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Round ligament pain

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Round ligament pain (RLP) is pain associated with the round ligament of the uterus, usually during pregnancy. RLP is one of the most common discomforts of pregnancy[1] and usually starts at the second trimester of gestation and continues until delivery.[citation needed] It usually resolves completely after delivery although cases of postpartum RLP (that is, RLP that persisted for a few days after delivery) have been reported. RLP also occurs in nonpregnant women.[2][3]

The round ligament of the uterus goes from the pelvis, passes through the internal abdominal ring, and runs along the inguinal canal to the labia majora.[4] It is the structure that holds the uterus suspended inside the abdominal cavity.[5] There are at least 2 other round ligaments in the human body, the round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres hepatis) and the round ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres femoris).

Symptoms

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The most common symptoms of RLP are:

  • Sudden pain in the lower abdomen, usually in the right side of the pelvic area that can extend to the groin.
  • Shooting abdominal pain when performing sudden movements or physical exercise. Pain is sudden, intermittent and lasts only for a few seconds.[citation needed]

Causes

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The pathogenesis of RLP is varied. Although very common during pregnancy, non-gestating women can also experience RLP. The most common causes of RLP are as follows:

  • RLP may be caused by a spasm or cramp when the ligament contracts involuntarily. The ligament pulls on nerve fibers and sensitive structures of the female reproductive system. Since the uterus tends to be oriented towards the right side of the body, the pain is also often felt on the right side. This leads to frequent confusion with appendicitis.[6]
  • During pregnancy, the uterus expands to accommodate the growing fetus. This increase in size and weight of the uterus puts stress on the ligament that holds it, causing it to stretch. During physical exertion or sudden movements, the ligament is overly stretched, causing pain.
  • Varicosities,[7] e.g. enlargement of the blood vessels of the round ligament can occur during pregnancy, causing pain and swelling. The varicocoele starts at the veins draining the round ligament and the inguinal canal and is associated with engorgement of the veins of the ovaries and the pelvis during pregnancy.
  • Endometriosis[8][9] that infiltrates or borders the uterine round ligament can cause RLP in fertile, non-gestating women.
  • Other pathologies that involve the uterine round ligament can cause RLP.

Diagnosis

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Abdominal pains during pregnancy may be due to various pathologies. RLP is one of the most common and benign of these pains. However, diagnosis of RLP is problematic. Some of the conditions that may present symptoms similar to those of RLP are appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy, kidney stones, urinary tract infection, uterine contractions, inguinal hernia, ovarian cysts, and endometriosis. If abdominal pain is continuous and accompanied by vaginal bleeding, excessive vaginal discharge, fever, chills, or vomiting, then it is most unlikely to be RLP and immediate consultation with a health care provider is warranted.[10]

Physical examination, ultrasonography, and blood and urine tests may be able to pinpoint the actual cause of abdominal pain. In some cases, however, RLP was only diagnosed during exploratory surgery.[2][7]

Case reports

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In many cases, RLP is confused with other conditions that cause abdominal pain.[10] Described below are some problematic diagnoses related to RLP.

RLP and appendicitis

A 22-year-old pregnant woman presenting abdominal pains was initially diagnosed with RLP and was discharged. Subsequent symptoms and further tests revealed acute non-perforated appendicitis that required surgery. Appendectomy was successful but premature labor occurred 7 days after discharge, leading to spontaneous abortion.[6]

RLP and inguinal hernia

Several cases of varicosity, of the round ligament during pregnancy leading to RLP have been reported although they were frequently misdiagnosed as inguinal hernia.[11]

In one case, a woman in the 28th week of gestation developed a lump in the left pubic area. The swelling was prominent when standing but not in the supine position and has a cough impulse. Ultrasonography revealed varicosities on the uterine round ligament.[4]

In another case, a woman at 22 weeks gestation was diagnosed with inguinal hernia and underwent surgery. Explorative surgery did not locate a hernia but revealed varicosities of the round ligament. Resection of the uterine ligament was successfully performed and no perinatal and postpartum complications were reported.[7]

Postpartum RLP

Several cases of postpartum RLP have been reported. In one case, a 27-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain 24 hours after normal vaginal delivery. Another case was that of a 29-year-old woman who presented with RLP 3 days after delivery. In both cases, initial diagnosis was inguinal hernia. In the first case, emergency surgery did not locate any hernia but found the round ligament of the uterus to be edematous and filled with thrombosed varicose veins.[2] The thrombosed part was excised and the patient recovered without sequelae.[2]

Another case report described a 37-year-old woman presenting with inguinal mass 6 days after normal vaginal delivery. CT and MRI revealed thrombosed blood vessels along the inguinal course of the uterine round ligament that extended towards the labia majora.[3]

RLP and endometriosis

Several cases of inguinal endometriosis, that infiltrates the round ligament of the uterus have been reported in fertile, non-pregnant women. In the majority of these cases, diagnosis was problematic. In some cases, definitive diagnosis of round ligament endometriosis was only possible during exploratory surgery.[12][13]

RLP and myoma

Cases of myoma-like growth occurring on the uterine round ligament have been reported.[14][15]

RLP and IVF

Gonadotropin stimulation during in vitro fertilization can induce cyst development in certain parts of the female reproductive system. A case report documented the development of a mesothelial cyst on the uterine round ligament of a woman after IVF stimulation.[16]

Treatment

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Once RLP has been diagnosed, there are many ways to reduce the pain without jeopardizing the pregnancy.

  • Analgesics. Acetaminophen or paracetamol is safe to take during pregnancy, thus is the most commonly prescribed pain reliever for pregnant women with RLP.[5]
  • Heat application. Applying a hot compress to the area of pain may give some relief. Hot soaks and hot baths may also help.[5]
  • Modifications in movements and position. Triggering factors that can cause RLP are sudden movements, (e.g. sitting up and down, standing up, sneezing, coughing), physical exertion, and long periods in the same resting position. A change in daily activities can help find relief and prevent worsening of the condition. Avoid sudden movements that can cause spasms of the ligament. When about to sneeze or cough, brace yourself by bending and flexing the hips to minimize the pull on the ligaments.[5]
  • Rest. Resting is one of the best remedies against RLP. When lying down, changing position slowly and regularly is recommended.[citation needed]
  • Physical exercises. Daily stretching exercise may be recommended by a gynecologist. An example of such an exercise is kneeling with hands and knees on the floor, then lowering your head to the floor, and keeping your bottom up in the air. The so-called pelvic (hip) tilt exercise also appears to help in reducing pain intensity and duration.[17][18]
  • Surgery. In RLP pathologies involving endometriosis and ademyosis, surgery may be necessary to perform resection of the ligament or removal cysts and myoma.[2][7]

References

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  1. ^ "What is Round Ligament Pain?". Babies Online. Archived from the original on 2016-05-03. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  2. ^ a b c d e al-Qudah MS (October 1993). "Postpartum pain due to thrombosed varicose veins of the round ligament of the uterus". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 69 (816): 820–1. doi:10.1136/pgmj.69.816.820. PMC 2399978. PMID 8290419.
  3. ^ a b Tokue H, Aoki J, Tsushima Y, Endo K (2008). "Characteristic of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging finding of thrombosed varices of the round ligament of the uterus: a case report". Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 32 (4): 559–61. doi:10.1097/RCT.0b013e318133a9f1. PMID 18664843.
  4. ^ a b Murphy IG, Heffernan EJ, Gibney RG (July 2007). "Groin mass in pregnancy". The British Journal of Radiology. 80 (955): 588–9. doi:10.1259/bjr/63118673. PMID 17704320.
  5. ^ a b c d Aguilera PA. (Pregnancy, Round Ligament Pain http://www.webmd.com/baby/pregnancy-round-ligament-pain) WebMD. Retrieved 2010-01-25
  6. ^ a b Pastore PA, Loomis DM, Sauret J (2006). "Appendicitis in pregnancy". Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 19 (6): 621–6. doi:10.3122/jabfm.19.6.621. PMID 17090795.
  7. ^ a b c d IJpma FF, Ijpma FF, Boddeus KM, de Haan HH, van Geldere D (February 2009). "Bilateral round ligament varicosities mimicking inguinal hernia during pregnancy". Hernia. 13 (1): 85–8. doi:10.1007/s10029-008-0395-8. PMID 18594758. S2CID 23295781.
  8. ^ Apostolidis S, Michalopoulos A, Papavramidis TS, Papadopoulos VN, Paramythiotis D, Harlaftis N (February 2009). "Inguinal endometriosis: three cases and literature review". Southern Medical Journal. 102 (2): 206–7. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318186d36e. PMID 19139703. S2CID 25470776.
  9. ^ Tokue H, Tsushima Y, Endo K (January 2009). "Magnetic resonance imaging findings of extrapelvic endometriosis of the round ligament". Japanese Journal of Radiology. 27 (1): 45–7. doi:10.1007/s11604-008-0293-0. PMID 19373532. S2CID 11224001.
  10. ^ a b Chi C, Taylor A, Munjuluri N, Abdul-Kadir R (November 2005). "A diagnostic dilemma: round ligament varicosities in pregnancy". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 84 (11): 1126–7. doi:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00120c.x. PMID 16232186. S2CID 19596030.
  11. ^ Castro Copete MA, Carnero Ruiz M, Jiménez Yáñez R, Humanes López L (December 2009). "Varices en el ligamento redondo" [Varices in the round ligament]. Radiología (in Spanish). 52 (1): 81–4. doi:10.1016/j.rx.2009.11.003. PMID 20035959.
  12. ^ Licheri S, Pisano G, Erdas E, et al. (October 2005). "Endometriosis of the round ligament: description of a clinical case and review of the literature". Hernia. 9 (3): 294–7. doi:10.1007/s10029-004-0314-6. PMID 15703860. S2CID 22043793.
  13. ^ Terada S, Miyata Y, Nakazawa H, et al. (2006). "Immunohistochemical analysis of an ectopic endometriosis in the uterine round ligament". Diagnostic Pathology. 1: 27. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-1-27. PMC 1570479. PMID 16961927.
  14. ^ Tabrizi NM, Dabirashrafi B, Salehi P, Shams S, Dabirashrafi H (2006). "Nodular adenomyosis of the uterus causing severe groin pain". JSLS. 10 (1): 74–5. PMC 3015687. PMID 16709363.
  15. ^ Ghafari V, Moghadami-Tabrizi N, Bahadon M, Dabirashrafi H, Zandinejad K, Isadi N (August 1996). "Myoma of the Round Ligament Causing Severe Groin and Thigh Pain". The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 3 (4, Supplement): S15. doi:10.1016/S1074-3804(96)80179-4. PMID 9074123.
  16. ^ Ryley DA, Moorman DW, Hecht JL, Alper MM (October 2004). "A mesothelial cyst of the round ligament presenting as an inguinal hernia after gonadotropin stimulation for in vitro fertilization". Fertility and Sterility. 82 (4): 944–6. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.03.042. PMID 15482776.
  17. ^ Andrews CM, O'Neill LM (1994). "Use of pelvic tilt exercise for ligament pain relief". Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 39 (6): 370–4. doi:10.1016/0091-2182(94)90156-2. PMID 7830145.
  18. ^ Dolan, Mary. "Relieving Back Pain During Pregnancy: Pelvic Tilt, Leg Lift". Northern Inyo Hospital. Archived from the original on 2016-08-12. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
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