Roman à clef

Roman à clef (French pronunciation: [ʁɔmɑ̃n‿a kle], anglicised as /roʊˌmɒn ə ˈkleɪ/),^[1] French for novel with a key, is a novel about real-life events that is overlaid with a façade of fiction.^[2] The fictitious names in the novel represent real people, and the "key" is the relationship between the non-fiction and the fiction.^[3] This metaphorical key may be produced separately—typically as an explicit guide to the text by the author—or implied, through the use of epigraphs or other literary techniques.^[4]

Madeleine de Scudéry created the roman à clef in the 17th century to provide a forum for her thinly veiled fiction featuring political and public figures.^[4]

The reasons an author might choose the roman à clef format include satire; writing about controversial topics; reporting inside information on scandals without giving rise to charges of libel; the opportunity to turn the tale the way the author would like it to have gone; the opportunity to portray personal, autobiographical experiences without having to expose the author as the subject; avoiding self-incrimination or incrimination of others that could be used as evidence in civil, criminal, or disciplinary proceedings; the ability to change the background and personalities of key participants; and the settling of scores.^{[citation needed]}

Biographically inspired works have also appeared in other literary genres and art forms, notably the film à clef.^{[citation needed]}

Notable examples

The Infernal Marriage (1834) by Benjamin Disraeli
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) by James Joyce
The Sun Also Rises (1926) by Ernest Hemingway
The Girls of Radcliff Hall (1932) by Lord Berners
La vocation suspendue (1950) by Pierre Klossowski
On the Road (1957) by Jack Kerouac
The Bell Jar (1963) by Sylvia Plath
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1971) by Hunter S. Thompson
Answered Prayers (1986) by Truman Capote
Encounter with Tiber (1996) by Buzz Aldrin
The Devil Wears Prada (2003) by Lauren Weisberger

Notes

^ "Definition of ROMAN À CLEF". www.merriam-webster.com.
^ Serafin, Steven R.; Bendixen, Alfred (1 September 2005). The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature. A&C Black. p. 525. ISBN 978-0-8264-1777-0.
^ Ousby, Ian (23 February 1996). The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Literature in English. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43627-4.
^ ^a ^b Boyde, Melissa (1 November 2009). "The Modernist *roman à clef* and Cultural Secrets, or, I Know that You Know that I Know that You Know". Australian Literary Studies. doi:10.20314/als.dfae519805. ISSN 0004-9697.

References

Amos, William (1985). The Originals: Who's Really Who in Fiction. London: Cape. ISBN 0-7221-1069-3.
Busby, Brian (2003). Character Parts: Who's Really Who in CanLit. Toronto: Knopf Canada. ISBN 0-676-97579-8.
Rintoul, M.C. (2014). Dictionary of Real People and Places in Fiction

[1] "Definition of ROMAN À CLEF". www.merriam-webster.com.

[2] Serafin, Steven R.; Bendixen, Alfred (1 September 2005). The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature. A&C Black. p. 525. ISBN 978-0-8264-1777-0.

[3] Ousby, Ian (23 February 1996). The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Literature in English. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43627-4.

[ro.uow.edu.au-4] Boyde, Melissa (1 November 2009). "The Modernist *roman à clef* and Cultural Secrets, or, I Know that You Know that I Know that You Know". Australian Literary Studies. doi:10.20314/als.dfae519805. ISSN 0004-9697.

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Notable examples

See also

Notes

References