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South-up map orientation

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A south-up map of the world centered on the western Pacific Ocean and splitting the Atlantic Ocean
The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by al-Idrisi in 1154
The Blue Marble photograph in its original orientation[1]

South-up map orientation is the orientation of a map with south up, at the top of the map, amounting to a 180-degree rotation of the map from the standard convention of north-up. Maps in this orientation are sometimes called upside down maps or reversed maps.[citation needed]

Other maps with non-standard orientation include T and O maps, polar maps, and Dymaxion maps.

Psychological significance

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Political map of Europe, showing south at the top

Research suggests that north-south positions on maps have psychological consequences. In general, north is associated with richer people, more expensive real estate, and higher altitude, while south is associated with poorer people, cheaper prices, and lower altitude (the "north-south bias"). When participants were presented with south-up oriented maps, this north-south bias disappeared.[2]

Researchers posit that the observed association between map-position and goodness/badness (north=good; south=bad) is caused by the combination of

  • the convention of consistently placing north at the top of maps, and
  • a much more general association between vertical position and goodness/badness (up=good, down=bad), which has been documented in numerous contexts (e.g. power/status, profits/prices, affect/emotion, and even the divine).[3]

Common English idioms support the notion that many English speakers conflate or associate north with up and south with down (e.g. "heading up north", "down south", Down Under), a conflation that can only be understood as learned by repeated exposure to a particular map-orientation convention (i.e. north put at the top of maps). Related idioms used in popular song lyrics provide further evidence for the pervasiveness of "north-south bias" among English speakers, in particular with regard to wealth. Examples include using "Uptown" to mean "high class or rich" (as in "Uptown Girl" by Billy Joel), or using "Downtown" to convey lower socioeconomic status (as in "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown" by Jim Croce).[4]

Cultural diversity education

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Cultural diversity and media literacy educators use south-up oriented world maps to help students viscerally experience the frequently disorienting effect of seeing something familiar from a different perspective. Having students consider the privileged position given to the Northern hemisphere (especially Europe and North America) on most world maps can help students confront their more general potential for culturally biased perceptions.[5]

History of south-up oriented maps as political statements

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América Invertida, drawn in 1943 by Joaquín Torres García.

Throughout history, maps have been made with varied orientations, and reversing the orientation of maps is technically very easy to do. As such, some cartographers maintain that the issue of south-up map orientation is itself trivial. More noteworthy than the technical matter of orientation, per se, is the history of explicitly using south-up map orientation as a political statement, that is, creating south-up oriented maps with the express rationale of reacting to the north-up oriented world maps that have dominated map publication during the modern age.

The history of south-up map orientation as political statement can be traced back to the early 1900s. Joaquín Torres García, a Uruguayan modernist painter, created one of the first maps to make a political statement related to north-south map positions entitled "América Invertida". "Torres-García placed the South Pole at the top of the earth, thereby suggesting a visual affirmation of the importance of the (South American) continent."[6][7]

A popular example of a south-up oriented map designed as a political statement is "McArthur's Universal Corrective Map of the World" (1979). An insert on this map explains that the Australian, Stuart McArthur, sought to confront "the perpetual onslaught of 'downunder' jokes—implications from Northern nations that the height of a country's prestige is determined by its equivalent spatial location on a conventional map of the world".[8] McArthur's Universal Corrective Map of the World (1979) has sold over 350,000 copies to date.

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South-up maps are commonly available as novelties or sociopolitical statements in southern hemisphere locales, particularly Australia.[9] A south-up oriented world map appears in episode "Somebody's Going to Emergency, Somebody's Going to Jail" of The West Wing, and issues of cultural bias are discussed in relation to it. The cartoon strip Mafalda by Argentine cartoonist Quino once posed the question "Why are we down?" American cartoonist Leo Cullum published a cartoon in The New Yorker titled, "Happy penguin looking at upside-down globe; Antarctica is on top" (April 20, 1992).

The computer strategy game Neocolonialism developed by Esther Alter uses a south-up map, with the developer stating it is intended to "evoke discomfort" and to "exemplify the north-south dichotomy of the world, wherein the southern hemisphere is generally poorer than the northern hemisphere."[10]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ "The 'Blue Marble' Shot Through History". July 24, 2015.
  2. ^ Meier et al. 2011; Nelson & Simmonds 2009.
  3. ^ Meier & Robinson 2004; Montoro et al. 2015; Kacinik 2014.
  4. ^ Meier et al. 2011; Kacinik 2014.
  5. ^ Wood 2010; Kaiser 2013.
  6. ^ "Upside Down Maps". Retrieved 2016-01-24.
  7. ^ De Armendi 2009.
  8. ^ Wood, Kaiser & Abramms 2006, pp. 50–51.
  9. ^ Monmonier 2004, p. 169.
  10. ^ Savage, Phil (9 January 2013). "Neocolonialism: exploit, manipulate and pillage the world in twelve turns". PC Gamer. Retrieved 10 November 2020.

Sources

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