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Robert Nairac
Nairac in his Grenadier Guards uniform
Birth nameRobert Laurence Nairac
Born(1948-08-31)31 August 1948
British Mauritius
Died15 May 1977(1977-05-15) (aged 28)
Ravensdale, County Louth, Republic of Ireland
Allegiance United Kingdom
Service / branch British Army
Years of service1972–1977
RankCaptain
UnitGrenadier Guards
Battles / wars
AwardsGeorge Cross

Captain Robert Laurence Nairac GC (31 August 1948 – 15 May 1977) was a British Army officer in the Grenadier Guards.[1][2] He was abducted by republicans from a pub in Dromintee, South Armagh, during an undercover operation he was undertaking and killed by the IRA. His death occurred during his fourth tour of duty in Northern Ireland as a Military Intelligence liaison officer. Several men were imprisoned for his murder and abduction. His body has never been found.

Early life

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Nairac was born in Mauritius, then a British Crown colony, to an English mother and a father of French Mauritian origin. His mother, Barbara (née Dykes) was Anglican and his father, Maurice, a Catholic who worked as an eye surgeon. At the age of one, Nairac's family relocated to Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England, where his father worked at Sunderland Eye Infirmary. Nairac was the youngest of four children; he had two sisters and a brother.[3]

He attended preparatory school at Gilling Castle, a feeder school for Ampleforth College, a Catholic public school, which he attended a year later. Whilst at Ampleforth he academically excelled, was head of his house and played rugby for the school. He became friends with the sons of Lord Killanin and went to stay with the family in Dublin and in Spiddal in Connemara, County Galway.[4]

Nairac read medieval and military history at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he excelled in sport; he played for the Oxford University Rugby 2nd XV and revived the Oxford University boxing club, with which he won four blues in bouts with Cambridge. He was also a falconer, keeping in his rooms a bird that was used in the film Kes.[5]

He left Oxford in 1971 and entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst under the sponsorship of the Grenadier Guards, into which he was commissioned on graduation.[6][7][8] After Sandhurst, he undertook postgraduate studies at Trinity College Dublin, before joining the regiment.[9]

Military service in Northern Ireland

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Nairac's first tour of duty in Northern Ireland was with No.1 Company, the Second Battalion of the Grenadier Guards. The Battalion was stationed in Belfast from 5 July 1973 to 31 October 1973. The Grenadiers were given responsibility first for the Protestant Shankill Road area and the predominantly Catholic Ardoyne area. This was a time of high tension and regular contact with paramilitaries. Ostensibly, the battalion's main objectives were to search for weapons and to find paramilitaries. Nairac was frequently involved in such activity on the streets of Belfast and was a community relations activist at the Ardoyne sports club. The battalion's tour was judged a success with 58 weapons, 9,000 rounds of ammunition and 693 lbs of explosives taken and 104 men jailed. The battalion had no casualties and did not shoot anyone. After his tour had ended he stayed on as liaison officer for the replacement battalion, the 1st Battalion of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. On their first patrol, Nairac narrowly avoided the impact of the explosion of a car bomb on the Crumlin Road.[10]

Rather than returning to his battalion, which was being transferred to Hong Kong, Nairac volunteered for military intelligence duties in Northern Ireland. Following the completion of several training courses, he returned to Northern Ireland in 1974, attached to 4 Field Survey Troop, Royal Engineers, one of the three subunits of a Special Duties unit known as 14 Intelligence Company (14 Int). Posted to South County Armagh, 4 Field Survey Troop was given the task of performing surveillance duties. Nairac was the liaison officer for the unit, the local British Army brigade and the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC).[11]

He assumed duties outside his official jurisdiction as a liaison officer, including undercover operations. He apparently claimed to have visited pubs in Irish republican strongholds, sung Irish rebel songs and acquired the nickname "Danny Boy". Former Special Air Service (SAS) Warrant Officer Ken Connor, who was involved in the creation of 14 Int, wrote of him in his book, Ghost Force, p. 263:

Had he been an SAS member, he would not have been allowed to operate in the way he did. Before his death, we had been very concerned at the lack of checks on his activities. No one seemed to know who his boss was, and he appeared to have been allowed to get out of control, deciding himself what tasks he would do.

— Connor

Nairac finished his tour with 14th Int in mid-1975 and returned to his regiment in London, having been promoted to Captain on 4 September 1975.[2] Following a rise in violence culminating in the Kingsmill massacre, the British Army increased their presence in Northern Ireland, and Nairac accepted a post as a liaison officer. On his fourth tour, Nairac was a liaison officer in Bessbrook Mill.

Death

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On the evening of 14 May 1977, Nairac drove alone to The Three Steps pub in Dromintee, a village in South Armagh. He is said to have told regulars of the pub that he was Danny McErlaine, a motor mechanic and member of the Official IRA from the nationalist Ardoyne area of North Belfast. The real McErlaine, on the run since 1974, was ultimately killed by the Provisional IRA in June 1978 after stealing arms from the organisation.[12] Witnesses say that Nairac got up and sang a republican folk song, "The Broad Black Brimmer", with the band who were playing that night. At around 11.45 p.m. he was marched out of the pub by a number of republicans and hit on the back of the head with a wooden instrument by another man as soon as the group entered the car park. A party of British soldiers was hidden not more than 100 yards from the pub but Nairac was unable to contact them through the radio hidden on his person.[13] After a ferocious struggle he was driven across the border into the Republic of Ireland to a field in the Ravensdale Woods in the north of County Louth, where a member of the IRA joined the abduction group.[14] Following a violent interrogation, during which Nairac was allegedly punched, kicked, pistol-whipped and hit with a wooden post, he was shot dead at that place.[15][16] He did not admit to his true identity. Terry McCormick, one of Nairac's abductors, posed as a priest in order to try to elicit information by way of Nairac's confession. Nairac's last words according to McCormick were: "Bless me, Father, for I have sinned".[17]

His disappearance sparked a large-scale search throughout Ireland. The hunt in Northern Ireland was led by Major H. Jones, Brigade Major at HQ 3rd Infantry Brigade. Nairac and Jones had become friends and Nairac would sometimes eat supper at the Jones household. After a four-day search, the Garda Síochána confirmed to the RUC that they had reliable evidence of Nairac's killing.[18]

The stated view that his body was disposed of by being put through a meat grinder have been dismissed as a myth.[19] For example, an edition of Spotlight, broadcast on 19 June 2007, asserted that his body was not destroyed in a meat grinder, as alleged by an unnamed IRA source.[20] McCormick, who was on the run in the United States for thirty years because of his involvement in the killing (including being the first to attack Nairac in the car park), was told by a senior IRA commander that he was first buried on farmland and then reburied elsewhere. The location of the body remains unknown.[21] Nairac is one of three IRA victims whose graves have not been revealed and who are among those known as 'The Disappeared'.[22] The cases are under review by the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains. A former IRA man, identified as Martin McAllister,[23] states that the search for Nairac's body has been hindered by two key realities: first, the people involved in his "summary execution" were not in the IRA and, therefore, not subject to pressure from that organisation; second, a number of them have moved to different places to live.[14]

A search for Nairac's body was undertaken at Faughart, County Louth, in autumn 2024 but was unsuccessful.[24]

In May 2000, statements were made that Nairac had married and fathered a child with a woman named Nel Lister, also known as Oonagh Flynn or Oonagh Lister. In 2001, her son sought DNA testing and showed this to be untrue.[25][26]

Criminal prosecutions

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In November 1977, Liam Townson, a 24-year-old IRA member from the village of Meigh outside Newry, was convicted of Nairac's murder. Townson was the son of an Englishman who had married a County Meath woman. He confessed to killing Nairac and implicated other members of the unit involved. Townson made two admissible confessions to Garda officers. The first was made around the time of his arrest, it started with "I shot the British captain. He never told us anything. He was a great soldier." The second statement was made at Dundalk police station, after Townson had consulted a solicitor. He had become hysterical and distressed and screamed a confession to the officer in charge of the investigation.[27]

Townson was convicted in Dublin's Special Criminal Court of Nairac's murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. He served 13 years before his 1990 release. In 1998, he was part of Conor Murphy's election campaign team.[28]

In 1978, the RUC arrested five men from the South Armagh area. Three – Gerard Fearon, 21, Thomas Morgan, 18 and Daniel O'Rourke, 33 – were charged with Nairac's murder. Michael McCoy, 20, was charged with kidnapping and Owen Rocks, 22, was accused of withholding information. Fearon and Morgan were convicted of Nairac's murder. O'Rourke was acquitted, but found guilty of manslaughter and jailed for ten years. McCoy was jailed for five years and Rocks for two. Morgan died in a road accident in 1987, a year after his release. O'Rourke became a prominent Sinn Féin member in Drumintee.

Two other men, Terry McCormick and Pat Maguire, wanted in connection with this incident, remain on the run.[29] Maguire has been reported as living in New Jersey in the US.[30] In September 2021 Terry McCormick was reported to have died.[31]

On 20 May 2008, 57-year-old IRA veteran Kevin Crilly of Jonesborough, County Armagh was arrested by officers of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). He had been on the run in the United States but had returned to Northern Ireland under an alias. He was charged the following day with the kidnapping and false imprisonment of Nairac.[32] In November 2009, Crilly was also charged with the murder of Nairac at Newry magistrates' court during a bail hearing on the two counts on which he had been charged in 2008.[33] Crilly was cleared on all counts in April 2011, as the judge considered that the prosecution had failed to prove intention or prior knowledge on his part.[34]

Nairac's killing is one of those under investigation by the PSNI's Historical Enquiries Team (HET).[35]

George Cross award

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On 13 February 1979, Nairac was posthumously awarded the George Cross. The citation, as reproduced in The London Gazette, read:[36]

Captain Nairac served for four tours of duty in Northern Ireland totalling twenty-eight months. During the whole of this time he made an outstanding personal contribution: his quick analytical brain, resourcefulness, physical stamina and above all his courage and dedication inspired admiration in everyone who knew him.

On his fourth tour Captain Nairac was a Liaison Officer at Headquarters 3 Infantry Brigade. His task was connected with surveillance operations.

On the night of 14/15 May 1977 Captain Nairac was abducted from a village in South Armagh by at least seven men. Despite his fierce resistance he was overpowered and taken across the border into the nearby Republic of Ireland where he was subjected to a succession of exceptionally savage assaults in an attempt to extract information which would have put other lives and future operations at serious risk. These efforts to break Captain Nairac's will failed entirely. Weakened as he was in strength—though not in spirit—by the brutality, he yet made repeated and spirited attempts to escape, but on each occasion was eventually overpowered by the weight of numbers against him. After several hours in the hands of his captors, Captain Nairac was callously murdered by a gunman of the Provisional Irish Republican Army who had been summoned to the scene. His assassin subsequently said "He never told us anything".

Captain Nairac's exceptional courage and acts of the greatest heroism in circumstances of extreme peril showed devotion to duty and personal courage second to none.[36]

Collusion allegations

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Posthumous claims have been made about Nairac's involvement in the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings, the killing of an IRA member in the Republic of Ireland and his relationship with Ulster loyalist paramilitaries. The latter is denied by IRA man Martin McAllister.[14]

Hidden Hand documentary

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Nairac has been accused of involvement in the murder of an IRA member and of collusion with loyalist paramilitaries.[37][38]

Allegations were made concerning Nairac in a 1993 Yorkshire Television documentary about the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings of May 1974 entitled Hidden Hand. The narrator states:

We have evidence from police, military and loyalist sources which confirms the links between Nairac and the Portadown loyalist paramilitaries. And also that in May 1974, he was meeting with these paramilitaries, supplying them with arms and helping them plan acts of terrorism against Republican targets. In particular, the three prime Dublin [bomb attacks] suspects, Robert McConnell, Harris Boyle and the man called 'The Jackal' (Robin Jackson, Ulster Volunteer Force [UVF] member from Lurgan), were run before and after the Dublin bombings by Captain Nairac.

According to the documentary, support for this allegation was said to have come from various sources:

They include officers from RUC Special Branch, CID and Special Patrol Group; officers from the Gardaí Special Branch; and key senior loyalists who were in charge of the County Armagh paramilitaries of the day....

Geoff Knupfer of the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains stated that Nairac was in Ashford, Kent, England at the time of the bombings.[39]

Holroyd

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MI6 operative Fred Holroyd said Nairac admitted involvement in the assassination of IRA member John Francis Green on 10 January 1975 to him. Holroyd claimed in a New Statesman article written by Duncan Campbell that Nairac had boasted about Green's death and showed him a colour Polaroid photograph of Green's corpse taken directly after his assassination.[40]

These claims were given prominence when, in 1987, Ken Livingstone, in his maiden speech as a MP, told the House of Commons that Nairac was quite likely to have been the person who organised the Miami Showband killings and that the same gun that was used by Nairac on his cross-border trip to assassinate John Francis Green was used in the Miami showband massacre.[41][42] Livingstone concluded:

There is something rotten at the heart of the British security services, and we will not have a safe democracy until it is exposed in its entirety and dealt with.[43]

The Barron Report stated that:

The evidence before the Inquiry that the polaroid photograph allegedly taken by the killers after the murder was actually taken by a Garda officer on the following morning seriously undermines the evidence that Nairac himself had been involved in the shooting.

Holroyd's evidence was also questioned by Barron in the following terms:

The picture derived from this is of a man increasingly frustrated with the failure of the British Authorities to take his claims seriously; who saw the threat to reveal a crossborder SAS assassination.[44]

Geoff Knupfer of the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains states Nairac was 80 miles (130 km) away in Derry at the time.[39]

Barron Report

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Nairac was mentioned in Mr Justice Henry Barron's inquiry into the Dublin and Monaghan bombings when it examined the claims made by the Hidden Hand documentary, Holroyd and Colin Wallace.

Former RUC Special Patrol Group member John Weir, who was also a UVF member, claimed he had received information from an informant that Nairac was involved in the killing of Green:[45]

The men who did that shooting were Robert McConnell, Robin Jackson and I would be almost certain, Harris Boyle who was killed in the Miami attack. What I am absolutely certain of is that Robert McConnell, Robert McConnell knew that area really, really well. Robin Jackson was with him. I was later told that Nairac was with them. I was told by… a UVF man, he was very close to Jackson and operated with him. Jackson told [him] that Nairac was with them.

In addition, "Surviving Miami Showband members Steve Travers and Des McAlee testified in court that an Army officer with a crisp English accent oversaw the Miami attack", the implication being that this was Nairac.[46] Travers was uncertain whether or not Nairac was the man overseeing the attack, stating that his distinct impression was that the man had fair hair, in contrast to Nairac's dark hair.[47]

Fred Holroyd and John Weir also linked Nairac to the Green and Miami Showband killings. Martin Dillon, however, in his book The Dirty War, maintained that Nairac was not involved in either attack.[48] Geoff Knupfer of the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains states Nairac was in either London or Scotland at this time.[39]

Colin Wallace, in describing Nairac as a Military Intelligence Liaison Officer said "his duties did not involve agent handling". Nevertheless, Nairac "seems to have had close links with the Mid-Ulster UVF, including Robin Jackson and Harris Boyle". According to Wallace, "he could not have carried out this open association without official approval, because otherwise he would have been transferred immediately from Northern Ireland".[49] Wallace wrote in 1975; Nairac was on his fourth tour of duty in 1977.

Robin Jackson was implicated in the Dublin and Monaghan bombings of May 1974, and Harris Boyle was blown up by his own bomb during the Miami Showband massacre.

The Barron Inquiry found a chain of ballistic history linking weapons and killings under the control of a group of UVF and security force members, including RUC Special Patrol Group members John Weir and Billy McCaughey, that is connected to those alleged to have carried out the bombings. This group was known as the "Glenanne gang". Incidents they were responsible for "included, in 1975, three murders at Donnelly's bar in Silverbridge, the murders of two men at a fake Ulster Defence Regiment checkpoint, the murder of IRA man John Francis Green in the Republic, the murders of members of the Miami showband and the murder of Dorothy Trainor in Portadown in 1976, they included the murders of three members of the Reavey family, and the attack on the Rock Bar in Tassagh."[50] According to Weir, members of the gang began to suspect that Nairac was playing republican and loyalist paramilitaries off against each other, by feeding them information about murders carried out by the "other side" with the intention of "provoking revenge attacks".[51]

In fiction

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Eoin McNamee's 2004 novel The Ultras contains a fictionalized, but factually-based account of Nairac's life. McNamee has said that he had had "the idea of Nairac in my head for a long time, but I wasn't able to find a way into the whole subject. In the end, I used him as a conduit to the covert and psychic infrastructure of the time, to the gripping physical and moral texture of what was going on."[52]

See also

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Further reading

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  • Bradley, Anthony. Requiem for a Spy: The Killing of Robert Nairac. Cork: Mercier Pres, 1993. ISBN 1-85635-020-7
  • Kerr, Alistair. Betrayal: The Murder of Robert Nairac GC. Cambridge Academic, 2017. ISBN 1-90349-990-9

References

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  1. ^ Parker, John (2004). Secret Hero. Metro. pp. 32–66. ISBN 1-84358-100-0.
  2. ^ a b "No. 46727". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 November 1975. p. 13884.
  3. ^ Parker, John (2004). Secret Hero. Metro. p. 2. ISBN 1-84358-100-0.
  4. ^ Parker, John (2004). Secret Hero. Metro. pp. 2–6. ISBN 1-84358-100-0.
  5. ^ Parker, John (2004). Secret Hero. Metro. pp. 7–9. ISBN 1-84358-100-0.
  6. ^ "No. 45592". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 February 1972. p. 1581.
  7. ^ "No. 45798". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 October 1972. p. 11912.
  8. ^ "No. 45917". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 February 1973. p. 2678.
  9. ^ Parker, John (2004). Secret Hero. Metro. p. 12. ISBN 1-84358-100-0.
  10. ^ Parker, John (2004). Secret Hero. Metro. pp. 21–31. ISBN 1-84358-100-0.
  11. ^ Parker, John (2004). Secret Hero. Metro. pp. 32–66. ISBN 1-84358-100-0.
  12. ^ Harnden, Toby (1999). Bandit Country. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 302–303. ISBN 0-340-71736-X.
  13. ^ 'SAS: The Secret Search for Captain Nairac. Episode 1: The Search'. BBC Sounds, 7 September 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024
  14. ^ a b c 'SAS: The Secret Search for Captain Nairac. Episode 2: The Contact'. BBC Sounds, 14 September 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024
  15. ^ "IRA did not put soldier Nairac's body through food mincer, says head of search for Disappeared". Belfasttelegraph – via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk.
  16. ^ Bandit Country, pages 305 to 307
  17. ^ Peterkin, Tom (20 June 2007). "Light shed on IRA murder of Nairac". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  18. ^ Wilsey, John (2003). H Jones VC. Arrow Books. pp. 154–158. ISBN 0-09-943669-8.
  19. ^ Kelly, Mike (6 May 2017). "Body of dead Sunderland soldier was not put through mincing machine". North East Chronicle.
  20. ^ Harnden 2000, p. 311
  21. ^ New revelations on Nairac killing BBC News
  22. ^ "Robert Nairac search area was 'never grave site'". BBC News. 14 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  23. ^ Anthony McIntyre 'Justice Delayed But Not Denied'. The Pensive Quill, 16 November 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2024
  24. ^ Julian O'Neill, 'Search fails to find remains of Capt Robert Nairac'. BBC News, 16 October 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024
  25. ^ "Nel Lister/Oonagh Flynn article". Lentil.org. 16 November 2000. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  26. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ Parker, John (2004). Secret Hero. Metro. pp. 226–229. ISBN 1-84358-100-0.
  28. ^ Harnden 2000, p.308
  29. ^ Harnden, Toby (1999). Bandit Country. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 309. ISBN 0-340-71736-X.
  30. ^ "Nairac 'suspect' traced in US". BBC News. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  31. ^ "Nairac suspect dies in US".
  32. ^ "Man Bailed Over IRA Kidnapping of Soldier". News.sky.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  33. ^ Man charged over Nairac murder, RTÉ News, 11 November 2009
  34. ^ "Kevin Crilly cleared of Captain Robert Nairac murder". Bbc.co.uk. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  35. ^ "Historical Enquiries Team schedule" (PDF). Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  36. ^ a b "No. 47769". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 February 1979. p. 1991.
  37. ^ "MoD documents link Robert Nairac to Miami Showband massacre". The Irish News. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  38. ^ McKittrick, David (2011). Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died Through the Northern Ireland Troubles. Mainstream Publishing. p. 511. ISBN 978-1840185041.
  39. ^ a b c Moriarty, Gerry. "Scientist provides evidence exonerating Robert Nairac of Troubles killings". The Irish Times.
  40. ^ Rolston, Bill and Gilmartin, Mairead: Unfinished business: state killings and the quest for truth. Beyond the Pale Publications, p. 34. ISBN 1-900960-09-5
  41. ^ Livingstone, Ken You Can't Say That pp 294–5
  42. ^ "Ken Livingstone – 1987 Maiden Speech in the House of Commons – UKPOL.CO.UK". 18 August 2018.
  43. ^ "Ken Livingstone – 1987 Maiden Speech in the House of Commons – UKPOL.CO.UK". 18 August 2018.
  44. ^ Report by Justice Henry Barron into the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings, Dublin, December 2003, p. 205
  45. ^ Report by Justice Henry Barron into the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings, Dublin, December 2003, P. 206
  46. ^ Enigmatic SAS man linked to the massacre, The News Letter, 1 August 2005
  47. ^ "Capt Robert Nairac: Site to be examined for remains of IRA abductee". www.newsletter.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  48. ^ Dillon, Martin. The Dirty War. p.173.
  49. ^ Report by Justice Henry Barron into the Dublin and Monaghan Bombings, Dublin, December 2003, p. 175-176
  50. ^ Susan McKay (14 December 2003). "Barron throws light on a little shock of horrors". Sunday Tribune.[permanent dead link‍]
  51. ^ Susan McKay (2 April 2009). Bear in Mind These Dead. Faber & Faber. p. 182. ISBN 9780571252183. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  52. ^ "Bookmunch - online book reviews". Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
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