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Robert Henry Lawrence Jr.

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Major
Robert Henry Lawrence Jr.
Born(1935-10-02)October 2, 1935
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
DiedDecember 8, 1967(1967-12-08) (aged 32)
Edwards Air Force Base, California, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materBradley, BS 1956
Ohio State, PhD 1965
OccupationTest pilot
Space career
USAF astronaut
Rank Major, U.S. Air Force
Time in space
None
Selection1967 USAF MOL Group 3
MissionsNone
Mission insignia
None

Robert Henry Lawrence Jr. (October 2, 1935 – December 8, 1967) was a United States Air Force officer and the first African-American astronaut.[1][2][3]

Early years

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Born and raised in Chicago, Illinois, Lawrence attended Haines Elementary School and, at age sixteen, graduated in the top 10 percent from Englewood High School in 1952. Four years later in 1956, he graduated from Bradley University with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry. At Bradley, Lawrence became a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity[4] and distinguished himself as Cadet Commander in the Air Force ROTC and received the commission of second lieutenant in the Air Force Reserve Program.[5][6]

Air Force

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Lawrence during his
Air Force career

At the age of 21, he was designated as a U.S. Air Force pilot after completing flight training at Malden Air Force Base, Missouri.

At 22, he married Barbara Cress, daughter of Dr. and Mrs. Henry Cress of Chicago. By the time he was 25, he had completed an Air Force assignment as an instructor pilot in the T-33 training aircraft for the German Air Force.

In 1965, Lawrence earned a PhD in physical chemistry from Ohio State University. His doctoral thesis was The Mechanism Of The Tritium Beta Ray Induced Exchange Reaction Of Deuterium With Methane and Ethane In The Gas Phase.[7][8]

He was a senior USAF pilot, accumulating well over 2,500 flight hours, 2,000 of which were in jets. Lawrence flew many tests in the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter to investigate the gliding flight of various unpowered spacecraft returning to Earth from orbit, such as the North American X-15 rocket-plane. NASA cited Lawrence for accomplishments and flight maneuver data that "contributed greatly to the development of the Space Shuttle."[3]

Astronaut

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"MOL was particularly exciting for Bob because being in the program offered him an opportunity to do the two things he loved most—experimental science and flying".

— Barbara Cress Lawrence, Lawrence's widow, about her late husband's MOL experience.[9]

In June 1967, Lawrence successfully completed the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School (Class 66B) at Edwards AFB, California. The same month, he was selected by the USAF as an astronaut in the Air Force's Manned Orbital Laboratory (MOL) program, thus becoming the country's first black astronaut.

Lawrence and other MOL astronauts laughed when asked at the announcement "Will you have to sit in the back seat of the capsule?" When asked if his selection was historic for race relations in the United States, Lawrence answered "No, I don't think so. It's another one of those things that we look forward to in civil rights — normal progression." He said that he had faced problems like other black people, but "Perhaps I have been more fortunate than the others in the opportunities." Donald H. Peterson, chosen for MOL with Lawrence, said "I can't speak for all the people in Mississippi" but that he was not reluctant to work with a black man.[10]

Space Mirror Memorial for Robert Henry Lawrence Jr., 1966 NASA T-38 crash
Lawrence's name inscribed on the Space Mirror Memorial

Death and legacy

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At age 32, Lawrence was killed in a plane crash at Edwards AFB on December 8, 1967.[1] He was flying backseat in an F-104 as the instructor pilot for flight test trainee Major Harvey Royer, who was learning the steep-descent glide technique. Royer made such an approach but flared too late.

The airplane struck the ground hard, its main gear failed, it caught fire, and rolled. The canopy shattered and the plane bounced and skidded on the runway for 2,000 feet (610 m). Major Royer ejected upward and survived, with major injuries. The back seat, which delays a moment to avoid hitting the front seat, ejected sideways, killing Lawrence instantly. He was still strapped to his ejector seat; his parachute failed to open and was dragged 75 feet (23 m) from the wreck.

Had Lawrence lived, he likely would have been among the MOL astronauts who became NASA Astronaut Group 7 after MOL's cancellation, all of whom flew on the Space Shuttle.[11][12][13]

During his brief career, Lawrence earned the Air Force Commendation Medal, the Outstanding Unit Citation. On December 8, 1997, his name was inscribed on the Space Mirror Memorial at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.[3][14][15][16][17]

The 13th Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft, which launched on February 15, 2020, was named the S.S. Robert H. Lawrence in his honor.[18][19][20]

The artist Tavares Strachan dedicated his satellite sculpture ENOCH, launched in 2018, to Lawrence.[21]

In 2020, NASA included Lawrence in a group of 27 pioneering African-American, Hispanic, and Native American astronauts to commemorate by naming asteroids after them. The asteroid, Robertlawrence 92892, is located in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "First Negro astronaut killed in plane crash". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). UPI. December 9, 1967. p. 1A.
  2. ^ "Negro astronaut is killed in crash". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). Associated Press. December 9, 1967. p. 2.
  3. ^ a b c Maj. Robert H. Lawrence Archived August 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine from the U.S. Air Force's official website
  4. ^ Epps, Henry (September 4, 2012). Great African-American Men in America history vol II. Lulu.com. p. 62. ISBN 9781300161622.
  5. ^ "NOVA | Astrospies | Secret Astronauts: Maj. Robert H. Lawrence Jr. | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  6. ^ Space, Nick Greene Astronomy Expert Nick Greene is a software engineer for the U. S. Navy; Greene, Naval Warfare Engineering Center He is also the U. N. World Space Week Coordinator for Antarctica our editorial process Nick. "A Tribute to a Space Pioneer". ThoughtCo. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  7. ^ Chemistry Department Scholarships Archived July 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine from the Bradley University website
  8. ^ The mechanism of the tritium beta-ray induced exchange reactions of deuterium with methane and ethane in the gas phase
  9. ^ "SECRET ASTRONAUTS – Maj. Robert H. Lawrence Jr, USAF". Pbs.org.
  10. ^ "First Negro Astronaut Chosen". St. Petersburg Times. UPI. July 1, 1967. pp. 1-A, 6-A. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  11. ^ Oberg, James H. (February 23, 2005). "The Unsung Astronaut". MSNBC. Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  12. ^ "NOVA | Astrospies | Secret Astronauts: Maj. Robert H. Lawrence Jr. | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  13. ^ Posey, Carl A. "A Sudden Loss of Altitude". Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  14. ^ "Robert H. Lawrence, Jr". The Astronauts Memorial Foundation. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  15. ^ Garcia, Mark (February 21, 2018). "Robert Lawrence: First African-American Astronaut". NASA. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  16. ^ Writer, James Hill, Tribune Staff (October 27, 1997). "1ST BLACK ASTRONAUT ADDED TO SPACE HERO ROSTER". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved May 1, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "Defense.gov News Article: First African-American Astronaut Finally Acknowledged". archive.defense.gov. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  18. ^ Pearlman, Robert Z. (January 22, 2020). "Northrop Grumman names Cygnus spacecraft for first African American astronaut". Space.com. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  19. ^ "Latest Weather Update for Northrop Grumman's CRS-13 Launch: 85% Favorable". NASA. February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  20. ^ "S.S. Robert H. Lawrence, NG-13 Cargo Delivery Mission to the International Space Station" (PDF).
  21. ^ "ENOCH". LACMA. December 3, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  22. ^ "Nearly 54 years after his untimely death, the legacy of 1st African American astronaut lives on". Chicago Tribune. May 29, 2022. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
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