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Reefer Madness

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This article is about the 1936 film. For other uses, see Reefer Madness (disambiguation).

Reefer Madness
1972 theatrical release poster
Directed byLouis J. Gasnier
Screenplay byArthur Hoerl
Story byLawrence Meade
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyJack Greenhalgh
Edited byCarl Pierson
Music byAbe Meyer
Production
company
G&H Productions
Distributed byMotion Picture Ventures
Release date
  • 1936 (1936)
Running time
68 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$100,000
(about $2,175,000 in 2024)
Box office$1,443,000 (1970 reissue)[1]

Reefer Madness (originally made as Tell Your Children and sometimes titled The Burning Question, Dope Addict, Doped Youth, and Love Madness) is a 1936 American exploitation film about drugs, revolving around the melodramatic events that ensue when high school students are lured by pushers to try marijuana – upon trying it, they become addicted, eventually leading them to become involved in various crimes such as a hit and run accident, manslaughter, murder, conspiracy to murder and attempted rape. While all this is happening, they suffer hallucinations, descend into insanity, associate with organized crime and (in one character's case) commit suicide. The film was directed by Louis J. Gasnier and featured a cast of mainly little-known actors.

Originally financed by a church group under the title Tell Your Children, the film was intended to be shown to parents as a morality tale attempting to teach them about the dangers of cannabis use.[2] Soon after the film was shot, it was purchased by producer Dwain Esper, who re-cut the film for distribution on the exploitation film circuit, exploiting vulgar interest while escaping censorship under the guise of moral guidance, beginning in 1938–1939 through the 1940s and 1950s.[2]

The film was "rediscovered" in the early 1970s and gained new life as an unintentional satire among advocates of cannabis policy reform.[2][3] Critics have called it one of the worst films ever made, and it has gained a cult following within cannabis culture.[4][5] Today, it is in the public domain in the United States.[3]

Plot

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Mae Coleman and Jack Perry are an unmarried couple who live together (in the jargon of the times, they live in sin) who sell marijuana. The unscrupulous Jack sells the drug to teenagers over Mae's objections; she would rather stick to an adult clientele. Ralph Wiley, a sociopathic college dropout turned dealer, and siren Blanche help Jack recruit new customers. Ralph and Jack lure high school student Bill Harper and college student Jimmy Lane to Mae and Jack's apartment. Jimmy takes Bill to a party where Jack runs out of reefer, and Jimmy, who has a car, drives him to pick up more. When they get to Jack's boss' "headquarters", Jimmy asks for a cigarette as Jack gets out and he gives him a joint. By the time Jack returns, Jimmy is unknowingly high; he drives away recklessly and hits a pedestrian. A few days later, Jack tells Jimmy that the man died of his injuries and agrees to keep Jimmy's name out of the case – if Jimmy will agree to "forget he was ever in Mae's apartment." As the police did not have enough specific details to track Jimmy down, he indeed escapes punishment.

Ralph is arrested for Jack's murder.

Bill, whose once-pristine record at school has rapidly declined, has a fling with Blanche while high. Mary, Jimmy's sister and Bill's girlfriend, goes to Mae's apartment looking for Jimmy and accepts a joint from Ralph, thinking it's a regular cigarette. When she refuses Ralph's advances, he tries to rape her. Bill comes out of the bedroom and, still high, hallucinates that Mary is willingly offering herself to Ralph and attacks the latter. As the two are fighting, Jack knocks Bill unconscious with the butt of his gun, which inadvertently fires, killing Mary. Jack puts the gun in Bill's hand, framing him for Mary's death by claiming he blacked out. The dealers lie low for a while in Blanche's apartment while Bill's trial takes place. Over the objections of a skeptical juror, Bill is found guilty.

By now Ralph is paranoid from both marijuana and his guilty conscience. Blanche is also high; she plays the piano at an increasingly rapid tempo as Ralph eggs her on. The boss tells Jack to shoot Ralph to prevent him from confessing, but when Jack arrives, Ralph immediately recognizes the threat and beats him to death with a stick as Blanche laughs uncontrollably in terror. The police arrest Ralph, Mae, and Blanche. Mae's confession leads to the boss and other gang members also being arrested. Blanche explains that Bill was innocent and agrees to serve as a material witness for the case against Ralph, but instead, she jumps out of a window and falls to her death, traumatized by her own adultery and its role in Mary's death. Bill's conviction is overturned, and Ralph, now nearly catatonic, is sent to an asylum for the criminally insane for the rest of his natural life.

The film's story is told in bracketing sequences, at a lecture given at a PTA meeting by high school principal Dr. Alfred Carroll. At the film's end, he tells the parents he has been told that events similar to those he has described are likely to happen again, then points to random parents in the audience and warns that "the next tragedy may be that of your daughter... or your son... or yours or yours..." before pointing straight at the camera and saying emphatically, "... or yours!" as the words "TELL YOUR CHILDREN" appear on the screen.

Cast

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Reefer Madness
Reefer Madness, 1938 release

Production and history

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"If you want a good smoke, try one of these."

In 1936 or 1938,[6] Tell Your Children was financed and made by a church group and intended to be shown to parents as a morality tale attempting to teach them about the dangers of cannabis use.[2][3] It was originally produced by George Hirliman;[7] however, some time after the film was made, it was purchased by exploitation filmmaker Dwain Esper, who inserted salacious shots.[2] In 1938[8][9] or 1939,[10][11] Esper began distributing it on the exploitation circuit[2] where it was originally released in at least four territories, each with its own title for the film:[12] the first territory to screen it was the South, where it went by Tell Your Children (1938 or 1939).[13] West of Denver, Colorado, the film was generally known as Doped Youth (1940).[13] In New England, it was known as Reefer Madness (1940[13] or 1947),[6] while in the Pennsylvania/West Virginia territory it was called The Burning Question (1940).[12][13] The film was then screened all over the country during the 1940s under these various titles and Albert Dezel of Detroit eventually bought all rights in 1951 for use in roadshow screenings throughout the 1950s.[13]

Such education-exploitation films were common in the years following adoption of the stricter version of the Production Code in 1934. Other films included Esper's own earlier Marihuana (1936) and Elmer Clifton's Assassin of Youth (1937)[14] and the subject of cannabis was particularly popular in the hysteria surrounding Anslinger's 1937 Marihuana Tax Act, a year after Reefer Madness.[15]

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The concept of aftermarket films in film distribution had not yet been developed, especially for films that existed outside the confines of the studio system, and were therefore considered "forbidden fruit." For this reason, neither Esper nor original producer George Hirliman bothered to protect the film's copyright; it thus had an improper copyright notice invalidating the copyright.[16] Over 30 years later, in the spring of 1972, the founder of NORML, Keith Stroup, found a copy of the film in the Library of Congress archives and bought a print for $297.[17][18] As part of a fundraising campaign, NORML showed Reefer Madness on college campuses up and down California, asking a $1 donation for admission and raising $16,000 (equivalent to $117,000 in 2023) toward support for the California Marijuana Initiative, a political group that sought to legalize marijuana in the 1972 fall elections.[18] Robert Shaye of New Line Cinema eventually heard about the underground hit and went to see it at the Bleecker Street Cinema.[16] He noticed the film carried an improper copyright notice and realized it was in the public domain.[16] Seeking material for New Line's college circuit, he was able to obtain an original copy from a collector and began distributing the film nationally, "making a small fortune for New Line."[16]

In 2004, Legend Films restored and colorized a print of the film,[19] featuring intentionally unrealistic color schemes that add to the film's campy humor. The smoke from the "marihuana" was made to appear green, blue, orange and purple, each person's colored smoke representing their mood and the different "levels of 'addiction'". Film Freak Central criticized the colorization, writing that the color choices would better suit a film about LSD than a film about cannabis.[20]

Reception and legacy

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Reefer Madness is considered to be a cult classic and one of the most popular examples of a midnight movie. Its fans enjoy the film for the same unintentionally campy production values that made it a hit in the 1970s.[3]

The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 39% approval rating with an average rating of 4.4/10 based on 26 reviews.[21] Metacritic, on the other hand, assigned a score of 70 out of 100, based on 4 critics, which suggests "generally favorable reviews".[22]

The Los Angeles Times has claimed that Reefer Madness was the first film that a generation embraced as "the worst."[5] Leonard Maltin has called it "the granddaddy of all 'Worst' movies."[23] Las Vegas CityLife named it the "worst ever" runner-up to Plan 9 from Outer Space.[24]

Adaptations and parodies

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Main articles: Reefer Madness (musical) and Reefer Madness: The Movie Musical

The song "Reefer Madness" by space rock band Hawkwind is featured on their 1976 album Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music.

A 1992 stage adaptation by Sean Abley first opened in Chicago.[25]

Clips from the film appear in the video for "Smoke the Sky", a song by American rock band Mötley Crüe from their self-titled 1994 album, with lyrics concerning marijuana use.

The film was satirized in an eponymous 1998 stage musical, later adapted as a 2005 television movie musical featuring Alan Cumming, Kristen Bell, Christian Campbell, and Ana Gasteyer.

The colorized DVD release featured a comedic audio commentary by writer, comedian and actor Michael J. Nelson of Mystery Science Theater 3000 and RiffTrax (later Mike would be joined by Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett in live and studio versions).[26][27][28]

The video game L.A. Noire includes a case, available as DLC, titled "Reefer Madness", centered around LAPD Detective Lieutenant Cole Phelps investigating a conspiracy by Mexican pushers and a crooked factory owner to sell marijuana by hiding it in soup cans, before raiding the headquarters of the pushers' "boss" and busting the operation.

The interlude of the song "It Could Be Better" by singer Left at London features a sample of the movie.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Donahue, Suzanne Mary (1987). American film distribution : the changing marketplace. UMI Research Press. p. 296. ISBN 9780835717762. Please note figures are for rentals in US and Canada
  2. ^ a b c d e f Murphy, Kevin; Studney, Dan. "The history of Reefer Madness". Archived from the original on March 28, 2006. Retrieved November 7, 2006.
  3. ^ a b c d Peary, Danny (1981). Cult Movies. New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 203–205. ISBN 0440016266.
  4. ^ "Reefer Madness (1936)". AMC (TV channel). Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  5. ^ a b Stemme, Joe (September 4, 2005). "What's the Worst Movie Ever?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  6. ^ a b Peter Howell (April 15, 2004). "Nip Reefer In The Bud". The Toronto Star. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  7. ^ "Tell Your Children (full credits)". Turner Classic Movies (via American Film Institute catalog). Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  8. ^ "Reefer Madness (1938)". Public Domain Review. Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  9. ^ "Tell Your Children (Original Print Information)". Turner Classic Movies (via American Film Institute catalog). Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  10. ^ Ernest Mathijs (2007). The Cult Film Reader. McGraw-Hill International. p. 127. ISBN 9780335219230. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  11. ^ Bryan Senn (1996). Golden horrors: an illustrated critical filmography of terror cinema, 1931–1939. McFarland. p. 408. ISBN 9780786401758. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  12. ^ a b "1930-1945". Peter's Movie Posters. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Reefer Madness Questions". Poverty Row Horrors. April 3, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
  14. ^ Hall, Wayne; Yeates, Sarah (2021). "Reefer Madness: An undeserved classic movie". Addiction. 116 (4): 963–969. doi:10.1111/add.15258.
  15. ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Catlin, Roger. "Before Reefer Madness, High Times and 4/20, There Was the Marijuana Revenue Stamp". Smithsonian Magazine.
  16. ^ a b c d Shaye, Robert (May 22, 2003). "Graduation 2003". Archived from the original on August 7, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  17. ^ Schaefer, Eric (1999). "Bold! Daring! Shocking! True!": A History of Exploitation Films, 1919–1959. Duke University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0822323745.
  18. ^ a b Patrick Anderson (1981). "Chapter 5". High in America: The True Story Behind NORML and the Politics of Marijuana. Viking Press.
  19. ^ "DVD Talk". www.dvdtalk.com.
  20. ^ Hoover, Travis Mackenzie, Reefer Madness (DVD review), Film Freak Central, retrieved December 23, 2006.
  21. ^ "Reefer Madness (Tell Your Children) (Doped Youth)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  22. ^ "Reefer Madness". Metacritic. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  23. ^ Maltin, Leonard (2003). Leonard Maltin's Movie and Video Guide 2004. Signet. ISBN 0451209400.
  24. ^ Stemme, Joe (September 24, 2009). "What's the Worst Movie Ever?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 3, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  25. ^ "Reefer Madness by Sean Abley | Playscripts Inc". www.playscripts.com.
  26. ^ "Amazon". April 20, 2004. ASIN B00018D3XM. Retrieved December 23, 2006.
  27. ^ "Reefer Madness - Three Riffer Edition!". September 19, 2014 – via www.rifftrax.com.
  28. ^ "RiffTrax Live: Reefer Madness". September 19, 2014 – via www.rifftrax.com.
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