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District of Columbia Public Schools

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"Washington Public Schools" redirects here. For similarly named school districts, see Washington School District (disambiguation) and Columbia School District (disambiguation).

District of Columbia Public Schools
Location
1200 First Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20002
Mid-Atlantic, Southeast
United States
District information
TypePublic
GradesPK–12
EstablishedSeptember 23, 1805; 219 years ago (1805-09-23)
ChancellorLewis Ferebee
Schools111 (2014–2015 academic year)
Budget$701,344,630
NCES District ID1100030[1]
Students and staff
Students49,687 (2022-23) [1]
Teachers4,389.24 (on an FTE basis)[1]
Staff4,180.69(on an FTE basis)[1]
Student–teacher ratio11.32[1]
Other information
Websitedcps.dc.gov

The District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) is the local public school system for Washington, D.C. It is distinct from the District of Columbia Public Charter Schools (DCPCS), which governs public charter schools in the city.

Composition and enrollment

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DCPS is the sole public school district in the District of Columbia.[2]

As of 2013, DCPS consisted of 111[3][4] of the 238 public elementary and secondary schools and learning centers in Washington, D.C. These schools span prekindergarten to twelfth grade. As of 2000, kindergarten students entered at 5 years old.[5] School is compulsory for DCPS students between the ages of 5 and 18.[6] DCPS schools typically start the last Monday in August. The school day generally lasts for about six hours.[citation needed]

The ethnic breakdown of students enrolled in 2014 was 67% Black, 17% Hispanic (of any race), 12% non-Hispanic White, and 4% of other races. As of 2014, the District itself has a population that is 44% White (includes White Hispanics), 49% Black and 10% Hispanic (of any race).[7] Gentrification and demographic changes in many DC neighborhoods has increased the White and Hispanic populations in the city, while reducing the Black population. In 2008, DCPS was 84.4% Black, 9.4% Hispanic (of any race), 4.6% non-Hispanic White, and 1.6% of other races.[8]

Facilities reform legislation in the District of Columbia has led to many school openings and closings.

As of the 2020–2021 school year, there were 49,896 students and 4,335.12 classroom teachers.[1] As of 2020, the student-to-teacher ratio was 11.51, improved from 13.5 in 2006–07.[1] Student enrollment had peaked at 72,850 students, with a staff totaling 12,000. This sudden DCPS enrollment drop resulted from the Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007, which separated District of Columbia Public Charter Schools (DCPCS) from District of Columbia Public Schools.

The District of Columbia passed charter school legislation in 1996, which went into effect in September 1999. The legislation gave the District the power to grant charters for 15 years. Although this is longer than the traditional 3–5 year term observed in 31 other states, a required review occurs every five years. 4.4% of public school students enrolled in a charter school for the 1999 academic school year; the 28 schools had a total enrollment of approx. 3,000 students. After the legislation was enacted in 2007, chartering authority was placed under the D.C. Public Charter School Board and disaffiliated from DCPS. The governance of DCPS was also restructured, and the District was placed under the control of the Mayor. In 2010 about 38% of Washington, D.C. public school students attended 60 charter schools.[9] There are 52 public charter schools in the District, with 93 campuses and 30,000 students. The total number of public charter schools has been reduced from 60 schools on 96 campuses in 2008–09 to 53 schools on 98 campuses as of the 2011–12 school year. However, adding grades to the charter schools is still increasing enrollment and decreasing from DCPS' numbers.

Students

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Health

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In 2009, 43% of all DCPS public school students were overweight or obese. This was one of the highest rates in the United States.[10]

Dropout rate

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In the graduating class of spring 2008, the average freshman graduation rate for DCPS was 56%‚ compared with a national average of 74.9%. This constituted a significant drop from the freshman graduation rate of 68.4% in 2002 and 68.8% as recently as 2005. In just the 2008–09 school year alone, 1,075 Black students dropped out of high school. This figure raises concern since 1,246 students dropped out of DCPS schools that year.[11] However, these numbers are not meant to be misleading; the 62.8% freshman graduation rate of Black students in 2008 was above the state average.[citation needed][clarification needed]

Teachers

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Under Teacher Leadership Innovation (TLI), experienced teachers can apply for specialized positions in which they spend at least 50% of their time teaching in the classroom and the rest of the time coaching other teachers and leading school teams.

DCPS has more than 4,000 teachers as of July 2024.

Governance

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Theodore Roosevelt High School in Petworth

Within DCPS, schools are classified as either a "neighborhood school" or a "destination school". Neighborhood schools are elementary or secondary schools assigned to students based on their address. Destination schools are feeder-schools for elementary or secondary institutions from a school a student is already attending. Since the fall of 2009, students may choose a destination school, regardless of their neighborhood location. Locations of all schools and the neighborhood divides can be found on the DCPS website.[12]

For the school year ending in spring 2007, the DCPS was governed by the District of Columbia State Board of Education, with eleven members, including two students who had the right to debate but not to vote. Five members were elected, and the Mayor appointed four. The board established DCPS policies and employed a superintendent to serve as chief executive officer of the school district, responsible for day-to-day operations. Four board members represented specific geographical boundaries, and the Board President was elected at large. One condition of the District of Columbia Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007 was creating DCPS as a separate cabinet-level agency from the D.C. Board of Education. This moved DCPS within the executive branch of the District of Columbia government—specifically, under Mayoral control. Currently, DCPS is subordinate to District of Columbia Mayor Muriel Bowser. D.C. Mayor Adrian Fenty proposed putting the public schools under the direct control of the Mayor's Office upon taking office in January 2007. However, this reform to District of Columbia Public Schools was encouraged by his predecessor and constituents at large. It also placed all of the District of Columbia public charter schools under the care of a new board—the District of Columbia Public Charter School Board (PCSB). Although these schools were previously a part of DCPS, they are now considered a separate district controlled by the D.C. Public Charter School Board (PCSB).

The D.C. Council passed the Mayor's proposal into law, but since the change amended the Home Rule Act, the change needed to gain federal approval before taking effect. D.C. Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton introduced H.R. 2080, a bill to amend the D.C. Home Rule Charter Act to provide for the Mayor's proposal. H.R. 2080 was passed by the United States House of Representatives under an expedited procedure on May 8, 2007, by a voice vote. After three U.S. Senators (Ben Cardin of Maryland, Mary Landrieu of Louisiana, and Carl Levin of Michigan) initially placed "holds" on the bill to prevent its consideration in the United States Senate, the Senate agreed to pass H.R. 2080 without amendment on May 22, 2007, by unanimous consent. On May 31, 2007, the bill was presented to the President, and President Bush signed H.R. 2080 into law on June 1, 2007. After the standard Congressional review period expired on June 12, 2007, the Mayor's office had direct control of the Superintendent and the school budget. On June 12, Mayor Fenty appointed Michelle Rhee the new Chancellor, replacing Superintendent Clifford B. Janey.

D.C. School Choice Incentive Act of 2003

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Main article: D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program

In January 2004, Congress passed the D.C. School Choice Incentive Act of 2003. The law established a federally-funded private school voucher program known as the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program (OSP). The OSP distributes vouchers to low-income families to cover private school tuition. Because there are more eligible applicants than available vouchers, they are distributed by lottery. In 2010, a randomized controlled trial conducted under the auspices of the Department of Education examined the impacts of the OSP students, finding that it raised graduation rates.[13] Students who were offered vouchers had a graduation rate of 82%, while those who used their vouchers had a graduation rate of 91%. By comparison, the rate for students who did not receive vouchers was only 70%. The study received the Department of Education's highest rating for scientific rigor.[14] Over 90% of the study's participants were African American, and most of the remainder were Latino American. Further research found that students who received vouchers were 25% more likely to enroll in college than students with similar demographic characteristics who did not receive vouchers.[15]

Marian Anderson controversy

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In 1939, writing on behalf of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia now the District of Columbia State Board of Education, Ballou denied a request by contralto Marian Anderson to sing at the auditorium of the segregated white Central High School. As justification, he cited a federal law from 1906 requiring separate schools for the District. Meanwhile, the Daughters of the American Revolution had rejected a similar application. When Eleanor Roosevelt resigned from that organization in protest, author Zora Neale Hurston criticized her for remaining silent about the fact that the board had also excluded Anderson. "As far as the high-school auditorium is concerned," Hurston declared "to jump the people responsible for racial bias would be to accuse and expose the accusers themselves. The District of Columbia has no home rule; it is controlled by congressional committees, and Congress at the time was overwhelmingly Democratic. It was controlled by the very people who were screaming so loudly against the DAR. To my way of thinking, both places should have been denounced, or neither." Although Anderson later performed at an open-air concert at the Lincoln Memorial, the board retained its policy of exclusion.[16]

D.C. Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007

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The Council of the District of Columbia enacted the DC Public Education Reform Amendment Act of 2007. This act established a DC public school agency based on authority given to the council in the District of Columbia Home Rule Act of 1973. The Department of Education that was established under the Mayor triggered several changes. The largest was already discussed—DCPCS gained sole authority over chartering and chartered schools, DCPS became subordinate to the Mayor's office. Secondly, many more minor authoritative changes took place. The first is that the State Education Office (SEO) became the State Superintendent of Education (OSSE). The four subsections of the District were reaffirmed through location-based State Board of Education selectees. In addition, the smaller eight school election wards were reaffirmed. Finally, the commission was established through this legislature. The "Commission" is the Interagency Collaboration and Services Integration Commission, which includes the Mayor, Chair of the Council of the District of Columbia, Chief Judge of the D.C. Superior Family Court, Superintendent of Education, Chancellor of DCPS, Chair of DCPCSB, and fourteen others.

After the 2007–2008 school year, about one-fifth of the teachers and one-third of the principals resigned, retired, or were terminated from DCPS. DCPS initially experienced a powerful negative impact due to the loss. A GAO-conducted study[17] recommended that the Mayor direct DCPS to establish planning processes for strikes and look to performance reviews from central offices to strengthen accountability. These recommendations were followed, and accountability has increased through academic and financial report generation. Increased accountability made way for other small reforms. One example is implementing a requirement that students entering ninth grade sit down with a school counselor and construct a course plan to reach graduation.

River Terrace Elementary School and Shaed Education Campus shut their doors at the end of the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 school years, respectively. Students attending River Terrace and Emery Education Campus moved to the Langley Building. In 2019, a proposal was submitted to close Metropolitan High School, an alternative school.[18]

No Child Left Behind compliance

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In accordance with Section 1116, a provision of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), entitled "Academic Assessment and Local Education Agency and School Improvement", the Office of the State Superintendent of Education (OSSE) of the District of Columbia oversees compliance with Adequate Yearly Progress Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (AYP). A large portion of meeting AYP is based on standardized-tests performance; the District used the summative assessment called the District of Columbia Comprehensive Assessment System ("DC CAS") through the 2013–2014 school year, after which it switched to tools from the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) and the National Center and State Collaborative (NCSC).[19][20][21]

Many schools fail to meet AYP, even though DCPS educators offer support and tools to students to be academically successful.[citation needed] DCPS has created an evaluation tool to assess schools by more than their standardized test scores. They call this a Quality School Review, which uses the Effective Schools Framework[22] to assess schools through rubrics on topics such as classroom observations, interviews with parents, students, teachers, and school leadership, staff surveys and reviewing artifacts (i.e., handbooks, student work).[23] In 2007, Karin Hess of the National Center for the Improvement of Educational Assessment conducted an analysis that has also gone into the alignment of DCPS standards and the "DC CAS Alt", the assessment for students with cognitive disabilities.[citation needed]

Budget

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, DCPS had a budget of $1.2 billion and spent $29,409 per pupil in FY 2009–10.[24]

In 1989–90, DCPS reported spending $10,200 (1999 adj. dollars) per pupil. A decade later, in 1999–2000, its reported per-pupil expenditures had increased to $11,500. However, those figures likely underreport DCPS's actual total per-pupil expenditures. In 2012, the Cato Institute's Andrew J. Coulson showed that DCPS's reported per-pupil expenditures figures were based on incomplete data.[25] That year, the U.S. Census Bureau had reported that DCPS's 2008–09 per-pupil expenditures were $18,181, but DCPS officials had neglected to include about $400 million in spending. Informed by Coulson's observations, the U.S. Census Bureau revised its data collection methods and reported that per-pupil expenditures were $28,170.[26] Those revisions are reflected in the Bureau's 2009–10 reports. [citation needed]

In FY 2009–2010, the District received 6.7% of its total elementary and secondary education revenues from federal sources.[24]

Statistics

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In 2008, in terms of testing 36% of students demonstrated proficiency in mathematics and 39% demonstrated proficiency in reading.[27]

The average educator was paid $67,000 in 2010. A contract signed in 2010 was expected to raise that figure to $81,000 in 2012.[28]

Schools and locations

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All DCPS schools are located in the District of Columbia.

Many of the District's public schools are undergoing evolving relationships with the central office as they seek to compete for students leaving the system for charter schools. According to school choice researcher Erin Dillon, "In its winning application for federal Race to the Top funds, DCPS, for example, touted its three models for autonomous schools: The aptly named 'Autonomous Schools,' which are granted autonomy as a reward for high performance; 'Partnership Schools,' which are run by outside organizations that are granted autonomy in the hope of dramatically improving performance; and the 'D.C. Collaborative for Change,' or DC3, a joint effort of some of the District's highest- and lowest-performing schools that have been granted autonomy as a tool for innovating with curriculum and professional development. (Meanwhile, highly autonomous charter schools, a growing presence in the District of Columbia, educate almost 40 percent of the city's public school students.)"[29]

High schools

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Traditional high schools

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Jackson-Reed High School, Tenleytown
Eastern High School, Capitol Hill
School name Students* Low grade High grade
Anacostia High School 287 9th 12th
Ballou High School 657 9th 12th
Coolidge High School 1015 9th 12th
Dunbar High School 868 9th 12th
Eastern High School 865 9th 12th
H.D. Woodson Senior High School 543 9th 12th
Jackson-Reed High School 2,153 9th 12th
MacArthur High School 450 9th 11th
Roosevelt Senior High School 913 9th 12th

Selective high schools

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School name Students* Low grade High grade
Benjamin Banneker Academic High School 579 9th 12th[30]
Duke Ellington School of the Arts 564 9th 12th[30]
McKinley Technology High School 696 9th 12th[30]
Phelps Architecture, Construction, and Engineering High School 317 9th 12th[30]
School Without Walls High School 602 9th 12th[30]

Middle schools

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School name Students* Low grade High grade
Brookland Middle School 357 6th 8th[30]
Eliot-Hine Middle School 313 6th 8th[30]
Deal Middle School 1391 6th 8th[30]
Hardy Middle School 571 6th 8th[30]
Hart Middle School 386 6th 8th[30]
Ida B. Wells Middle School 539 6th 8th[30]
Jefferson Middle School Academy 386 6th 8th[30]
Johnson Middle School 298 6th 8th[30]
Kelly Miller Middle School 351 6th 8th[30]
Kramer Middle School 203 6th 8th[30]
MacFarland Middle School 528 6th 8th[30]
McKinley Middle School 222 6th 8th[30]
Sousa Middle School 215 6th 8th[30]
Stuart-Hobson Middle School 464 6th 8th[30]

Elementary schools

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School name Students* Low grade High grade
Amidon-Bowen Elementary School 336 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Bancroft Elementary School 715 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Barnard Elementary School 580 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Beers Elementary School 372 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Brent Elementary School 419 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Brightwood Elementary School 591 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Bruce-Monroe Elementary School 433 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Bunker Hill Elementary School 206 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Burroughs Elementary School 258 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Burrville Elementary School 278 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
C.W. Harris Elementary School 249 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Cleveland Elementary School 282 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Dorothy L. Height Elementary School 426 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Drew Elementary School 189 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Eaton Elementary School 422 Prekindergarten (4) 5th[30]
Garfield Elementary School 231 Prekindergarten (3) 5th<[30]
Garrison Elementary School 375 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
H.D. Cooke Elementary School 379 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Hearst Elementary School 347 Prekindergarten (4) 5th[30]
Hendley Elementary School 289 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Houston Elementary School 281 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Hyde-Addison Elementary School 381 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
J.O. Wilson Elementary School 438 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Janney Elementary School 688 Prekindergarten (4) 5th[30]
John Lewis Elementary School 427 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Ketcham Elementary School 300 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Key Elementary School 353 Prekindergarten (4) 5th[30]
Kimball Elementary School 395 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
King Elementary School 226 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Lafayette Elementary School 892 Prekindergarten (4) 5th[30]
Langdon Elementary School 353 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Langley Elementary School 338 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
LaSalle-Backus Elementary School 255 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Lawrence E. Boone Elementary School 430 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Lorraine H. Whitlock Elementary School 137 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Ludlow-Taylor Elementary 433 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Malcolm X Elementary School 195 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Mann Elementary School 390 Prekindergarten (4) 5th[30]
Marie Reed Elementary School 462 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Maury Elementary School 537 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Miner Elementary School 368 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Moten Elementary School 223 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Murch Elementary School 651 Prekindergarten (4) 5th[30]
Nalle Elementary School 285 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Noyes Elementary School 241 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Patterson Elementary School 273 Prekindergarten (3) 5th<[30]
Payne Elementary School 317 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Peabody Elementary School 210 Prekindergarten (3) Kindergarten[30]
Plummer Elementary School 203 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Powell Elementary School 484 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Randle Highlands Elementary 269 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Raymond Elementary School 358 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Ross Elementary School 171 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Savoy Elementary School 228 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Seaton Elementary School 353 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Shepherd Elementary School 350 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Simon Elementary School 205 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Smothers Elementary School 210 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Stanton Elementary School 313 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Stoddert Elementary School 444 Prekindergarten (4) 5th[30]
Takoma Elementary School 417 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Thomas Elementary School 273 Prekindergarten (3) 5th<[30]
Thomson Elementary School 247 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Truesdell Elementary School 444 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Tubman Elementary School 540 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Turner Elementary School 491 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Tyler Elementary School 511 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Van Ness Elementary School 372 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]
Watkins Elementary School 374 1st 5th[30]
Whittier Elementary School 380 Prekindergarten (3) 5th[30]

Education campuses

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School name Students* Low grade High grade
Browne Education Campus 438 Prekindergarten (3) 8th[30]
Cardozo Education Campus 639 6th 12th[30]
Columbia Heights Education Campus (CHEC)

Bell HS; Lincoln MS

1,567 6th 12th[30]
Leckie Education Campus 451 Prekindergarten (3) 8th[30]
Oyster-Adams Bilingual School[31] 767 Prekindergarten (4) 8th[30]
School Without Walls at Francis-Stevens 479 Prekindergarten (3) 8th[30]
Walker-Jones Education Campus 337 Prekindergarten (3) 8th[30]
Wheatley Education Campus 321 Prekindergarten (3) 8th[30]

Alternative and citywide schools

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School name Students Low grade High grade Type
Ballou STAY 442 9th-12th Adult Alternative
Bard High School Early College 424 9 12 Early College Model
Capitol Hill Montessori School 424 Prekindergarten (3) 8th Citywide
CHOICE Academy 5 6th 12th Long-term suspended or expelled students
Dorothy I. Height Elementary School 426 Prekindergarten (3) 5th Citywide
Inspiring Youth Program 48 9th 12th Incarcerated students
Luke C. Moore High School 211 9th 12th Students who have dropped out of school
River Terrace Education Campus 116 3rd Adult Special education
Ron Brown College Preparatory High School 169 9th 12th Citywide
Roosevelt STAY Adult Adult Alternative
School-Within-School @ Goding 326 Prekindergarten (3) 5th Citywide
Youth Services Center 88 7th 12th Students charged with crimes

Leaders

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Below is a partial list of superintendents and chancellors of the D.C. Public School system. The head of the school system was known as "Superintendent" until June 2007, when the post was renamed "Chancellor".

Leader In office Unconfirmed status Sources
Hugh J. Scott September 1, 1970 – June 29, 1973 [32]
Floretta D. McKenzie June 29, 1973 – August 7, 1973 (acting) [33][34]
Barbara A. Sizemore August 8, 1973 – October 9, 1975 [34][35]
Vincent E. Reed March 18, 1976 – December 31, 1980 October 9, 1975 – March 17, 1976 (acting) [36]
James Guinness January 3, 1981 – June 17, 1981 (acting) [37]
Floretta D. McKenzie July 1, 1981 – February 8, 1988 [38][39]
Andrew E. Jenkins May 25, 1988 – May 15, 1991 February 9, 1988 – May 24, 1988 (acting) [39][40][41]
Franklin L. Smith May 15, 1991 – November 4, 1996 [41][42]
Julius W. Becton Jr. November 5, 1996 – March 26, 1998 [42][43]
Arlene Ackerman March 27, 1998 – July 17, 2000 [44]
Paul L. Vance July 18, 2000 – November 14, 2003 [45][46]
Elfreda W. Massie November 19, 2003 – April 21, 2004 (acting) [47][48]
Robert C. Rice April 22, 2004 – September 14, 2004 (acting) [48][49]
Clifford B. Janey September 15, 2004 – June 12, 2007 [50][51]
Michelle Rhee July 10, 2007 – October 30, 2010 June 12, 2007 – July 9, 2007 (acting) [51][52][53]
Kaya Henderson June 22, 2011 – September 30, 2016 November 1, 2010 – June 21, 2011 (interim) [53][54][55]
John Davis October 1, 2016 to February 1, 2017 (interim) [55]
Antwan Wilson February 1, 2017 – February 20, 2018 [56][57]
Amanda Alexander  February 20, 2018 – December 3, 2018 (interim) [57]
Lewis Ferebee March 5, 2019 – present December 3, 2018 – March 4, 2019 (acting) [58][59]

Graduation scandal

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In 2018, WAMU and NPR reported that a reported increase in graduation rates had been inflated by high schools who granted diplomas to students who should have failed, according to city law.[60] According to The Washington Post, only 46 percent of the school district's public school students were on track to graduate in 2018 after the school system began to adhere to stricter attendance policies.[61]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for District of Columbia Public Schools". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
  2. ^ "2020 Census – School District Reference Map: District of Columbia, DC" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 22, 2022. – Text list
  3. ^ "DCPS Opens With Students Ready to Learn and Build on Previous Year Success" (Press release). DCPS. August 26, 2013. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013. Today, 111 District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) opened
  4. ^ "State Education Data Profiles". National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences, Department of Education. 2009–2010. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
  5. ^ Paige, Rod (July 2003). "District of Columbia Public Schools--School Locator" (PDF). Overview and Inventory of State Education Reforms: 1990–2000. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Department of Education. p. 137.
  6. ^ "Education Commission of the States: 2010 Collection" (PDF). 2010 Collection of Education Commission of the State Notes and Policy Briefs. Washington, DC: ECS Publications. 2010. p. 382. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 7, 2011.
  7. ^ "District of Columbia QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  8. ^ "Key State Education Policies on PK–12 Education: 2008". Washington, DC: Council of Chief State School Officers. 2009. p. 38. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
  9. ^ Birnbaum, Michael (April 29, 2010). "Taking baby steps towards charter schools". Washington, DC: Washington Pose. pp. 18 in Casual Living.
  10. ^ Craig, Tim (May 2, 2010). "D.C. Council targets childhood obesity". Washington Post. Washington, DC. pp. A8.
  11. ^ "Public School Graduates and Dropouts From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2008–09" (PDF). National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, Department of Education. 2008–2009.
  12. ^ "District of Columbia Public Schools--School Locator". Washington, D.C.: The Government of the District of Columbia.
  13. ^ Wolf, Patrick. "Evaluation of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program: Final Report" (PDF). U.S. Department of Education -- Institute of Education Sciences.
  14. ^ "WWC Quick Review of the Report "Evaluation of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program: Final Report"" (PDF). U.S. Department of Education -- Institute of Education Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2013.
  15. ^ "Funding Cuts for Programs That Send More Kids to Graduation AND College?". Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014.
  16. ^ Beito, David (November 15, 2023). "Zora and Eleanor: Toward a Fuller Understanding of the First Lady's Civil Rights Legacy". Independent Institute.
  17. ^ "District of Columbia Public Schools: Important Steps Taken to Continue Reform Efforts, But Enhanced Planning Could Improve Implementation and Sustainability" (PDF). Report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, DC: United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). June 2009.
  18. ^ "DC Proposes Closing Metropolitan High School". The Washington Post. November 27, 2019.
  19. ^ "DC CAS". Office of the State Superintendent of Education. Washington, DC. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  20. ^ "How Students Are Assessed". District of Columbia Public Schools. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  21. ^ "Assessment Glossary". District of Columbia Public Schools. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  22. ^ "DCPS Effective Schools Framework". District of Columbia Public Schools. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  23. ^ "Race to the Top: District of Columbia Report Year 1: School Year 2010–2011" (PDF). U.S. Department of Education. January 10, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  24. ^ a b "Public Education Finances: 2010" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  25. ^ Coulson, Andrew. "Census Bureau Confirms: DC Spends $29,409 / pupil". Cato.org.
  26. ^ Coulson, Andrew. "DC Vouchers Solved? Generous Severance for Displaced Workers". Cato.org.
  27. ^ Ripley, Amanda (December 8, 2008). "Can She Save Our Schools". Time.
  28. ^ Turque, Bill (April 8, 2010). "Fenty, teachers union promote deal". Washington Post. Washington, DC. pp. B2.
  29. ^ Dillon, Erin. "The Road to Autonomy: Can Schools, Districts, and Central Offices Find Their Way?". Education Sector. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
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  44. ^ Williams, Vanessa (March 28, 1998). "Ladner Optimistic On School Shake-Up". The Washington Post. p. B10; Blum, Justin; Strauss, Valerie (May 18, 2000). "Ackerman Quits As D.C. School Superintendent". The Washington Post. p. A1.
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  49. ^ Chan, Sewell (September 12, 2004). "Acting Superintendent Made an Impression in the Interim". The Washington Post. p. C5.
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