Jump to content

Uber

Checked
Page protected with pending changes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Regulatory opposition to Uber)
For other uses, see Über and Uber (disambiguation).

Uber Technologies, Inc.
FormerlyUbercab (2009–2011)
Company typePublic
Industry
FoundedMarch 2009; 15 years ago (2009-03)
Founders
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, U.S.
Area served
70 countries and 10,500 cities worldwide
Key people
Services
RevenueIncrease US$37.281 billion (2023)
Increase US$1.110 billion (2023)
Increase US$1.887 billion (2023)
Total assetsIncrease US$38.699 billion (2023)
Total equityIncrease US$12.028 billion (2023)
Number of employees
30,400 (2023)
Subsidiaries
Websiteuber.com
Footnotes / references
[1]
Uber Taxi

Uber Technologies, Inc. is an American multinational transportation company that provides ride-hailing services, courier services, food delivery, and freight transport.[1] It is headquartered in San Francisco, California, and operates in approximately 70 countries and 10,500 cities worldwide.[1] It is the largest ridesharing company worldwide with over 150 million monthly active users and 6 million active drivers and couriers. It facilitates an average of 28 million trips per day and has facilitated 47 billion trips since its inception in 2010.[2] In 2023, the company had a take rate (revenue as a percentage of gross bookings) of 28.7% for mobility services and 18.3% for food delivery.[2]

Uber classifies its drivers as gig workers or independent contractors, which has drawn criticism and legal challenges because it allows the company to withhold worker protections that it would have been required to provide to employees.[3][4] Studies have shown that, especially in cities where it competes with public transport, Uber contributes to traffic congestion, reduces public transport use, has no substantial impact on vehicle ownership, and increases automobile dependency.[5][6][7] Other controversies involving Uber include various unethical practices such as aggressive lobbying and ignoring/evading local regulations. Some of these conducts were revealed by a leak of documents showing controversial activity between 2013 and 2017 under the leadership of Travis Kalanick.

History

[edit]
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Uber.
Travis Kalanick, former CEO of Uber, in 2013

In 2009, Garrett Camp, a co-founder of StumbleUpon, came up with the idea to create Uber to make it easier and cheaper to procure direct transportation. Camp and Travis Kalanick had spent $800 hiring a private driver on New Year's Eve, which they deemed excessive, and Camp was also inspired by his difficulty in finding a taxi on a snowy night in Paris.[8][9] The prototype of the mobile app was built by Camp and his friends, Oscar Salazar and Conrad Whelan, with Kalanick as the "mega advisor" to the company.[9]

In February 2010, Ryan Graves became the first Uber employee; he was named chief executive officer (CEO) in May 2010. In December 2010, Kalanick succeeded Graves as CEO and Graves became the chief operating officer.[10]

Following a beta launch in May 2010, Uber's services and mobile app launched publicly in San Francisco in 2011.[11][12] Originally, the application only allowed users to hail a black luxury car and the price was approximately 1.5 times that of a taxi.[13] In 2011, the company changed its name from UberCab to Uber after complaints from San Francisco taxicab operators.[14] Kalanick believed that in addition to efficiency, Uber offered elegance because all drivers had fancy black cars. He did not feel that regular cars would be attractive. When Wingz, Inc. launched in 2011 with the first ridesharing website in the world using regular drivers, he felt that Wingz was illegal and contacted authorities to stop regular drivers from giving rides. [15]

The company's early hires included a nuclear physicist, a computational neuroscientist, and a machinery expert who worked on predicting arrival times for Uber's cars more accurately than Google APIs.[8][16] In April 2012, Uber launched a service in Chicago, whereby users were able to request a regular taxi or an Uber driver via its mobile app.[17][18]

In April 2013, after Wingz, Inc. fought to become legal and obtained the first legal ridesharing license in the world, Uber copied this model and added regular drivers with personal vehicles to the UberX platform instead of only commercially-licensed vehicles, but subject to a background check, insurance, registration, and vehicle standards.[19][20][21] In July 2012, Uber had introduced UberX, a cheaper option that allowed drivers to use non-luxury vehicles, but still subject to having a California Public Utilities commercial license.[22][23] By December 2013, the service was operating in 65 cities.[24]

In December 2013, USA Today named Uber its tech company of the year.[25]

In August 2014, Uber launched a shared transport service in the San Francisco Bay Area[26][27] and launched Uber Eats, a food delivery service.[28][29]

Uber logo used from February 2016 until September 2018

In August 2016, facing tough competition, Uber sold its operations in China to DiDi in exchange for an 18% stake in DiDi.[30] DiDi agreed to invest $1 billion in Uber.[31] Uber had started operations in China in 2014, under the name 优步 (Yōubù).[32]

In 2016, Uber acquired Ottomotto, a self-driving truck company founded by Anthony Levandowski, for $625 million. Levandowski, previously employed by Waymo, allegedly founded Ottomotto using trade secrets he stole from Waymo. Uber settled a lawsuit regarding the use of such intellectual property and reached a deal to use Waymo's technology for its freight transport operations.[33][34]

In December 2016, Uber acquired Geometric Intelligence. Geometric Intelligence's 15 person staff formed the initial core of "Uber AI", a division for researching AI technologies and machine learning.[35][36] Uber AI created multiple open source projects, such as Pyro, Ludwig, and Plato. Uber AI also developed new AI techniques and algorithms, such as the POET algorithm and a sequence of papers on neuroevolution. Uber AI was shut down in May 2020.[37][36]

In August 2017, Dara Khosrowshahi, the former CEO of Expedia Group, replaced Kalanick as CEO.[38][39] Earlier in March 2015, as CEO of Expedia Group, Khosrowshahi had led a multimillion equity investment in Wingz, Inc., the first ridesharing company in the world.[40][41]

In February 2018, Uber combined its operations in Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia and Kazakhstan with those of Yandex.Taxi and invested $225 million in the venture.[42] In March 2018, Uber merged its services in Southeast Asia with those of Grab in exchange for a 27.5% ownership stake in Grab.[43][44][45]

Between May 2018 and November 2018, Uber offered Uber Rent powered by Getaround, a peer-to-peer carsharing service available to some users in San Francisco.[46]

In November 2018, Uber became a gold member of the Linux Foundation.[47][48]

In 2018, Uber formed a partnership with Autzu, a Toronto-based ridesharing company. This collaboration provides Uber drivers with the opportunity to rent electric Tesla on an hourly basis.[49][50]

On May 10, 2019, Uber became a public company via an initial public offering.[51]

In the summer of 2019, Uber announced layoffs of 8% of its staff and eliminated the position of COO Barney Harford.[52]

In October 2019, Uber acquired 53% of Cornershop, a provider of grocery delivery services primarily in Latin America.[53][54] In June 2021, it acquired the remaining 47% interest in Cornershop for 29 million shares of Uber.[55]

Between October 2019 and May 2020, Uber offered Uber Works, a mobile app connecting workers who wanted temporary jobs with businesses in Chicago and Miami.[56][57][58]

In January 2020, Uber acquired Careem for $3.1 billion[59] and sold its Indian Uber Eats operations to Zomato.[60]

Also in January 2020, Uber tested a feature that enabled drivers at the Santa Barbara, Sacramento, and Palm Springs airports to set fares based on a multiple of Uber's rates.[61]

In May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Uber announced layoffs of over 14% of its workforce.[62][58]

In June 2020, in its first software as a service partnership, Uber announced that it would manage the on-demand high-occupancy vehicle fleet for Marin Transit, a public bus agency in Marin County, California.[63]

In September 2020, Uber committed to carbon neutrality globally by 2040, and required that, by 2030, in most countries, rides must be offered exclusively in electric vehicles.[64][65][66]

In December 2020, Uber acquired Postmates for $2.65 billion.[67][68][69]

Also in December 2020, Uber sold its Elevate division, which was developing short flights using VTOL aircraft, to Joby Aviation.[70][71]

In January 2021, Uber Advanced Technologies Group (ATG), a joint venture minority-owned by SoftBank Vision Fund, Toyota, and Denso that was developing self-driving cars, was sold to Aurora Innovation for $4 billion in equity and Uber invested $400 million into Aurora.[72][73]

In March 2021, the company moved to a new headquarters on Third Street in Mission Bay, San Francisco, consisting of several 6- and 11-story buildings connected by bridges and walkways.[74]

In October 2021, Uber acquired Drizly, an alcohol delivery service, for $1.1 billion in cash and stock; it was shut down in early 2024.[75][76]

On January 20, 2022, Uber acquired Australian car-sharing company Car Next Door.[77]

On September 15, 2022, Uber discovered a security breach of its internal network by a hacker that utilized social engineering to obtain an employee's credentials and gain access to the company's VPN and intranet. The company said that no sensitive data had been compromised.[78][79]

Controversies

[edit]
Main article: Controversies surrounding Uber

Like other ridesharing companies, the company classifies its drivers as gig workers/independent contractors. This figure has become the subject of legal action in several jurisdictions. The company has disrupted taxicab businesses and allegedly caused an increase in traffic congestion. Ridesharing companies are regulated in many jurisdictions and the Uber platform is not available in several countries where the company is not able or willing to comply with local regulations. Controversies involving Uber include various unethical practices such as aggressive lobbying and ignoring and evading local regulations. Many of these were revealed by a leak of documents showing controversial activity between 2013 and 2017 under the leadership of Travis Kalanick.

Ignoring and evading local regulations

[edit]

Uber has been criticized for its strategy of generally commencing operations in a city without regard for local regulations. If faced with regulatory opposition, Uber called for public support for its service and mounted a political campaign, supported by lobbying, to change regulations.[80] Uber argued that it is "a technology company" and not a taxi company, and therefore it was not subject to regulations affecting taxi companies.[80] Uber's strategy was generally to "seek forgiveness rather than permission".[81] In 2014, with regards to airport pickups without a permit in California, drivers were actually told to ignore local regulations and that the company would pay for any citations.[82] Uber's response to California Assembly Bill 5 (2019), whereby it announced that it would not comply with the law, then engaged lobbyists and mounted an expensive public opinion campaign to overturn it via a ballot, was cited as an example of this policy.[80][83]

More than 124,000 Uber documents covering the five-year period from 2012 to 2017 when Uber was run by its co-founder Travis Kalanick were leaked by Mark MacGann, a lobbyist who "led Uber's efforts to win over governments across Europe, the Middle East and Africa",[84] to The Guardian newspaper and first printed on 10 July 2022 by its Sunday sister The Observer. The documents revealed attempts to lobby Joe Biden, Olaf Scholz and George Osborne; how Emmanuel Macron secretly aided Uber lobbying in France, and use of a kill switch during police raids to conceal data. Travis Kalanick dismissed concerns from other executives that sending Uber drivers to a protest in France put them at risk of violence from angry opponents in the taxi industry, saying "I think it's worth it, violence guarantees success".[85]

Taxi companies sued Uber in numerous American cities, alleging that Uber's policy of violating taxi regulations was a form of unfair competition or a violation of antitrust law.[86] Although some courts did find that Uber intentionally violated the taxi rules, Uber prevailed in every case, including the only case to proceed to trial.[87]

In March 2017, an investigation by The New York Times revealed that Uber developed a software tool called "Greyball" to avoid giving rides to known law enforcement officers in areas where its service was illegal such as in Portland, Oregon, Australia, South Korea, and China. The tool identified government officials using geofencing, mining credit card databases, identifying devices, and searches of social media.[88][89][90] While at first, Uber stated that it only used the tool to identify riders that violated its terms of service, after investigations by Portland, Oregon,[91][92][93] and the United States Department of Justice,[94][95][96] Uber admitted to using the tool to skirt local regulations and promised not to use the tool for that purpose.[97][98] The use of Greyball in London was cited by Transport for London as one of the reasons for its decision not to renew Uber's private hire operator licence in September 2017.[99][100][101] A January 2018 report by Bloomberg News stated that Uber routinely used a "panic button" system, codenamed "Ripley", that locked, powered off and changed passwords on staff computers when those offices were subjected to government raids.[102] Uber allegedly used this button at least 24 times, from spring 2015 until late 2016.[103][104]

Traffic congestion

[edit]

Studies have shown that especially in cities where it competes with public transport, ridesharing contributes to traffic congestion, reduces public transport use, has no substantial impact on vehicle ownership, and increases automobile dependency.[5][105][6][7]

Dead mileage specifically causes unnecessary carbon emissions and traffic congestion.[106] A study published in September 2019 found that taxis had lower rider waiting time and vehicle empty driving time, and thus contribute less to congestion and pollution in downtown areas.[107] However, a 2018 report noted that ridesharing complements public transit.[108] A study published in July 2018 found that Uber and Lyft are creating more traffic and congestion.[109][110][111] A study published in March 2016 found that in Los Angeles and Seattle the passenger occupancy for Uber services is higher than that of taxi services, and concluded that Uber rides reduce congestion on the premise that they replace taxi rides.[112] Studies citing data from 2010 to 2019 found that Uber rides are made in addition to taxi rides, and replace walking, bike rides, and bus rides, in addition to the Uber vehicles having a low average occupancy rate, all of which increases congestion. This increase in congestion has led some cities to levy taxes on rides taken with ridesharing companies.[113] Another study shows that the surge factor pricing mechanism used for ridehailing services are informative for predicting taxi bookings as well, and that taxis incorporating this relative price can improve allocative efficiency and demand prediction.[114]

A study published in July 2017 indicated that the increase in traffic caused by Uber generates collective costs in lost time in congestion, increased pollution, and increased accident risks that can exceed the economy and revenue generated by the service, indicating that, in certain conditions, Uber might have a social cost that is greater than its benefits.[115]

Counter-intelligence research on class action plaintiffs

[edit]

In 2016, Uber hired the global security consulting firm Ergo to secretly investigate plaintiffs involved in a class action lawsuit. Ergo operatives posed as acquaintances of the plaintiff's counsel and tried to contact their associates to obtain information that could be used against them. The result of which was found out causing the judge to throw out evidence obtained as obtained in a fraudulent manner.[116][117]

Sexual harassment allegations and management shakeup (2017)

[edit]

On February 19, 2017, former Uber engineer Susan Fowler published on her website that she was propositioned for sex by a manager and subsequently threatened with termination of employment by another manager if she continued to report the incident. Kalanick was allegedly aware of the complaint.[118][119] On February 27, 2017, Amit Singhal, Uber's Senior Vice President of Engineering, was forced to resign after he failed to disclose a sexual harassment claim against him that occurred while he served as Vice President of Google Search.[120] After investigations led by former attorney general Eric Holder and Arianna Huffington, a member of Uber's board of directors,[121] in June 2017, Uber fired over 20 employees.[122][123] Kalanick took an indefinite leave of absence but, under pressure from investors, he resigned as CEO a week later.[124][125] Also departing the company in June 2017 was Emil Michael, a senior vice president who suggested that Uber hire a team of opposition researchers and journalists, with a million-dollar budget, to "dig up dirt" on the personal lives and backgrounds of journalists who reported negatively on Uber, specifically targeting Sarah Lacy, editor of PandoDaily, who, in an article published in October 2014, accused Uber of sexism and misogyny in its advertising.[126][127][128][129][130][131] In August 2018, Uber agreed to pay a total of $7 million to settle claims of gender discrimination, harassment, and hostile work environment, with 480 employees and former employees receiving $10,700 each and 56 of those employees and former employees receiving an additional $33,900 each.[132] In December 2019, Kalanick resigned from the board of directors of the company and sold his shares.[133][134][135][136]

Delayed disclosure of data breaches

[edit]

On February 27, 2015, Uber admitted that it had suffered a data breach more than nine months prior. Names and license plate information from approximately 50,000 drivers were inadvertently disclosed.[137] Uber discovered this leak in September 2014, but waited more than five months to notify the affected individuals.[138]

An announcement in November 2017 revealed that in 2016, a separate data breach had disclosed the personal information of 600,000 drivers and 57 million customers. This data included names, email addresses, phone numbers, and drivers' license information. Hackers used employees' usernames and passwords that had been compromised in previous breaches (a "credential stuffing" method) to gain access to a private GitHub repository used by Uber's developers. The hackers located credentials for the company's Amazon Web Services datastore in the repository files, and were able to obtain access to the account records of users and drivers, as well as other data contained in over 100 Amazon S3 buckets. Uber paid a $100,000 ransom to the hackers on the promise they would delete the stolen data.[139][140] Uber was subsequently criticized for concealing this data breach.[141] Dara Khosrowshahi publicly apologized.[142][143] In September 2018, in the largest multi-state settlement of a data breach, Uber paid $148 million to the Federal Trade Commission, and admitted that internal access to consumers' personal information was closely monitored on an ongoing basis was false, and stated that it had failed to live up to its promise to provide reasonable security for consumer data.[144] In November 2018, Uber's British divisions were fined £385,000 (reduced to £308,000) by the Information Commissioner's Office.[145]

In 2020, the US Department of Justice announced criminal charges against former Chief Security Officer Joe Sullivan for obstruction of justice. The criminal complaint said Joe Sullivan arranged with Travis Kalanick's knowledge, to pay a ransom for the 2016 breach as a "bug bounty" to conceal its true nature, and for the hackers to falsify non-disclosure agreements to say they had not obtained any data.[146]

Privacy

[edit]

In July 2017, Uber received a five-star privacy rating from the Electronic Frontier Foundation,[147] but was harshly criticized by the group in September 2017 for a controversial policy of tracking customers' locations even after a ride ended, forcing the company to reverse its policy.[148]

In January 2024, Uber was fined 10 million euros ($11 million) by the Dutch Data Protection Authority for violating privacy regulations pertaining to the personal data of its drivers. The authority determined that Uber had failed to provide clear information in its terms and conditions regarding the duration for which it retained drivers' personal data, as well as the measures taken to secure this data when transmitting it to undisclosed entities outside the European Economic Area.[149]

In August 2024, Uber was fined €290m euros ($324 million) by the Dutch Data Protection Authority for transferring the personal data of European drivers to US servers in breach of the GDPR.[150]

Labor

[edit]

In February 2023, Uber drivers went on strike in the US and UK to protest wages and fees. They were joined by drivers from Lyft and DoorDash delivery workers.[151]

Ads and promotions

[edit]

In March 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported a trend of popular service apps like Uber emphasizing higher margin advertising to increase profits. The reporting mentioned Uber personalizing content based on user data and maintain the balance between increasing ad revenue and annoying and turning away customers. It noted that Uber was showing customers one ad per trip and how it tried to implement push alerts before moving away from them given the response from customers.[152]

Finances

[edit]
Uber revenue and net income in billion US$[153]
Year Revenue Net income
2023 37.3 1.887
2022 31.8 −9.1
2021 17.4 −0.4
2020 11.1 −6.7
2019 14.1 −8.5
2018 11.3 1
2017 7.9 −4
2016 5 −3.6
2015 1.7 −1.6
2014 0.4 −0.7

Uber has posted hundreds of millions or billions of dollars in losses each year from 2014 until 2022 except for 2018, when it exited from the markets in Russia, China, and Southeast Asia in exchange for stakes in rival businesses.[154] By the end of 2022, Uber had US$32.11 billion in assets and $24.03 billion in liabilities. Uber posted annual operating profits in 2023, totaling $1.88 billion,[1] after accumulating $31.5 billion in operating losses since 2014.[155]

[edit]
  • An Uber driver in Bogotá, Colombia with the Uber app on a dashboard-mounted smartphone
    An Uber driver in Bogotá, Colombia with the Uber app on a dashboard-mounted smartphone
  • Uber Boat by Thames Clippers on River Thames, London
    Uber Boat by Thames Clippers on River Thames, London

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Uber Technologies, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K Annual Report". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 15, 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Uber Announces Results for Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2023" (Press release). Business Wire. February 7, 2024.
  3. ^ Sainato, Michael (August 27, 2021). "'I don't like being treated like crap': gig workers aim to retool a system they say is rigged". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021.
  4. ^ Luna, Taryn (November 4, 2020). "California voters approve Prop. 22, allowing Uber and Lyft drivers to remain independent contractors". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2021.
  5. ^ a b Wolfe, Sean (July 27, 2018). "Uber and Lyft are creating more traffic and congestion instead of reducing it, according to a new report". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  6. ^ a b Andrew J. Hawkins (August 6, 2019). "Uber and Lyft finally admit they're making traffic congestion worse in cities". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  7. ^ a b Eliot Brown (February 15, 2020). "The Ride-Hail Utopia That Got Stuck in Traffic". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  8. ^ a b Scott, Alec (November 19, 2015). "Co-founding Uber made Calgary-born Garrett Camp a billionaire". Canadian Business. Archived from the original on June 5, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
  9. ^ a b Shontell, Alyson (January 11, 2014). "All Hail The Uber Man! How Sharp-Elbowed Salesman Travis Kalanick Became Silicon Valley's Newest Star". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018.
  10. ^ Balakrishnan, Anita (August 10, 2017). "How Ryan Graves became Uber's first CEO". CNBC.
  11. ^ Lagorio-Chafkin, Christine (January 15, 2014). "How Uber Is Going To Hire 1,000 People This Year". Inc. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018.
  12. ^ Huet, Ellen (December 11, 2014). "Uber's Global Expansion in Five Seconds". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  13. ^ McAlone, Nathan (February 10, 2016). "This is how Uber used to look when it first started out – and how it's changed over time". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  14. ^ O'Brien, Danny (January 13, 2012). "New York cab fleecing holds lesson on data versus intuition". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  15. ^ Canacalis, Jason (August 16, 2011). "Travis Kalanick of Uber minute 1:08:00". This Week in Startups.
  16. ^ Lacy, Sarah (June 15, 2011). "Uber Out-Maths Google on NYC ETAs". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017.
  17. ^ Rao, Leena (April 18, 2012). "Uber Experiments With Lower-Priced Taxis in Chicago Through Newly Launched Labs Group, 'Garage'". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  18. ^ O'Brien, Terrence (April 18, 2012). "Uber tackles Taxis in Chicago with Uber Garage experiment". Engadget. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
  19. ^ Ryan Lawler (April 12, 2013). "Uber Moves Deeper Into Ride Sharing, Promises to Roll Out Services". TechCrunch.
  20. ^ Travis Kalanick (April 12, 2013). "Uber Policy White Paper 1.0: Addressing Regulatory Ambiguity Around Ridesharing Apps". Scribd.com.
  21. ^ Geoffrey Fowler, Wall Street Journal Staff Writer (October 28, 2012). "Taxi Apps Face Bumpy Road". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  22. ^ Hahn, Fritz (December 4, 2012). "Uber opens doors in D.C." The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  23. ^ Hartmans, Avery; Leskin, Paige (May 18, 2019). "The history of how Uber went from the most feared startup in the world to its massive IPO". Business Insider.
  24. ^ Thu, Kelsey Brugger (December 19, 2013). "Uber Taxi App a Fit for Santa Barbara?". Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
  25. ^ Wolff, Michael (December 22, 2013). "Wolff: The tech company of the year is Uber". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
  26. ^ Lawler, Ryan (September 2, 2014). "Uber Opens Up UberPool To All San Francisco Users". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  27. ^ "Lyft and Uber launch carpool-like services in San Francisco". Los Angeles Times. August 6, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
  28. ^ Carson, Biz (March 2, 2016). "Uber's GrubHub killer is finally in the US – here's the inside story on its big bet on food". Business Insider. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  29. ^ Dickey, Megan Rose (January 20, 2016). "Uber's Standalone Food Delivery App Is Coming To The U.S." TechCrunch. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
  30. ^ Crabtree, James (February 9, 2018). "Didi Chuxing took on Uber and won. Now it's taking on the world". Wired. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  31. ^ Issac, Mike (August 26, 2016). "How Uber Lost More Than $1 Billion in the First Half of 2016". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  32. ^ Kirby, William (August 2, 2016). "The Real Reason Uber Is Giving Up in China". Harvard Business Review. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  33. ^ Chappell, Bill (July 31, 2018). "Uber Parks Its Self-Driving Truck Project, Saying It Will Push For Autonomous Cars". NPR. Archived from the original on August 8, 2018.
  34. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (June 7, 2022). "Waymo is teaming up with Uber on autonomous trucking because time really heals all wounds". The Verge.
  35. ^ "Uber Just Bought a Startup You've Never Heard Of. Here's Why That's Important". Fortune. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
  36. ^ a b "Founding Uber AI Labs". Uber Newsroom. December 5, 2016.
  37. ^ Bosa, Deirdre; Feiner, Lauren (May 18, 2020). "Uber to cut 3,000 more jobs". CNBC.
  38. ^ Said, Carolyn (August 28, 2017). "New Uber CEO will face daunting challenges". San Francisco Chronicle.
  39. ^ Flynn, Kerry (August 28, 2017). "Uber's (probable) new CEO is known to be 'fair and nice,' for a change". Mashable.
  40. ^ Jeb Su (January 25, 2016). "Wingz Raises $11 Million To Disrupt Airport Rides, Plans Nationwide Expansion". Forbes.
  41. ^ Lora Kolodny, Wall Street Journal Staff (April 13, 2015). "Wingz Raises $2M to Book Airport Rides for People Who Plan Ahead". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  42. ^ Stubbs, Jack (February 7, 2018). "Uber, Yandex complete ride services merger". Reuters.
  43. ^ "Uber sells South East Asia business to Grab". BBC News. March 26, 2018. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  44. ^ Waters, Richard; Lucas, Louise (March 26, 2018). "Uber exits south-east Asia with sale to rival Grab". Financial Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  45. ^ Keeton-Olsen, Danielle (March 26, 2018). "Grab Officially Takes Control Of Uber's Southeast Asia Operations". Fortune. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  46. ^ Griswold, Alison (November 27, 2018). "Uber shut down its rental car program for Uber riders". Quartz.
  47. ^ Miller, Ron (November 15, 2018). "Uber joins Linux Foundation, cementing commitment to open-source tools". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018.
  48. ^ Sargent, Jenna (November 19, 2018). "SD Times news digest: Alexa-hosted skills, Uber becomes Gold member of the Linux Foundation, and Oasis Devnet". SD Times.
  49. ^ Garsten, Ed. "Tesla-Only Driveshare Company Autzu Expanding To Three Big U.S. Cities With Eye To EV Robocars". Forbes. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
  50. ^ Jones, Ryan. "Uber partnerships with car-rental startups could increase congestion, experts say". CBC.
  51. ^ Driebusch, Corrie; Farrell, Maureen (May 10, 2019). "Uber IPO Stumbles, Stock Trades Below Offering Price". The Wall Street Journal.
  52. ^ Abril, Danielle (September 10, 2019). "Uber Makes a Second Round of Employee Cuts, Laying Off 435 From the Engineering and Product Teams". Fortune.
  53. ^ Conger, Kate (October 11, 2019). "Uber Acquires Cornershop, a Grocery Delivery Start-Up". The New York Times.
  54. ^ Thakker, Krishna (October 14, 2019). "Uber to acquire international grocery delivery startup". Industry Dive.
  55. ^ Alamalhodaei, Aria (June 21, 2021). "Uber to become the sole owner of grocery delivery startup Cornershop". TechCrunch.
  56. ^ "Uber launches app aimed at connecting workers with businesses". Reuters. October 3, 2019.
  57. ^ Wile, Rob (December 18, 2019). "Uber is about to provide a lot more gig opportunities in Miami-Dade". Miami Herald.
  58. ^ a b Rana, Preetika (May 18, 2020). "Uber Cuts 3,000 More Jobs, Shuts 45 Offices in Coronavirus Crunch". The Wall Street Journal.
  59. ^ Singh, Pradeep (January 6, 2020). "[Big News] Uber closes the acquisition of Middle-Eastern rival Careem for $3.1 Billion". LAFFAZ. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  60. ^ Singh, Manish (January 20, 2020). "Uber sells food delivery business in India to Zomato". TechCrunch.
  61. ^ McFarland, Matt (January 21, 2020). "Uber Tests Feature Letting Some California Drivers Set Their Own Rates". CNN.
  62. ^ Heater, Brian (May 6, 2020). "Uber is laying off 3,700 as rides plummet due to COVID-19". TechCrunch.
  63. ^ Korosec, Kirsten (June 17, 2020). "Uber pushes into on-demand public transit with its first SaaS partnership". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  64. ^ Khosrowshahi, Dara (September 8, 2020). "Driving a Green Recovery". Uber.
  65. ^ Shieber, Jonathan (September 8, 2020). "Committing to a fully zero-emission fleet by 2040, Uber is dedicating $800 million to electrifying its drivers". TechCrunch.
  66. ^ Kelley, Alexandra (September 9, 2020). "Uber pledges net-zero emissions by 2040". The Hill.
  67. ^ "Uber Completes Acquisition of Postmates" (Press release). Business Wire. December 1, 2020.
  68. ^ Etherington, Darrell (December 1, 2020). "Uber officially completes Postmates acquisition". TechCrunch.
  69. ^ Sumagaysay, Levi (December 1, 2020). "Uber completes Postmates acquisition, boosting its place in food delivery". MarketWatch.
  70. ^ Neate, Rupert (December 9, 2020). "Uber sells loss-making flying taxi division to Joby Aviation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.
  71. ^ Schubarth, Cromwell (December 8, 2020). "A day after selling self-driving unit, Uber's offloading air taxi wing to Joby Aviation". American City Business Journals.
  72. ^ Hu, Krystal; Bellon, Tina; Lee, Jane Lanhee (December 7, 2020). "Uber sells ATG self-driving business to Aurora at $4 billion". Reuters.
  73. ^ Mericle, Julia (January 19, 2021). "Aurora closes acquisition of Uber ATG, forms partnership with PACCAR". American City Business Journals.
  74. ^ Vacar, Tom (March 29, 2021). "Uber opens new San Francisco Mission Bay headquarters". KTVU.
  75. ^ Mehta, Ivan (January 16, 2024). "Uber is closing alcohol delivery service Drizly three years after acquisition". TechCrunch.
  76. ^ "Cheers! Uber Completes Acquisition of Drizly" (Press release). Business Wire. October 13, 2021.
  77. ^ Ross, David (January 20, 2022). "Uber buys Australian car-sharing tech start up Car Next Door". The Australian.
  78. ^ Fingas, Jon (September 16, 2022). "Uber finds 'no evidence' that sensitive user data was stolen in hack". Engadget. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  79. ^ "Uber investigating hack on its computer systems". BBC News. September 16, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  80. ^ a b c Ongweso, Edward Jr.; Koebler, Jason (September 11, 2019). "Uber Became Big by Ignoring Laws (and It Plans to Keep Doing That)". Vice Media.
  81. ^ Edelman, Benjamin (June 21, 2017). "Uber Can't Be Fixed — It's Time for Regulators to Shut It Down". Harvard Business Review.
  82. ^ Kirchner, Elyce; Paredes, David (October 6, 2014). "Uber and Lyft Drivers Told to Ignore Regulations: Companies Pay Airport Citations for Drivers". KNTV.
  83. ^ SAMMON, ALEXANDER (September 12, 2019). "Uber Goes Back to Basics: Violating the Law". The American Prospect.
  84. ^ Lewis, Paul; Davies, Harry; O'Carroll, Lisa; Goodley, Simon; Lawrence, Felicity (July 11, 2022). "The Uber whistleblower: I'm exposing a system that sold people a lie". The Guardian.
  85. ^ Davies, Harry; Goodley, Simon; Lawrence, Felicity; Lewis, Paul; O'Carroll, Lisa (July 10, 2022). "Uber broke laws, duped police and built secret lobbying operation, leak reveals". The Observer.
  86. ^ Larkin, Emilee (August 6, 2021). "Boston cab drivers lose battle with Uber at First Circuit". Courthouse News Service.
  87. ^ "John Greil, The Unfranchised Competitor Doctrine, 66 Villanova Law Review 357, 377 (2021)". digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
  88. ^ Isaac, Mike (March 3, 2017). "How Uber Deceives the Authorities Worldwide". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017.
  89. ^ Somerville, Heather (March 8, 2017). "Uber prohibits use of 'Greyball' technology to evade authorities". Reuters.
  90. ^ Timberg, Craig; Fung, Brian (March 3, 2017). "Uber's secret 'Greyball' program shows just how far it will go to get its way". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 30, 2017.
  91. ^ Njus, Elliot (March 6, 2017). "Portland to investigate Uber's 'Greyball' scheme to thwart regulators". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018.
  92. ^ "Transportation Network Companies: Regulation Evasion Audit". Portland Bureau of Transportation. April 28, 2017. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017.
  93. ^ Njus, Elliot (April 27, 2017). "Portland may subpoena Uber over regulator-dodging 'Greyball' software". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018.
  94. ^ Levine, Dan; Menn, Joseph (May 5, 2017). "Exclusive: Uber faces criminal probe over software used to evade authorities". Reuters.
  95. ^ Isaac, Mike (May 4, 2017). "Uber Faces Federal Inquiry Over Use of Greyball Tool to Evade Authorities". The New York Times.
  96. ^ Isaac, Mike (May 5, 2017). "Justice Department Expands Its Inquiry Into Uber's Greyball Tool". The New York Times.
  97. ^ della Cava, Marco (March 8, 2017). "Uber admits its ghost driver 'Greyball' tool was used to thwart regulators, vows to stop". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 28, 2017.
  98. ^ Sullivan, Joe (March 8, 2017). "An update on "greyballing"". Uber. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017.
  99. ^ "TFL decision on Uber London Limited" (Press release). Transport for London. September 22, 2017.
  100. ^ "Uber has lost its licence to operate in London". Business Insider. September 22, 2017.
  101. ^ "Uber to begin appeal over London licence". BBC News. June 25, 2018.
  102. ^ Zaleski, Olivia; Newcomer, Eric (January 11, 2018). "Uber's Secret Tool for Keeping the Cops in the Dark". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018.
  103. ^ Matousek, Mark (January 11, 2018). "Uber reportedly disrupted government investigations for almost 2 years with a 'secret' system called 'Ripley'". Business Insider. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018.
  104. ^ Solon, Olivia (January 11, 2018). "Uber developed secret system to lock down staff computers in a police raid". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 11, 2018.
  105. ^ Transport for London (2019). "Travel in London Report 12". p. 116. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  106. ^ Song, Victoria (April 26, 2021). "Rideshares Are Increasing Traffic Jams and Making Them Longer, Study Finds". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  107. ^ Zhang, Ruda; Ghanem, Roger (September 27, 2019). "Demand, Supply, and Performance of Street-Hail Taxi". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 21 (10): 4123–4132. arXiv:1909.12861. Bibcode:2019arXiv190912861Z. doi:10.1109/TITS.2019.2938762. S2CID 203593159.
  108. ^ Hall, Jonathan D.; Palsson, Craig; Price, Joseph (November 1, 2018). "Is Uber a substitute or complement for public transit?" (PDF). Journal of Urban Economics. 108: 36–50. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2018.09.003. ISSN 0094-1190. S2CID 31480082. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  109. ^ Wolfe, Sean (July 27, 2018), Uber and Lyft are creating more traffic and congestion instead of reducing it, according to a new report, Business Insider, archived from the original on October 19, 2020, retrieved December 17, 2018
  110. ^ Transport for London (2019), Travel in London Report 12, p. 116, archived from the original on October 27, 2021, retrieved October 30, 2021
  111. ^ Hawkins, Andrew J. (August 6, 2019), Uber and Lyft finally admit they're making traffic congestion worse in cities, The Verge, archived from the original on October 27, 2021, retrieved October 30, 2021
  112. ^ Cramer, Judd (March 2016), "Disruptive Change in the Taxi Business: The Case of Uber", National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Series 22083, doi:10.3386/w22083
  113. ^ Eliot Brown (February 15, 2020), The Ride-Hail Utopia That Got Stuck in Traffic, Wall Street Journal, archived from the original on October 26, 2021, retrieved October 30, 2021
  114. ^ Agarwal, Sumit; Charoenwong, Ben; Cheng, Shih-Fen; Keppo, Jussi (March 2022). "The impact of ride-hail surge factors on taxi bookings". Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 136 (March). doi:10.1016/j.trc.2021.103508. SSRN 3157378.
  115. ^ Pinheiro, Rafael Lemieszek (2017). "Intelligence is Open: Smart City versus Open City". PlaNext – Next Generation Planning. 4: 8–26. doi:10.24306/plnxt.2017.04.002. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  116. ^ Brandom, Russel; Hawkins, Andrew (July 10, 2016). "How Uber secretly investigated its legal foes — and got caught". theverge.com. The Verge. Retrieved July 18, 2022. By the end of the week, Henley was on the phone with a corporate research firm called Ergo, also known as Global Precision Research LLC, asking for help with "a sensitive, very under-the-radar investigation." After a few emails, Henley worked out the terms of the deal with an Ergo executive named Todd Egeland. It would be a "level two" investigation, the middle of the three levels of work offered by Ergo. It would be drawn from seven source interviews conducted over the course of 10 days, for which Uber would pay $19,500. As with any Ergo investigation, the confidentiality of the client was paramount, and sources were never meant to know who was paying for the research. "We do quite a bit of this work for law firms," Egeland reassured him. (Ergo did not respond to requests for comment.)
  117. ^ Hiltzik, Michael (June 10, 2016). "Column: How sleazy is Uber? This federal judge wants to know". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 22, 2022. As it turns out, it was them. Uber confessed in February that it had hired the security firm Ergo to investigate Mayer and his lawyers. In fact, Meyer's lawyers say Ergo's investigative report was circulating in Uber's offices and may have been in the hands of the company's general counsel, Salle Yoo, on January 20, the very day the company's lawyers were saying "it is not us."
  118. ^ Fowler, Susan (February 19, 2017). "Reflecting on one very, very strange year at Uber".
  119. ^ Kosoff, Maya (February 20, 2017). "Uber C.E.O. Orders "Urgent Investigation" into Sexual Harassment Allegations". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on July 13, 2017.
  120. ^ Isaac, Mike (February 27, 2017). "Amit Singhal, Uber Executive Linked to Old Harassment Claim, Resigns". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017.
  121. ^ Overly, Steven (February 21, 2017). "Uber hires Eric Holder to investigate sexual harassment claims". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017.
  122. ^ Solon, Olivia (June 7, 2016). "Uber fires more than 20 employees after sexual harassment investigation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on June 7, 2017.
  123. ^ Marinova, Polina (June 6, 2017). "Uber Fires More Than 20 Employees After Harassment Investigation: Report". Fortune. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017.
  124. ^ Isaac, Mike (June 21, 2017). "Uber Founder Travis Kalanick Resigns as C.E.O.". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017.
  125. ^ Segall, Laurie (June 21, 2017). "Travis Kalanick resigns as Uber CEO after months of crisis". CNN. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018.
  126. ^ Lacy, Sarah (October 22, 2014). "The horrific trickle down of Asshole culture: Why I've just deleted Uber from my phone". PandoDaily. Archived from the original on September 10, 2018.
  127. ^ Smith, Ben (November 17, 2014). "Uber Executive Suggests Digging Up Dirt On Journalists". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on September 17, 2017.
  128. ^ Isaac, Mike (November 18, 2014). "Uber Executive Proposes Digging into Journalists' Private Lives". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018.
  129. ^ Lacy, Sarah (November 17, 2014). "The moment I learned just how far Uber will go to silence journalists and attack women". PandoDaily. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018.
  130. ^ Lacy, Sarah (November 14, 2017). "Uber Executive Said the Company Would Spend 'A Million Dollars' to Shut Me Up". Time. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018.
  131. ^ Griswold, Alison (June 12, 2017). "Uber's most scandal-ridden exec is out – and it's not Travis Kalanick". Quartz. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018.
  132. ^ O'Brien, Sara Ashley (August 22, 2018). "Uber to pay 56 workers $1.9 million for harassment and discrimination claims". CNN. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018.
  133. ^ Palmer, Annie (December 24, 2019). "Travis Kalanick severs all ties with Uber, departing board and selling all his shares". CNBC.
  134. ^ Conger, Kate (December 24, 2019). "Uber Founder Travis Kalanick Leaves Board, Severing Last Tie". The New York Times.
  135. ^ Brown, Eliot (December 24, 2019). "Uber Co-Founder Travis Kalanick Departs Board, Sells All His Shares". The Wall Street Journal.
  136. ^ LEE, TIMOTHY B. (December 24, 2019). "Travis Kalanick quits Uber's board, sells off all his Uber stock". Ars Technica.
  137. ^ Guess, Megan (February 28, 2015). "50,000 Uber driver names, license plate numbers exposed in a data breach". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016.
  138. ^ Taylor, Colleen (February 22, 2015). "Uber Database Breach Exposed Information Of 50,000 Drivers, Company Confirms". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017.
  139. ^ Lee, Dave (November 22, 2017). "Uber concealed huge data breach". BBC News. Archived from the original on June 25, 2018.
  140. ^ Farivar, Cyrus (November 21, 2017). "Hackers hit Uber in 2016: data on 57 million riders, drivers stolen". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017.
  141. ^ Wong, Julia Carrie (November 22, 2017). "Uber faces slew of investigations in wake of 'outrageous' data hack cover-up". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017.
  142. ^ "Uber Paid Hackers to Delete Stolen Data on 57 Million People". Bloomberg News. November 21, 2017. Archived from the original on November 21, 2017.
  143. ^ Liedtke, Michael (November 22, 2017). "Uber reveals coverup of hack affecting 57M riders, drivers". Financial Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018.
  144. ^ Al-Muslim, Aisha (September 26, 2018). "Uber to Pay $148 Million Penalty to Settle 2016 Data Breach". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018.
  145. ^ "Monetary Penalty Notice (Uber)" (PDF). Information Commissioner's Office. November 27, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2018.
  146. ^ BOND, SHANNON (August 20, 2020). "Former Uber Executive Charged With Paying 'Hush Money' To Conceal Massive Breach". NPR.
  147. ^ Reitman, Rainey (July 10, 2017). "Who Has Your Back? Government Data Requests 2017". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018.
  148. ^ Gebhart, Kurt Opsahl and Gennie (September 18, 2017). "In A Win For Privacy, Uber Restores User Control Over Location-Sharing". Electronic Frontier Foundation.
  149. ^ "Dutch watchdog fines Uber 10 mln euros over privacy regulations infringement | Reuters". Reuters.
  150. ^ Hafsa Khalil (August 26, 2024). "Uber fined €290m for personal data transfer". BBC News.
  151. ^ "Date night strike: Thousands of US, UK delivery, ride-hailing drivers stop work on Valentine's Day". AP News. February 14, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  152. ^ Rana, Preetika. "Uber and Instacart Are Showing More Ads in Their Apps. Not All Customers Like It". WSJ. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  153. ^ "Uber Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)", Business of Apps, February 20, 2023, retrieved February 28, 2023
  154. ^ Jon Russell (April 12, 2019), "Uber has already made billions from its exits in China, Russia and Southeast Asia", TechCrunch
  155. ^ Richard Waters (August 1, 2023), "Uber makes first operating profit after racking up $31.5bn of losses", Financial Times

Further reading

[edit]

Scholarly papers

Books

Further viewing

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uber (company).
Wikinews has news related to:
  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Business data for Uber Technologies, Inc.:
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uber&oldid=1257067532#Regulatory_opposition"