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California Republican Party

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California Republican Party
ChairpersonJessica Millan Patterson
Senate LeaderBrian Jones
Assembly LeaderJames Gallagher
FoundersJohn C. Frémont
Pío Pico
Founded1854; 170 years ago (1854)
HeadquartersSacramento
Student wingCalifornia College Republicans
Membership (February 2023)Decrease 5,236,952[1]
Ideology
National affiliationRepublican Party
Colors
  •   Red
    (customary)
  •   Green   Blue
US Senate Seats
0 / 2
US House Seats
12 / 52
Statewide Executive Offices
0 / 8
State Senate
9 / 40
State Assembly
17 / 80
Website
cagop.org

The California Republican Party (CAGOP) is the affiliate of the United States Republican Party in the U.S. state of California. The party is based in Sacramento and is led by chair Jessica Millan Patterson, the first Latina to lead the party.[2]

As of October 2023, Republicans represent approximately 23.9% of the state's registered voters, placing the party far behind the California Democratic Party which has 46.8% of registered voters.[3] The party is a super minority in the California State Legislature, holding less than 1/3 (33.3%) of the seats in both chambers of the legislature: 17 seats out of 80 in the California State Assembly (21%), and 9 seats out of 40 in the California State Senate (23%). The party holds none of the eight statewide executive branch offices, 12 of the state's 52 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives delegation (23%), and neither of California's seats in the U.S. Senate.

History

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Left to right: former explorer John C. Frémont, and former governor of Alta California and ranchero Pío Pico, who were instrumental in founding the party.[4]

The Republican Party was born in 1854 as a primary vehicle to oppose the expansion of slavery in the United States. In 1856, Republicans nominated John C. Frémont, one of California's inaugural senators, for the 1856 presidential election,[5] but he lost the state by a wide margin to Democrat and eventual winner James Buchanan, though he did win the state of New York. Later in 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected to the presidency as the first Republican president. The Republican Party would emerge as primary opposition to the Democratic Party until the present day.

California Republicans and Democrats were competitive throughout the late 19th century. In 1878, Republican California Senator Aaron A. Sargent introduced the language that would become the 19th Amendment to the Constitution, which would allow women the right to vote.[5]

Republicans dominated state politics for most of the 20th century (they controlled the state senate from 1891 to 1958) until the 1960s when the Democrats once again became competitive with the rightward shift of the Republican Party, exemplified by their nomination of Barry Goldwater in 1964 (Goldwater lost California in a landslide).[6] Republicans still saw ample success up until the 1990s. George H. W. Bush carried the state in 1988 after Ronald Reagan twice carried the state in 1984 and 1980. Pete Wilson was elected Senator in 1988, and John Seymour was the last Republican Senator from California after being appointed to the seat in 1991.

California's Latino and Asian populations grew significantly in the 1990s and the growing segment of voters were turned off by the Republican Party's hard-line stance on immigration (the Party closely tied itself to Proposition 187). Democrats have won most elections at the state, local, and federal levels since the 2000s by comfortable margins. For example, despite failing to win the presidency, Hillary Clinton won a higher percentage of votes than any candidate since Franklin D. Roosevelt.[6]

Still, California elected Arnold Schwarzenegger twice for governor. Schwarzenegger and Steve Poizner, who later became an independent, are the last Republicans to win statewide elections in California.

California has two Republican presidents in U.S. history: Richard Nixon, who was a U.S. representative and senator from California, and Ronald Reagan, who was a governor of California (1967–1975). Herbert Hoover also studied in California and lived there for a number of years. Other notable California Republicans include former Governor and Chief Justice Earl Warren, former Governor and Senator Hiram Johnson, and former Senator and founder of Stanford University Leland Stanford.[5]

In 2018, the California Republican Party had fewer registered voters than voters registered with a no party preference option, but that trend reversed in 2020.[7][8]

The California Republican Party is known for its culture-war style politics; the state party platform advocates for a near-total ban on abortion access, banning same-sex marriage, and privatizing education.[9]

Elected officials

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The following is a list of Republican statewide, federal, and legislative officeholders:

Members of Congress

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U.S. Senate

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  • None

Both of California's U.S. Senate seats have been held by Democrats since 1992. John F. Seymour is the last Republican to have represented California in the U.S. Senate. Appointed in 1991 by Pete Wilson who resigned his Class I Senate seat because he was elected governor in 1990, Seymour lost the 1992 special election to Democratic challenger Dianne Feinstein for the remainder of the term expiring in 1995. Feinstein held the seat until her death in 2023. Pete Wilson is the last Republican to have won an election to represent California in the U.S. Senate, when he won in 1988. He is also the last Republican to represent California for a full term in the U.S. Senate from 1983 to 1989.

With the passage of Prop 14 in 2010 setting up a jungle primary system in California, there was a period of 10 years (2012–2022) in which no Republican made the general election for the US Senate, as Republicans were locked out from the general elections in both the 2016 election and the 2018 election.

U.S. House of Representatives

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Out of the 52 seats California is apportioned in the U.S. House of Representatives, 12 are held by Republicans:

Statewide offices

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  • None

California has not had a Republican in a state-wide elected office since January 2011. Republicans were last elected to a statewide office in 2006, when Arnold Schwarzenegger was re-elected as governor and Steve Poizner was elected as insurance commissioner. In 2010, term limits prevented Schwarzenegger from seeking a third term while Poizner chose not to seek re-election as California insurance commissioner, instead making an unsuccessful bid for the Republican nomination for new governor. In 2018, Poizner attempted to run again for his old seat of insurance commissioner, but did so without the affiliation to the Republican Party.

The last Republican to serve as lieutenant governor is Abel Maldonado, who was appointed in 2010 by Schwarzenegger to fill the vacancy when John Garamendi resigned to take a seat in Congress. Maldonado lost his election in 2010 for a full term, and left office in January 2011. The last Republican elected to the position is Mike Curb, who was elected in 1978 and served until January 1983.

The last Republican to serve as Attorney general is Dan Lungren who was elected in 1990, reelected in 1994, and served until January 1999.

The last Republican to serve as Secretary of State is Bruce McPherson who was appointed to the position in 2005 when the previous Secretary of State, Kevin Shelley, resigned. McPherson lost the election for a full term in 2006 and left office in January 2007. The last Republican elected to the position is Bill Jones who was elected in 1994, reelected in 1998 and served until January 2003.

The last Republican to serve as State treasurer is Matt Fong who was elected in 1994 and served until January 1999. Fong chose not to run for re-election to a second term in office in 1998, choosing instead to run unsuccessfully for the US Senate seat.

The last Republican to serve as State controller is Houston I. Flournoy who was elected in 1966, reelected in 1970, and served until January 1975.

The last Republican to serve as the Superintendent of Public Instruction (which is officially a non-partisan position) is Max Rafferty, who was elected in 1962, reelected in 1966, and served until January 1971.

Board of Equalization, State Senate and Assembly

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Board of Equalization

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Republicans hold one of the four non-ex-officio seats on the State Board of Equalization:[10]

State Senate

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Republicans are in the minority, holding nine of the 40 seats in the State Senate. Republicans have been the minority party in the Senate since 1970. California Republicans gained a seat following Alvarado-Gil switching her party.[11]

State Assembly

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Republicans hold 17 of the 80 seats in the State Assembly.[12] The last time the Republicans were the majority party in the Assembly was during 1994–1996.

Mayoral offices

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Of California's ten largest cities, two have Republican mayors as of July 2022:

Rules for presidential primary elections

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How delegates are awarded

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As of the 2024 Republican National Convention, the California Republican Party gets to send 169 delegates to the quadannual Presidential nominating convention, the most of any state party. From the 2004 presidential primary until the 2020 presidential primary, the California Republican Party awarded 3 delegates to the winner of the primary within each one of the state's congressional districts, with the balance (about a dozen delegates) awarded proportionally based on the statewide result.[15]

Ahead of the 2024 National Convention, the state party changed its rules for awarding delegates in order to comply with the rules of the national party (failure to do so would have resulted in a cut of 50% to the number of delegates the state party gets to send to the national convention). Under the new system, delegates are awarded based on the statewide results, rather than results within the individual districts. At the urging of the Donald Trump presidential campaign, the rules were also changed that if a candidate receives more than 50% of the primary votes, the candidate gets 100% of the state's 169 allotted delegates. If no candidate gets 50% of the primary vote, then delegates are awarded proportionally.[16]

Participation of "independent" voters

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Since January 2001, California has had a "modified" closed primary system in which political parties can determine whether or not to allow voters who are not affiliated with any party (i.e. "independent") to participate in the party's primary. The passage of Proposition 14 limited this "modified" closed primary system to primaries for President of the United States, starting with the 2012 primaries. Since the adoption of the "modified" closed primary system, the California Republican Party has allowed "independent" voters to vote in Republican primaries only in 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 (for 2008, the allowance applied to all primaries except for the presidential primary).[17]

Governance

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The California Republican Party is a "political party that has detailed statutory provisions applicable to its operation", which are in division 7, part 3 of the California Elections Code.[18][19] The Republican State Central Committee (RSCC), the governing body of the California Republican Party, functions pursuant to its standing rules and bylaws.[20][21][22] The RSCC works together with the Republican county central committees and district central committees,[22] with county central committees appointing delegates to the RSCC.[23] The regular officers of the RSCC are the chairman, state vice chairman, eight regional vice chairmen, secretary, and treasurer.[24]

County central committees

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There are semi-autonomous county central committees for each of California's 58 counties.[18][22] At every direct primary election (presidential primary) or when district boundaries are redrawn,[25] their members are either elected by supervisor district or Assembly district depending on the county.[26]

County central committees
County party Elected members
Republican Party of Los Angeles County Assembly district committee members elected at the direct primary elections.[27]
Republican Party of San Diego County Six regular members elected from each Assembly district in the county.[28]
Republican Party of Orange County Six members elected from each Assembly district.[29][30]

Party chairs

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Election results

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Presidential

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President Richard Nixon (1969−1974), whose home state was California
President Ronald Reagan (1981−1989), whose home state was California
California Republican Party presidential election results
Election Presidential Ticket Votes Vote % Electoral votes Result[b]
1856 John C. Frémont/William L. Dayton 20,704 18.78%
0 / 4
 Lost
1860 Abraham Lincoln/Hannibal Hamlin 38,733 32.32%
4 / 4
 Won
1864 Abraham Lincoln/Andrew Johnson 62,053 58.60%
5 / 5
 Won
1868 Ulysses S. Grant/Schuyler Colfax 54,588 50.24%
5 / 5
 Won
1872 Ulysses S. Grant/Henry Wilson 54,007 56.38%
6 / 6
 Won
1876 Rutherford B. Hayes/William A. Wheeler 79,258 50.88%
6 / 6
 Won
1880 James A. Garfield/Chester A. Arthur 80,282 48.89%
1 / 6
 Won
1884 James G. Blaine/John A. Logan 102,369 51.97%
8 / 8
 Lost
1888 Benjamin Harrison/Levi P. Morton 124,816 49.66%
8 / 8
 Won
1892 Benjamin Harrison/Whitelaw Reid 118,027 43.78%
1 / 9
 Lost
1896 William McKinley/Garret Hobart 146,688 49.16%
8 / 9
 Won
1900 William McKinley/Theodore Roosevelt 164,755 54.50%
9 / 9
 Won
1904 Theodore Roosevelt/Charles W. Fairbanks 205,226 61.84%
10 / 10
 Won
1908 William Howard Taft/James S. Sherman 214,398 55.46%
10 / 10
 Won
1912 State party ran Theodore Roosevelt/Hiram Johnson (Progressive) 283,610 41.83%
11 / 13
 Lost
1916 Charles E. Hughes/Charles W. Fairbanks 462,516 46.27%
0 / 13
 Lost
1920 Warren G. Harding/Calvin Coolidge 624,992 66.20%
13 / 13
 Won
1924 Calvin Coolidge/Charles G. Dawes 733,250 57.20%
13 / 13
 Won
1928 Herbert Hoover/Charles Curtis 1,162,323 64.69%
13 / 13
 Won
1932 Herbert Hoover/Charles Curtis 847,902 37.39%
0 / 22
 Lost
1936 Alf Landon/Frank Knox 1,766,836 66.95%
0 / 22
 Lost
1940 Wendell Willkie/Charles L. McNary 1,877,618 57.44%
0 / 22
 Lost
1944 Thomas E. Dewey/John W. Bricker 1,988,564 56.48%
0 / 25
 Lost
1948 Thomas E. Dewey/Earl Warren 1,913,134 47.57%
0 / 25
 Lost
1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower/Richard Nixon 3,035,587 56.83%
32 / 32
 Won
1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower/Richard Nixon 3,027,668 55.39%
32 / 32
 Won
1960 Richard Nixon/Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 3,259,722 50.10%
32 / 32
 Lost
1964 Barry Goldwater/William E. Miller 2,879,108 40.79%
0 / 40
 Lost
1968 Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew 3,467,664 47.82%
40 / 40
 Won
1972 Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew 4,602,096 55.00%
45 / 45
 Won
1976 Gerald Ford/Bob Dole 3,882,244 49.35%
45 / 45
 Lost
1980 Ronald Reagan/George H. W. Bush 4,524,858 52.69%
45 / 45
 Won
1984 Ronald Reagan/George H. W. Bush 5,467,009 57.51%
47 / 47
 Won
1988 George H. W. Bush/Dan Quayle 5,054,917 51.13%
47 / 47
 Won
1992 George H. W. Bush/Dan Quayle 3,630,574 32.61%
0 / 54
 Lost
1996 Bob Dole/Jack Kemp 3,828,380 38.21%
0 / 54
 Lost
2000 George W. Bush/Dick Cheney 4,567,429 41.65%
0 / 54
 Won
2004 George W. Bush/Dick Cheney 5,509,826 44.36%
0 / 55
 Won
2008 John McCain/Sarah Palin 5,011,781 36.95%
0 / 55
 Lost
2012 Mitt Romney/Paul Ryan 4,839,958 37.12%
0 / 55
 Lost
2016 Donald Trump/Mike Pence 4,483,810 31.62%
0 / 55
 Won
2020 Donald Trump/Mike Pence 6,006,429 34.32%
0 / 55
 Lost

Gubernatorial

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California Republican Party gubernatorial election results
Election Gubernatorial candidate Votes Vote % Result
1857 Edward Stanly 21,040 22.46% Lost Red XN
1859 Leland Stanford 10,110 9.84% Lost Red XN
1861 Leland Stanford 56,036 46.41% Won Green tickY
1863 Frederick Low 64,283 59.03% Won Green tickY
1867 George Congdon Gorham 40,359 43.71% Lost Red XN
1871 Newton Booth 62,561 52.11% Won Green tickY
1875 Timothy Guy Phelps 31,322 25.48% Lost Red XN
1879 George Clement Perkins 67,965 42.42% Won Green tickY
1882 Morris M. Estee 67,175 40.79% Lost Red XN
1886 John Franklin Swift 84,316 43.10% Lost Red XN
1890 Henry Markham 125,129 49.56% Won Green tickY
1894 Morris M. Estee 110,738 38.92% Lost Red XN
1898 Henry Gage 148,354 51.68% Won Green tickY
1902 George Pardee 146,332 48.06% Won Green tickY
1906 James Gillett 125,887 40.4% Won Green tickY
1910 Hiram Johnson 177,191 45.94% Won Green tickY
1914 John D. Fredericks 271,990 29.35% Lost Red XN
1918 William Stephens 387,547 56.28% Won Green tickY
1922 Friend Richardson 576,445 59.69% Won Green tickY
1926 C. C. Young 814,815 71.22% Won Green tickY
1930 James Rolph Jr. 999,393 72.22% Won Green tickY
1934 Frank Merriam 1,138,629 48.87% Won Green tickY
1938 Frank Merriam 1,171,019 44.17% Lost Red XN
1942 Earl Warren 1,275,237 57.07% Won Green tickY
1946 Earl Warren 2,344,542 91.64% Won Green tickY
1950 Earl Warren 2,461,754 64.86% Won Green tickY
1954 Goodwin Knight 2,290,519 56.83% Won Green tickY
1958 William Knowland 2,110,911 40.16% Lost Red XN
1962 Richard Nixon 2,740,351 46.87% Lost Red XN
1966 Ronald Reagan 3,742,913 57.55% Won Green tickY
1970 Ronald Reagan 3,439,174 52.83% Won Green tickY
1974 Houston Flournoy 2,952,954 47.25% Lost Red XN
1978 Evelle Younger 2,526,534 36.50% Lost Red XN
1982 George Deukmejian 3,881,014 49.28% Won Green tickY
1986 George Deukmejian 4,505,601 60.54% Won Green tickY
1990 Pete Wilson 3,791,904 49.25% Won Green tickY
1994 Pete Wilson 4,781,766 55.18% Won Green tickY
1998 Dan Lungren 3,218,030 38.38% Lost Red XN
2002 Bill Simon 3,169,801 42.40% Lost Red XN
2003 (recall) Arnold Schwarzenegger (best-performing) 4,206,284 48.6% Won Green tickY
2006 Arnold Schwarzenegger 4,850,157 55.88% Won Green tickY
2010 Meg Whitman 4,127,391 40.9% Lost Red XN
2014 Neel Kashkari 2,929,213 40.03% Lost Red XN
2018 John H. Cox 4,742,825 38.05% Lost Red XN
2021 (recall) Larry Elder (best-performing) 3,563,867 48.4% Recall failed
2022 Brian Dahle 4,462,914 40.8% Lost Red XN

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Elected as a Democrat, switched to the Republican Party 20 months into her term
  2. ^ Result of the national electoral vote count

References

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  1. ^ "Report of Registration: Odd-numbererd year report" (PDF). California Secretary of State.
  2. ^ "Beleaguered California Republicans Vote Jessica Patterson New Party Chair". Sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com. February 24, 2019.
  3. ^ Weber, Shirley (October 3, 2023). "Complete Report of Registration" (PDF).
  4. ^ McPhate, Mike (September 14, 2018). "The extraordinary life of Pio Pico, a son of California under 3 nations". California Sun. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c "About CA GOP".
  6. ^ a b Krishnakumar, Priya; Arm; Emamdjomeh; Moore, Maloy. "After decades of Republican victories, here's how California became a blue state again". www.latimes.com. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  7. ^ "Republicans slip to 3rd place, behind independents, as registration choice of Californians", San Francisco Chronicle, June 1, 2018
  8. ^ Siders, David (November 28, 2020). "GOP finds silver lining in Trump's landslide California loss". Politico.
  9. ^ Korte, Lara (September 30, 2023). "California GOP rejects effort to strip abortion, same sex marriage from platform". Politico. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  10. ^ "Board Members". Boe.ca.gov.
  11. ^ "California District 4 Sen. Marie Alvarado-Gil switches to Republican party - CBS Sacramento". www.cbsnews.com. August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.
  12. ^ "Members | Assembly Internet". Assembly.ca.gov.
  13. ^ "Mayor | City of Fresno". Fresno.gov.
  14. ^ "City of Bakersfield – Mayor". Bakersfieldcity.us.
  15. ^ Mehta, Seema (May 11, 2023). "GOP voters in liberal bastions could have outsize role in California's presidential primary". Los Angeles Times.
  16. ^ Mehta, Seema (July 29, 2023). "Tensions flare as California GOP gives Trump a boost by overhauling state primary rules". Los Angeles Times.
  17. ^ "History of Political Parties That Have Adopted Party Rules Regarding No Party Preference Voters". California Secretary of State. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
  18. ^ a b Eu v. San Francisco County Democratic Central Committee (1989), 489 U.S. 214 Archived 2014-03-12 at the Wayback Machine. "The State of California heavily regulates its political parties. … The California Elections Code (Code) provides that the 'official governing bodies' for such a party are its 'state convention,' 'state central committee,' and 'county central committees,' …"
  19. ^ California Elections Code § 7250
  20. ^ California Elections Code § 7350
  21. ^ Standing Rules and Bylaws of the California Republican Party Archived 2014-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, As Amended 6 October 2013.
  22. ^ a b c Bylaws § 1.03
  23. ^ Bylaws § 2.01.01(B)
  24. ^ Bylaws § 2.03.01(A)
  25. ^ California Elections Code § 7420
  26. ^ California Elections Code division 7, part 3, chapter 4, article 1, §§ 7400 et seq.
  27. ^ Bylaws of the Republican Party of Los Angeles County, as amended December 15, 2012, § 2(a)
  28. ^ Bylaws of the Republican Party of San Diego County Archived 2012-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, § 2.01.01(A)(1)
  29. ^ Bylaws of the Republican Party of Orange County Archived 2014-04-11 at the Wayback Machine, As Amended May 20, 2013, Article IV(A)
  30. ^ California Elections Code § 7401
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