Regio VI Umbria

Regio VI Umbria (also named Regio VI Umbria et Ager Gallicus) is the name for one of the 11 administrative regions into which the emperor Augustus divided Italy. The main source for the regions is the Historia Naturalis of Pliny the Elder, who informs his readers he is basing the geography of Italy on the descriptio Italiae, "division of Italy", made by Augustus.^[1] The Regio Sexta ("6th Region") is called Umbria complexa agrumque Gallicam citra Ariminium ("Umbria including the Gallic country this side of Rimini").^[2]

Umbria is named after an Italic people, the Umbri, who were gradually subjugated by the Romans in the 4th through the 2nd centuries BC. Although it passed the name on to the modern region of Umbria, the two coincide only partially. Roman Umbria extended from Narni in the South, northeastward to the neighborhood of Ravenna on the Adriatic coast, thus including a large part of central Italy that now belongs to the Marche; at the same time, it excluded the Sabine country (generally speaking, the area around modern Norcia) and the right bank of the Tiber, which – being inhabited by Etruscans – formed part of Regio VII Etruria: for example Perusia (the modern Perugia) and Orvieto (its ancient name is unknown), two Etruscan cities – were not part of Roman Umbria; on the contrary Sarsina, Plautus birthplace, was considered to be "in Umbria", while today it is in the modern province of Forlì-Cesena, in Emilia-Romagna.

The importance of Umbria in Roman and medieval times was intimately bound up with the Via Flaminia, the consular road that supplied Rome and served as a military highway into and out of the City: for this reason once the Roman empire collapsed, Umbria became a strategic battleground fought over by the Church, the Lombards and the Byzantines, and suffered consequently, becoming partitioned among them and disappearing from history. The modern use of "Umbria" is due to a renaissance of local identity in the 17th century.

Italic Umbria

Before its defeat by and assimilation to the Romans, Umbria was an independent region organized al a loose confederation of towns whose inhabitants spoke the Umbrian language. This circumstance prevailed in history during the early and middle Roman Republic. By the late republic, Umbria was part of Rome. The language was no longer generally spoken.

Umbria in the geographers of the empire

Like any other region, over the centuries Region VI changed its borders. These changes are reflected in the writings of the imperial geographers.

Pliny

The sexta regio is described in some detail by Pliny the Elder.^[2]

Gallia togata

Gallia Togata went along the northern Adriatic coast of Italy in Marche from Ancona to "this side of Rimini." The southernmost point of Gallia Togata is Ancona. He mentions the Aesis River (Esino) north of there, Senagallia (Sinigaglia), Pisaurum (Pesaro) and then Fanum (Fano) at the mouth of the Metaurus (Metauro) River.

There follows a folk-etymologic statement concerning the name of the Umbri. People believe, he says, that they are named from the thunderstorms (imbres) of the deluge and therefore that they are the oldest people on Earth. (The ancient Greeks and Romans inherited a mythological tradition of a deluge independent of that of the Old Testament.) Some of his further statements appear to be equivocal, leading to some historical misidentification of Gallia Togata. He declares:

"The largest part of this district was occupied by Sicilians and Liburnians especially the territories of Palma, Praetutia and Adria."

This Adria (Hadrianus) is Atri, Italy on the coast of Abruzzi south of Ancona. Praetutia is Interamnia Praetutia, capital city of the Petrutii. From Interamnea comes Teramo and from Praetutia comes Aprutium, later Abruzzo.^[3] The coast of Abruzzo was in Augustus' Region IV; however, Pliny does not say that the Abruzzo was the largest part of Gallia Togata, only that it was the largest part of the region settled by Sicilians and Liburnians. Similarly if Hadrianus is taken to be Adria in Veneto then Gallia Togata would appear to be a synonym for all Gallia Cisalpina. However, Veneto is not "this side of Rimini."

Pliny states his belief that the Umbrians once held the north Adriatic coast, displacing Sicilians and Liburnians, and were in turn displaced by the Etruscans. The Gauls expelled them. Romans colonized the Gallic coast to control it, hence "togata."

Umbria proper

For Umbria proper Pliny simply lists the settlements: Spello, Todi, Amelia, Attiglio, Assisi, Arna, Iesi, Camerino, Casuentillum, Carsulae, Dolates Sallentini, Foligno, Market of Flaminius, Market of Julius, Market Brenta, Fossombrone, Gubbio, Terni, etc.

Ptolemy

Ptolemy, 2nd century geographer, does not lump Gallia Togata together with Umbria, but describes them as separate regions.^[4]

Gallia Togata

In Ptolemy, Ancona is in Picenum. The strip of country "above" the Apennines, "extending as far as Ravenna," is Gallia Togata. Thirteen towns are listed for it, which are south of the Po River, but are as far inland as Piacenza. This region is somewhat larger than the one of the same name in Augustus' time, comprising almost all of Emilia-Romagna. The towns are: Piacenza, Fidenza, Brescello, Parma, etc.

Umbria proper

For the Umbri Ptolemy has only nine towns, omitting some of the major ones: Arna, Spello, Todi, etc.

The cities of Regio VI

Regio VI included the territory of many towns of Umbrian, Gallic and Roman foundation. Some of them were originally Picentian centres.^[5] Pliny the Elder enumerates 44 cities in addition to other minor localities, of these cities today 25 belong to the Umbria region and 16^[6] to the Marche region, 2 to Romagna and 1 to Tuscany.

Cities of *Regio VI*
Latin name	Umbrian name	Modern name^[7]	Zone	Modern Region	Foundation	Gens/Tribus	Note
Aesis		Jesi	ager Gallicus	Marche	Picentian,^[8] later Roman colonia deduced in 247 a.C.	Pollia
Ameria	Amer	Amelia		Umbria	Umbrian
Arna		Civitella d'Arna		Umbria	Umbrian
Asisium		Assisi		Umbria	Umbrian	Sergia
Attidium	Atiersium^[9]	Attiggio, near Fabriano		Marche	Umbrian	Lemonia
Camerinum	Kamars	Camerino		Marche	Umbrian	Cornelia
Carsulae		near San Gemini		Umbria
Corculon	Falisci	Montefalco		Umbria	Umbrian
Fanum Fortunae	-	Fano	ager Gallicus	Marche	Picentian,^[8] then Roman colonia	Pollia	Colonia Julia Fanestris
Forum Flaminii		San Giovanni Profiamma (Foligno)		Umbria	Roman: founded in 220 a.C. by censor Gaius Flaminius during the construction of via Flaminia
Forum Julii Concupiensium		near Pietralunga		Umbria			Promoted to municipium nell'età augustea
Forum Sempronii	-	near Fossombrone	ager Gallicus	Marche	Picentian^[8]	Pollia
Fulginium, Fulginia	Fulkinion	Foligno		Umbria	Umbrian foundation, according to some authors in 1480 a.C.	Cornelia
Hispellum		Spello		Umbria	Umbrian	Lemonia, then Julia	Splendidissima colonia Julia
Iguvium	Ikuvium	Gubbio		Umbria	Umbrian	Crustumina
Interamna Nahars		Terni		Umbria	Umbrian foundation in 672 a.C.
Matilica		Matelica		Marche	Picentian^[8]	Cornelia
Mevania		Bevagna		Umbria	Umbrian	Aemilia
Mevaniola		near Galeata		Romagna	Umbrian	Stellatina
Narnia Nahars	Nequinum	Narni		Umbria	Umbrian. Founded by Umbrians as Nequinum, destroyed by the Romans, was founded again by them nearby as Narnia Nahars	Papiria
Nuceria Camellaria	Noukria	Nocera Umbra		Umbria	Umbrian
Nuceria Favoniensis		Pievefanonica near Capodacqua		Umbria	Umbrian
Ocriculum		near Otricoli		Umbria	Umbrian
Ostra	-	near Ostra Vetere	ager Gallicus	Marche	Roman foundation	Pollia
Pisaurum	-	Pesaro	ager Gallicus	Marche	Picentian,^[8] then, from 184 a.C., Roman colonia	Stellatina	In triumviral and augustean age the city got the name of colonia Iulia Felix Pisaurum
Pitinum Mergens	-	near Acqualagna		Marche		Crustumina
Pitinum Pisaurense	-	near Macerata Feltria	ager Gallicus	Marche		Ufentina
Plestia		near Colfiorito		Umbria/Marche^[10]	Umbrian	Oufentina
Sarsina		Sarsina		Romagna	Umbrian	Pupinia
Sena Gallica	-	Senigallia	ager Gallicus	Marche	Roman colonia since 283 a.C.	Pollia
Sentinum		near Sassoferrato		Marche		Lemonia
Sestinum		Sestino		Toscana		Crustumina
Spoletium		Spoleto		Umbria	Umbrian, Roman colonia was founded in 241 a.C.	Horatia
Suasa	-	near Castelleone di Suasa	ager Gallicus	Marche	Roman foundation^[11]	Camilia^[12]	Sometimes named Suasa Senonum^[13]
Suillum		near Sigillo		Umbria			Roman municipium ruled by duoviri
Tadinum	Tarsina	Gualdo Tadino		Umbria	Umbrian
Tifernum Metaurense		near Sant'Angelo in Vado		Marche		Crustumina
Tifernum Tiberinum		Città di Castello		Umbria		Crustumina
Trebia o Lucana Trebiensis		near Trevi		Umbria		Aemilia
Tuder	Tutere	Todi		Umbria	Umbrian	Crustumina
Tuficum		Borgo Tufico, near Fabriano		Marche		Oufentina
Urvinum Hortense		near Collemancio		Umbria	Roman
Urvinum Metaurense		Urbino		Marche		Stellatina	Sometimes named Urvinum Mataurense
Vettona		Bettona		Umbria	Umbrian

References

^ Pliny & 1st AD, Book III, Chapter V, Section 46.
^ ^a ^b Pliny & 1st AD, Book III, Chapter XIV.
^ Jackson, Frederick Hamilton (1906). The shores of the Adriatic: the Italian side. London: John Murray. p. 9.
^ Ptolemy & 2nd AD, Book III, Chapter 1.
^ Delia G. Lollini, La civiltà picena in Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica, Roma, Biblioteca di Storia Patria, 1976, Vol. V.
^ In the present territory of the Marche region there were 35 Roman cities in Roman times, 19 in the Regio V and 16 in the Regio VI. Source: Archeologia nelle Marche, Mario Luni, 2003, pag. 136, ISBN 88-392-0744-9
^ If there is no urban continuity between the Roman city and the present settlement, the nearest present location to the ancient urban site is indicated preceded by "near"
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Delia Lollini, La Civiltà Picena, (in Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica), chapters from Piceno I to Piceno VI. For the Picentian settlements and necropolises of Matelica, Moscosi, Montedoro and Pesaro, not yet found at the time of the publication of the previous volume, reference was made to: Piceni popolo d'Europa, Roma, De Luca, 1999. ISBN 88-8016-332-9
^ Giacomo Devoto, Le Tavole di Gubbio, Sansoni, 1977. Citing Iguvine Tablets
^ The present-day Umbria-Marches border divides the ancient urban core in half. Source: Nereo Alfieri, Le Marche e la fine del mondo antico, in Atti Mem. Deputazione Storia Patria delle Marche. 86, 1983, pp. 9-34.
^ The city of Suasa arose in the 3rd century BC as a praefectura and assumed municipal status in the middle of the 1st century BC. The hypothesis of a pre-existing Gallic settlement remains open, but at the moment it is not supported by archaeological data.
^ Paci, Gianfranco (8–10 October 2009). Le tribù romane nella regio V e nella parte adriatica della regio VI (PDF). LE TRIBÙ ROMANE. Atti della XVIe Rencontre sur lʼépigraphie (in Italian). Bari. pp. 15–20. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
^ This name has been used by some authors in recent centuries but is not found in ancient sources or in the archaeological record, so it is to be considered incorrect.

Bibliography

Pliny the Elder. Natural History.
Ptolemy (c. 100s). Geography.

[1] Pliny & 1st AD, Book III, Chapter V, Section 46.

[III-XIV-2] Pliny & 1st AD, Book III, Chapter XIV.

[3] Jackson, Frederick Hamilton (1906). The shores of the Adriatic: the Italian side. London: John Murray. p. 9.

[4] Ptolemy & 2nd AD, Book III, Chapter 1.

[5] Delia G. Lollini, La civiltà picena in Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica, Roma, Biblioteca di Storia Patria, 1976, Vol. V.

[6] In the present territory of the Marche region there were 35 Roman cities in Roman times, 19 in the Regio V and 16 in the Regio VI. Source: Archeologia nelle Marche, Mario Luni, 2003, pag. 136, ISBN 88-392-0744-9

[7] If there is no urban continuity between the Roman city and the present settlement, the nearest present location to the ancient urban site is indicated preceded by "near"

[piceni-8] Delia Lollini, La Civiltà Picena, (in Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica), chapters from Piceno I to Piceno VI. For the Picentian settlements and necropolises of Matelica, Moscosi, Montedoro and Pesaro, not yet found at the time of the publication of the previous volume, reference was made to: Piceni popolo d'Europa, Roma, De Luca, 1999. ISBN 88-8016-332-9

[9] Giacomo Devoto, Le Tavole di Gubbio, Sansoni, 1977. Citing Iguvine Tablets

[10] The present-day Umbria-Marches border divides the ancient urban core in half. Source: Nereo Alfieri, Le Marche e la fine del mondo antico, in Atti Mem. Deputazione Storia Patria delle Marche. 86, 1983, pp. 9-34.

[11] The city of Suasa arose in the 3rd century BC as a praefectura and assumed municipal status in the middle of the 1st century BC. The hypothesis of a pre-existing Gallic settlement remains open, but at the moment it is not supported by archaeological data.

[12] Paci, Gianfranco (8–10 October 2009). Le tribù romane nella regio V e nella parte adriatica della regio VI (PDF). LE TRIBÙ ROMANE. Atti della XVIe Rencontre sur lʼépigraphie (in Italian). Bari. pp. 15–20. Retrieved 4 November 2021.

[13] This name has been used by some authors in recent centuries but is not found in ancient sources or in the archaeological record, so it is to be considered incorrect.

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Italic Umbria

Umbria in the geographers of the empire

Pliny

Gallia togata

Umbria proper

Ptolemy

Gallia Togata

Umbria proper

The cities of Regio VI

See also

References

Bibliography