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Romani people in North Macedonia

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Romani in North Macedonia
Macedonian Romani children (around 1900)
Total population
46,433 (2021 census)
Languages
Majority
Balkan Romani, Macedonian
Minority
Albanian
Religion
Sunni Islam 75%, Christianity 25% [1]
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Romani people
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Romani people in North Macedonia (Macedonian: Македонски Роми, romanized: Makedonski Romi) are one of the constitutional peoples of the country.

According to the last census from 2021, there were 46,433 people counted as Romani, or 2.53% of the population.[2] The majority are Muslim Romani people. Another 3,843 people have been counted as "Egyptians" (0.2%).

Some of the majority groups are the Arlije[3] and Gurbeti.[4]

Other sources claim the number to be between 80,000[5] and 260 000[6] Roma in North Macedonia or approximately 4 to 12% of the total population.

The municipality of Šuto Orizari is the only municipality in the world with a Muslim Romani people majority and the only municipality where Balkan Romani is an official language alongside Macedonian. The mayor of the municipality, Kurto Dudush, is an ethnic Roma.

In 2009, the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia took measures to enlarge inclusion of Romani in the education process.[7]

North Macedonia is the region's leader in respecting the rights of the Romani people. It is the first country in the region with a minister of Romani ethnicity and also has many Romani in high government positions. However, there is still a lot to be done concerning the education and integration of the Romani.[8]

History

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Origins

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The Romani people originate from Northern India,[9][10][11][12][13][14] presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan[13][14] and Punjab.[13]

The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines.[15]

More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with Hindi and Punjabi. It shares many phonetic features with Marwari, while its grammar is closest to Bengali.[16]

Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group.[10][11][17] According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the Ḍoma, are the likely ancestral populations of the modern European Roma.[18]

In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora.[19]

History

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The earliest record of Romani presence in North Macedonia dates back to the late 13th century. During the Ottoman period, some Romani prospered and were able to become middle-class, especially in urban areas.[20] The population of the Romani declined significantly due to the effects of the Balkan Wars. In the 1930s, Skopje was known as a cultural hub for the Romani, in where their population was estimated to be 10,000 (out of a total 70,000 at the time).[20]

During World War II, the Macedonian Romani allied with the Yugoslavi Partisans. For their support, Josip Tito considered creating an autonomous region for the Romani in Macedonia. Even though the proposal went nowhere, this positive climate would lead to the Macedonian Romani enjoying a cultural renaissance throughout the Socialist era.[20]

In 1971, the Macedonian constitution officially recognized the Romani as an ethnic group. This enabled the sanctioned use of the Romani flag as well as a growth of radio and television broadcasts in the Romani language. In the 1980s, the Romani were pressured to identify as Albanian due to the rise of Kosovar Albanian nationalism.[20] Additionally, the Romani were negatively affcted by the Yugoslavian Wars. However, the Romani continued to form many associations and groups to express and research their culture and history.[20] In the early 1990s, an independent Romanistan (a state for the Romani people) was proposed by leaders of the Party for the Complete Emancipation of Roma.[21]

In modern times, the Romani in North Macedonia often face discrimination, higher levels of poverty and are often treated as a "underclass" by the wider society. Compared to other Balkan Romani groups, the Macedonian Romani face less harsh treatment and marginalization but issues continue to persist for the community.[20]

Language

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The Romani in North Macedonia speak three different Balkan Romani dialects: Arli (the most prominent of the three), Džambaz, and Burgudži.[22] While 46,433 individuals declared Romani ethnicity in the 2021 census, only 31,721 declared Romani as their mother tongue.[23]

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  • Romani minority in North Macedonia (census 2002)
    Romani minority in North Macedonia (census 2002)
  • Romani minority in North Macedonia (census 2002)
    Romani minority in North Macedonia (census 2002)

Religion

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The majority are Muslim Romani people who are cultural Muslims and some practised Sufism, with a minority of Christian who belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church and a few to Evangelicalism.

Notable people

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References

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  1. ^ "Roma muslims". Romafacts.uni-graz.at. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  2. ^ "Total resident population, households and dwellings in the Republic of North Macedonia, census 2021" (PDF). State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia. pp. 32–33.
  3. ^ "Arlije [Rombase]". rombase.uni-graz.at. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021.
  4. ^ "Gurbet [Rombase]".
  5. ^ "ABCD". Romnews.com. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  6. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2017-09-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ "Изградбата на Коридорот 8 може да почне во 2014 година". Влада на Република Македонија (in Macedonian). 2012-03-16.
  8. ^ "Македонија регионален лидер во почитување на правата на Ромите - Makfax.com.mk". Archived from the original on 2009-07-19. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  9. ^ Hancock, Ian F. (2005) [2002]. We are the Romani People. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-902806-19-8: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  10. ^ a b Mendizabal, Isabel (6 December 2012). "Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data". Current Biology. 22 (24): 2342–2349. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039. hdl:10230/25348. PMID 23219723.
  11. ^ a b Sindya N. Bhanoo (11 December 2012). "Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India". The New York Times.
  12. ^ Current Biology.
  13. ^ a b c K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (2015-09-28). Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives. McFarland. p. 50. ISBN 9780786494705. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  14. ^ a b Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999). World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Rough Guides. p. 147. ISBN 9781858286358. Retrieved 2016-05-21. Roma Rajastan Penjab.
  15. ^ Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998), Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) (PDF), Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4, ISBN 978-80-7044-205-0, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04
  16. ^ Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku". Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury (4/1995). Brno: Muzeum romské kultury. Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.
  17. ^ "5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma". Live Science. 23 October 2013.
  18. ^ Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK (2012), "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations", PLOS ONE, 7 (11): e48477, Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748477R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477, PMC 3509117, PMID 23209554
  19. ^ "Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?". khaleejtimes.com. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Crowe, David M. (2000). "Muslim Roma in the Balkans". Nationalities Papers. 28 (1): 93–128. doi:10.1080/00905990050002470. ISSN 0090-5992.
  21. ^ Charles Vance; Yongsun Paik (2006). Managing a Global Workforce: Challenges and Opportunities in International Human Resource Management. M.E. Sharpe. p. 760. ISBN 978-0-7656-2016-3.
  22. ^ Korhonen, Jani; Makartsev, Maxim; Petrusevka, Milica; Spasov, Ljudmil (2016). "Ethnic and linguistic minorities in the border region of Albania, Greece, and Macedonia: An overview of legal and societal status" (PDF). Slavica Helsingiensia. 49: 35.
  23. ^ 2021 census, municipality by mother tongue
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