1865, prisoners were transferred out of the Salisbury prison, and in April 1865, Union Major George Stoneman destroyed the prison and other Confederate installations collectively known as the Salisbury Arsenal. The next month, Federal troops occupied the town, and in early September 1865 the Union commander turned over civil control of Salisbury to local town officials.[12] The Salisbury National Cemetery was established on a portion of the former prison site, starting because of thousands of Union soldiers who died while imprisoned.[13]

Owing to its Confederate history, Salisbury long retained pride in a deep local culture of Confederate apologism, thanks in part to Rowan County being the home of Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon Bob Jones, whose impact on Salisbury was featured in a PBS documentary film called Klansville, USA.[14] Confederate re-enactments are also a popular activity in Salisbury,[15] including annual re-enactments at the Josephus Hall House, an antebellum manse in downtown Salisbury that was home to Dr. Josephus Hall, who was the surgeon at the Confederate prison.[16]

In the antebellum period and after the American Civil War, Salisbury was the trading city of an upland area devoted to cultivation of cotton as a commodity crop. It was also the business and law center of the county. Numerous houses and other structures were built by wealthy planters and merchants in this period. In the late 19th century, the city was served by railroads, becoming a railroad hub as people and freight were transported along the eastern corridor.

After three black men were lynched in Salisbury in 1906, one of the lynchers was prosecuted. This resulted in the first conviction for lynching in North Carolina, and one of the first in the United States.[17]

In the 20th century, Salisbury's economy grew into an industrial-based economy. Entrepreneurs developed the textile industry for processing cotton, first, and numerous textile mills operated in the city.[18]

The industry owners moved their jobs and mills offshore in the late 20th century, to areas with cheaper labor costs. This change cost the city and area many jobs, and unemployment rose for a period. Since 2000, the city's population has grown rapidly, with people attracted to the city's resources and amenities.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, as of 2010, the city has a total area of 22.14 square miles (57.3 km2), all land.[19]

Salisbury is located in the Central Piedmont of North Carolina in the Charlotte metropolitan area. The city is 21 miles north of Concord, 38 miles south of Winston-Salem, and 25 miles northeast of Charlotte.

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18501,086—
18602,420122.8%
18802,723—
18904,41862.2%
19006,27742.1%
19107,15314.0%
192013,88494.1%
193016,95122.1%
194019,03712.3%
195020,1025.6%
196021,2975.9%
197022,5155.7%
198022,6770.7%
199023,0871.8%
200026,46214.6%
201033,66227.2%
202035,5405.6%
2021 (est.)35,760[20]0.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[21]

2020 census

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 35,540 people, 12,524 households, and 7,325 families residing in the city.

Salisbury racial composition[22]
Race Number Percentage
White (non-Hispanic) 15,785 44.41%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 12,689 35.7%
Native American 105 0.3%
Asian 499 1.4%
Pacific Islander 22 0.06%
Other/Mixed 1,380 3.88%
Hispanic or Latino 5,060 14.24%

2010 census

As of the census[4] of 2010, there were 33,663 people, 10,276 households, and 6,186 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,488.3 people per square mile (574.6 people/km2). There were 11,288 housing units at an average density of 634.9 per square mile (245.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 57.30% White, 37.56% African American, 0.28% Native American, 1.39% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.92% from other races, and 1.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.30% of the population.

There were 10,276 households, out of which 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.0% were married couples living together, 17.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% were non-families. 34.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,923, and the median income for a family was $41,108. Males had a median income of $31,149 versus $25,019 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,864. About 12.2% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.3% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over. 2010 Census data will be available in January 2011.

Economy

Shopping

Salisbury is home to a downtown area that encompasses several blocks near the intersection of Innes Street and Main Street. Because of the decline in the textile industry and the rise of suburban malls, the downtown area still has vacant buildings. The retail features more unique, locally owned businesses and merchants. Downtown Salisbury provides an array of shops, antique stores, and cultural attractions. Downtown Nights Out, held from time to time throughout the year, provide opportunities for late night shopping, musical entertainment, and fine dining.[23] Shopping centers include West End Plaza, and formerly the Rowan Mall.

Broadband networks

In 2015 Salisbury's Fibrant system (later called Hotwire) became capable of 10 gigabit capacity town-wide; it is thought to be the only town-owned system in the world with such capacity.[24][25][26][27]

Major employers

Major employers in Salisbury include the headquarters of Food Lion, a regional grocery chain that is one of the US subsidiaries of Delhaize;[28] the W.G. (Bill) Hefner VA Medical Center, the City of Salisbury, and the County of Rowan. Novant Health Rowan Medical Center and the Rowan Salisbury School System, are also major employers. Smaller employers include textile mills and other manufacturing businesses. In 2019, the pet food retailer Chewy announced it would build a 700,000 square foot facility employing 1,200.[29][30]

Arts and culture

Historic preservation

Salisbury Confederate Monument, Gloria Victis (moved in 2020 to the Old Lutheran Cemetery)[31]

Salisbury has developed a strong record of historic preservation since the late 20th century. It is the site of a noted prisoner of war camp during the American Civil War and has ten National Register historic districts. The city has many historic homes and commercial buildings dating from the 19th century and early 20th century, several of which are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[32]

Since 1975, Salisbury City Council has designated five Local Historic Districts, encompassing hundreds of historically and architecturally significant buildings. Owners of properties within locally designated historic districts are required to obtain a Certificate of Appropriateness from the Salisbury Historic Preservation Commission before making exterior changes to residential or commercial buildings.[33] The City of Salisbury offers a variety of incentive grants to historic homeowners and downtown business owners to defray the cost of repairs and rehabilitation projects.[34]

Walking tour

A walking tour begins at the Rowan County Convention and Visitor's Bureau and winds through the history of Salisbury and the state's Piedmont Region. Structures from the 19th century, as well as artifacts, such as the desk that President Andrew Jackson used when he studied law in Salisbury, are viewable. The Rowan Museum has exhibits that incorporate the use of three buildings: Salisbury's 1854 County Courthouse, the circa 1815 Utzman–Chambers House Museum, and the 1820 Josephus Hall House. These provide information regarding Historic Salisbury. The City of Salisbury currently has 10 National Register Historic Districts with more than 1,200 contributing properties.[35]

The Salisbury History and Art Trail is made up of a series of markers throughout the city that incorporate both history and art for self-guided tours. They mark events and stories from Salisbury's past. The markers are organized info five broad historic eras. This trail was jointly developed by Downtown Salisbury, Inc. and the Salisbury Community Appearance Commission.[35]

Cultural arts community

The Salisbury community has numerous cultural resources and strong citizen support and stewardship for arts and cultural development. It works to protect existing resources while linking arts and cultural resources to key economic, neighborhood development, educational, and social goals of the broader community.[36]

Salisbury has a strong commitment to historic preservation, high levels of arts and cultural activity, a citizen base that places high value on arts education, and a strong local tradition of civic volunteerism. The city has a growing population of professional and amateur artists drawn from many disciplines, with support from local patrons and foundations. It has a high rate of participation in and support for the arts, coupled with an emerging downtown public art program.[36]

The Salisbury Sculpture Show is an example of an existing public art program. The local Rowan Arts Council offers a Rowan Art Crawl on the second Saturday of each month: this provides access to more than 25 professional artists, studios, and galleries. The Rail Walk Arts District, located near the restored Salisbury railroad depot, features an array of artists and galleries.

The Waterworks Visual Arts Center provides diverse opportunities in the arts through exhibitions, education, and outreach programs. The Salisbury Symphony Orchestra performs in the city. Performances of live theatre take place at the Piedmont Players Theatre (Meroney Theatre & Norvell Children's Theatre), Lee Street Theatre, and Looking Glass Collective Black Box Theater, with other opportunities for community engagement.

Bell Tower Green, a park which takes up most of the block bounded by Innes, Church, Fisher and Jackson Streets and named for the bell tower that was part of the former building of First Presbyterian Church, officially opened October 1, 2021 after more than two years of construction, funded primarily with more than $13 million in donations. It is expected to help with economic development in the downtown area[37][38] and it adds a location for concerts.[39]

Libraries

The headquarters of the Rowan County Public Library is located at 201 W Fisher Street in Salisbury. This library contains the Edith M. Clark History Room, with concentration of works on western North Carolina history and genealogy.[40]

Government

Salisbury is governed by a city council, which is chaired by the mayor, Karen Alexander. The other city council members include: mayor pro tempore Tamara Sheffield, David Post, Anthony Smith, Harry Mclaughlin.[41] Members of the council are elected from single-member districts.

The city council appoints a city manager to run the day-to-day operations.[42] W. Lane Bailey was appointed as City Manager February 18, 2015.[43] Since 2011, the City of Salisbury's financial foundation has been strengthened due to management's actions, which resulted in two credit rating increases to bring the city to a AA rating.[44]

On the state level, Salisbury is represented in the North Carolina House of Representatives as a part of the 77th district, which includes the city and northern and western parts of Rowan County. The current representative is Republican Harry J. Warren. Salisbury is represented in the North Carolina Senate, as part of the 34th district, by Republican Andrew Brock as a part of the 34th district. Senator Brock also represents Davie County.

On the national level, Salisbury is a part of North Carolina's 8th congressional district. It is represented by Republican Dan Bishop.[45] The state's senior member of the United States Senate is Republican Thom Tillis, who was elected to the Senate in 2014. The junior Senator is Republican Ted Budd, who was elected in 2022.

The law enforcement authority is the Salisbury Police Department.

Education

Salisbury High School
Catawba College

Salisbury has a number of educational institutions, both public and private.

Rowan–Salisbury School System

Main article: Rowan–Salisbury School System

The Rowan–Salisbury School System was formed in 1989 after the merger of the Rowan County Schools and the Salisbury City Schools.[46] Most notable is Salisbury High School. There are two charter school in Rowan County, Essie Mae Kiser Foxx Charter School, in East Spencer and Faith Academy Charter School in Faith North Carolina.[47]

Private schools

Many private schools, both inside and outside the city of Salisbury, serve its citizens. Some schools were founded as segregation academies when the public school system was integrated.

  • North Hills Christian School (PK-12)
  • Rockwell Christian School (PK-12)
  • RCHSA, Homeschool group (any age)
  • Sacred Heart Catholic School (K-8)
  • Salisbury Academy (3K-12)
  • Salisbury Adventist School (K-7)
  • Salisbury Christian School (K-12)
  • St. John's Kindergarten (PK-K)

Colleges and universities

Media

The Salisbury Post, founded in 1905, is the local daily newspaper.

WSAT, "Memories 1280", is an AM radio station whose programming consists largely of older pop music. It also broadcasts games of the Carolina Panthers, Catawba College, and local high schools.

WSTP is an AM station associated with Catawba College and training students for broadcasting careers. Co-owned with WSAT, the station went dark on August 30, 2016, citing signal issues.

iHeartMedia-owned alternative rock radio station WEND (New Rock 106.5 The End) is licensed to Salisbury; its transmitter is located in China Grove.

Salisbury has no broadcast television stations licensed in the city, but is served by network affiliates and independent stations broadcasting from nearby Charlotte. WSRG-TV is a government-access channel located on Hotwire (the city's former fiber optic telephone, Internet and MVPD service) on channel 394 and Spectrum Salisbury (channel 16) but not available by satellite. It serves Rowan County, including Salisbury, Granite Quarry, Rockwell, Faith, China Grove and Cleveland.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Amtrak's Crescent, Carolinian, and Piedmont trains connect Salisbury with the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, Raleigh, Charlotte, Atlanta, Birmingham and New Orleans. The Amtrak station is situated at Depot and Liberty streets.

Salisbury is also served by Interstate 85, US Highways 601, 29, 52, and 70, and the Mid-Carolina Regional Airport (formerly Rowan County Airport).

Salisbury is just south of the halfway point between Charlotte and Greensboro. Exits 74 (Julian Road), 75 (US Highway 601/Jake Alexander Boulevard), and 76 (Innes Street/US Highway 52) are designated as Salisbury exits from I85.

The City of Salisbury's Transit System (STS) provides public transportation and offers three routes.[48] Each route arrives and departs from the " Transfer Site", which is located on Depot Street. Any member of the general public may ride the Salisbury Transit bus. Salisbury Transit does not operate on Sundays and some holidays.

Health care

Novant Health Rowan Medical Center and affiliated doctors' offices provide a majority of the city residents' healthcare. The W.G. (Bill) Hefner VA Medical Center is a veterans' hospital in Salisbury and is operated by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.

Notable people

See also: Category:People from Salisbury, North Carolina

Sister city

Salisbury has one sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International:[57]

See also

References

  1. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  2. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Salisbury, North Carolina
  3. ^ "QuickFacts: Salisbury city, North Carolina". United States Geological Survey. May 21, 2023.
  4. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  5. ^ "Salisbury | Meanings & Definitions of English Words". Dictionary.com.
  6. ^ "NC Pronunciation Guide". Wral.com. November 3, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c Rumple, Jethro Rev. (1881). "A history of Rowan County, North Carolina: with Sections on Prominent Families and Distinguished Men". J.J. Bruner, Salisbury, North Carolina, republished by the DAR in 1916. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  8. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  9. ^ "Salisbury". arcadiapublishing.com. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  10. ^ Lewis, J.D. "A History of Salisbury, North Carolina". Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  11. ^ Salisbury Post (July 22, 2011). "Remembering bygone days of Rowan Mills".
  12. ^ "Confederate Prison (Salisbury) | NCpedia". Ncpedia.org. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  13. ^ "Salisbury National Cemetery--Civil War Era National Cemeteries: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". Nps.gov. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  14. ^ "Klansville U.S.A. | American Experience". Pbs.org.
  15. ^ Foley, Andie (May 1, 2017). "Rowan Museum brings re-enactors to Confederate Prison site". Salisbury Post.
  16. ^ "Dr. Josephus Hall House". Visitnc.com.
  17. ^ Clegg, Claude Andrew (2010). Troubled ground : a tale of murder, lynching, and reckoning in the New South. Urbana [Ill.] ISBN 978-0-252-09009-7. OCLC 768084141.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ "Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities – Salisbury, North Carolina Salisbury". Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. 2017.
  19. ^ "Salisbury, North Carolina". Census Bureau. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  20. ^ "QuickFacts: Salisbury city, North Carolina". United States Geological Survey. April 11, 2023.
  21. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  22. ^ "Explore Census Data: 2020 Decennial Census". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  23. ^ Salibury Post (November 30, 2009). "Downtown Salisbury hosts Holiday Night Out". Retrieved February 20, 2019.>
  24. ^ "Private Company Taking Over Salisbury's Money-Losing Internet Network". June 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2019., Old Link
  25. ^ "Salisbury - Community Broadband networks". Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  26. ^ "Archived". Salisburypost.com. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2023.[dead link]
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  28. ^ "Customer Service." Food Lion. Retrieved on May 17, 2012. "CORPORATE ADDRESS Food Lion, LLC. P.O. Box 1330 Salisbury, NC 28145-1330"
  29. ^ Cook, Elizabeth (March 29, 2016). "Spirit of Rowan: Who's the biggest of them all?". Salisbury Post.
  30. ^ "Chewy Plans Salisbury, North Carolina, Fulfillment Center". Areadevelopment.com. April 19, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  31. ^ Bergeron, Josh. (July 7, 2020). 111 years after its dedication, 'Fame' hoisted away from West Innes Street. Salisbury Post. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  32. ^ "Historic Preservation". City of Salisbury, North Carolina. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
  33. ^ "Historic Preservation". Salisburync.gov. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  34. ^ "Grant Applications". Salisburync.gov. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  35. ^ a b "Salisbury Heritage Walking Tour". Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  36. ^ a b Salisbury Cultural Action Plan Executive Summary, Mary Berryman Agard, & Associates Archived 2011-10-01 at the Wayback Machine, 2008 July. Retrieved 2010-08-05
  37. ^ Bergeron, Josh (October 2, 2021). "Officials say newly opened Bell Tower Green Park is critical to city's future". Salisbury Post. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
  38. ^ Bergeron, Josh (July 1, 2021). "Countdown begins for Bell Tower Green Park's opening to public". Salisbury Post. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
  39. ^ Blankenship, Carl (November 7, 2021). "Performers give Bell Tower Green Park its first outdoor concert". Salisbury Post. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
  40. ^ "Rowan County Public Library". Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  41. ^ Bergeron, Josh (November 4, 2015). "Incumbents win top spots in Salisbury; Post and Hardin to join council". Salisbury Post. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
  42. ^ "Salisbury Post". Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2014.,
  43. ^ "Salisbury City Council hires 'seasoned' city manager - Salisbury Post". Salisburypost.com. February 19, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  44. ^ "S&P upgrades city's bond rating again | Salisbury, NC". Salisbury Post. November 1, 2013. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  45. ^ "North Carolina's 8th Congressional District - NC-08 Representatives & District Map". GovTrack.us. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
  46. ^ Campbell, Sarah (July 1, 2011). "Developer offers plans for central office downtown for schools". Salisbury Post. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
  47. ^ "Rowan County". EDDIE Charter Schools Report. North Carolina Dept. of Public Instruction. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
  48. ^ Transit Operations, City of Salisbury. Retrieved 2016-10-30
  49. ^ London, Mike (April 17, 2006). "Mike London column: Local legend played in World Series". Salisbury Post. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
  50. ^ Scarvey, Katie (January 17, 2010). "Blackmer a star of stage and screen". Salisbury Post. Retrieved December 19, 2011.[permanent dead link]
  51. ^ "Elizabeth Dole". CNN. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  52. ^ "Marker : John W. Ellis". Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  53. ^ "Marker : Andrew Jackson". Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  54. ^ Wineka, Mark. (May 30, 2016). Food Lion co-founder Ralph Ketner dies at 95. Salisbury Post. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  55. ^ Ford, Emily (March 17, 2012). "Susan Kluttz reflects on her tenure". Salisbury Post. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  56. ^ "Marker : Lee Slater Overman". Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  57. ^ Coates, Jessica. (Jun 10, 2018). A deeper look at Salisbury's sister city relationship. Salisbury Post. Retrieved Jul 21, 2020.
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