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Not to be confused with Return migration.
A banner advocating "remigration" during an anti-immigration protest in Calais, France, in 2015

Remigration,[1] also called repatriation,[2][3] is a far-right and Identitarian political concept referring to the forced or promoted return of non-ethnically European immigrants, often including their descendants who were born in Europe, back to their place of racial origin, typically with no regard for their citizenship.[4][5] It is popular especially within the Identitarian movement in Europe.[6][7] Some proponents of remigration suggest excluding some residents with non-European background from such a mass deportation, based on a varyingly-defined degree of assimilation into European culture.[8][9][10]

Advocates of remigration promote the concept in pursuit of ethno-cultural homogeneity.[10] According to Deutsche Welle, ethnopluralism, the Nouvelle Droite concept that different ethnicities require their own segregated living spaces, creates a need for remigration of people with "foreign roots".[11] Scholar José Ángel Maldonado has compared the idea to a "soft type of ethnic cleansing under the guise of deportation and segregation".[12]

Presented by far-right extremists as a remedy to mass immigration and the perceived Islamisation of Europe, remigration has increasingly become an integral policy position of the Identitarian movement.[13][14] Research from the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, conducted in April 2019, showed a distinct rise in conversations about remigration on Twitter between 2012 and 2019.[15] Twitter, now-owned by Elon Musk, and Telegram have been at the forefront of spreading the term into the mainstream.[16]

Wider usage

[edit]
Look up remigration in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The term remigration stems from Classical Latin remigrāre, "to return home", and was first used in English in the writings of Andrew Willet, an early 17th century Church of England theologian.[17] It originally refers to the voluntary return of an immigrant to their place of origin and is still used as such in social science,[18][19][20][21] like the return of European Jews after World War II.[16]

Origins and development

[edit]

Early evocations of the modern far-right concept of remigration can be found in French 1960s movements such as Europe-Action,[22] considered the "embryonic form" of the Nouvelle Droite.[23][24] Jean-Pierre Stirbois, then General Secretary of the National Front (FN), was the first to coin the expression "we will send them back" ('on les renverra') in an interview.[25] He was the architect of the first electoral breakthrough of the FN in 1983, earning nearly 17% of the votes in the city of Dreux with the promise of "inverting the migratory flows".[26] The idea is also expressed in the German slogan "Deutschland den Deutschen, Ausländer raus" ('Germany to Germans, foreigners out'),[27] and in the motto of L'Œuvre Française "La France aux Français" ('France to the French').[28]

Since the 2010s, the Identitarian movement has engaged in forms of agitprop, or "cultural struggle", in an attempt to push remigration towards the centre of the political debate.[29] The term is closely related to the concept of the Great Replacement, which states that the white Christian European population is being progressively replaced with non-European populations, specifically from North Africa and the Middle East, through mass migration, demographic growth, and a European drop in the birth rate.[30][31]

Proponents of remigration often use the historical example of the expulsion of Pieds-Noirs from Algeria in 1962 as a successful past instance of organized forced remigration,[32][33] even though the exodus is described by some historians as an ethnic cleansing stimulated by violence and threats from the National Liberation Front (FLN) and part of the native Muslim population, as evidenced by the slogan "the suitcase or the coffin" promoted by the FLN, the kidnappings of Pieds-Noirs, or the Oran massacre of 1962.[34][35]

Modern use

[edit]

Since the 2010s, the idea of remigration has been used by thinkers and political leaders of the Identitarian movement, such as Guillaume Faye,[36] Renaud Camus,[37][38] Henry de Lesquen,[9] or Martin Sellner,[39] as a euphemism for the mass deportation of non-European immigrants and native residents with a migrant background, back to their country of origin, the criteria of exclusion being a vaguely defined degree of assimilation into European culture.[8][16]

In August 2017, protestors flew banners throughout Quebec City, calling for the remigration of non-whites from the Quebec capital.[37] That same month, it was reported how Identity Evropa, who later rebranded themselves as the American Identity Movement, supported the remigration of immigrants from the United States.[40]

In August 2018, Australian far-right extremist Blair Cottrell openly advocated for remigration,[41] calling for the deportation of "enemies of my country" and the execution of immigrants who refused to leave.[42][43]

Belgium

[edit]

Flemish nationalist party Vlaams Belang has called for "remigration" since 2011.[44]

In 2021, Vlaams Belang called for the formation of an "Agency for Remigration".[45]

Austria

[edit]

In March 2019, just a week after the Christchurch mosque shootings and release of the shooter's manifesto (called The Great Replacement), Identitäre Bewegung Österreich, the Austria branch of Generation Identity (GI), held a rally in Vienna, protesting the supposed Great Replacement of Austrians and openly calling for remigration of residents with a migrant background.[8] By April 2019, a branch of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), who at the time were in coalition government as a junior partner with the Austrian People's Party, announced a "national call for remigration".[13]

The FPÖ heavily emphasised remigration, particularly to Islamic countries, during its 2024 Austrian legislative election campaign.[46]

France

[edit]

In October 2017, Generation Identity announced policy plans to its members, for France to force former colonies to take back migrants by using its status as a nuclear power and making development subsidies and aid conditional on the repatriation of immigrants.[47]

In March 2018, an Al Jazeera investigative team released footage and audio revealing Marine Le Pen's close confidant and former accountant, Nicolas Crochet, saying that the National Rally party would introduce a remigration programme to force immigrants back to their country of origin, in the event that they came to power in France.[48]

In February 2019, speaking with L'Opinion, Debout la France candidate Emmanuelle Gave (daughter of French entrepreneur Charles Gave [fr]), advocated for remigration as a policy for voters in the European Parliament elections in May.[49] In what Libération described as a "dangerous penetration of the ideas of the ultra-radical extreme right in the French political space", Gave announced that she was in favor of the party putting remigration "on the table".[13]

According to an IFOP poll conducted in March 2022 prior to the French presidential elections, 63% of French people claim "not to be shocked" by the use of the word "remigration" and 66% support the idea of remigrating illegal immigrants, foreign criminals and "Fiche S" foreigners.[50][51][52]

According to an OpinionWay poll from March 2022, 55% of French people also support the establishment of a Ministry of Remigration, an idea proposed by Eric Zemmour during the French presidential elections campaign.[53]

As of 2024, Le Pen's National Rally is opposed to remigration and cited Alternative for Germany's support for it as a reason to cut ties.[54] Nevertheless, remigration continues to be supported by the National Rally's rival, Zemmour's Reconquête.[55]

Germany

[edit]
Election poster of the AfD Thuringia supporting Remigration (2024)

In March 2018, Identitarian protesters were arrested for trespassing on the roof of Frankfurt Central Station, and hanging a banner that reads "Endstation Multikulti. Notbremse ziehen. Remigration" (Terminal station Multikulti. Pull emergency brake. Remigration), while chanting phrases like "home, freedom, tradition" from a megaphone.[56]

In March 2019, the German Identitarian movement began a "remigration campaign" which included governmental petitions, a "flashmob" outside a mosque and a demonstration in front of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community in Berlin, where the protesters demanded the repatriation of Islamic refugees back to the Middle East.[13] It was reported that the group were distributing posters aimed at Syrian refugees that read "The war is over. Syria needs you" and referenced a "remigration policy".[57]

In May 2019, Katrin Ebner-Steiner, leader of AfD in Bavaria, indicated that the deportation of non-whites from Germany was a preferable policy to racial integration, after she called for "Remigration instead of integration" at a conference for the Southern wing of the party.[10][58]

Ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election, Germany's opposition party, the far-right Alternative for Germany, made remigration part of their policy platform, openly calling for "remigration, instead of mass immigration",[13] and stating that "Germany and Europe must put in place remigration programs on the largest possible scale".[15] AfD MP Markus Frohnmaier has repeatedly worn a slogan reading "Remigration Ministry" into the Bundestag.[59]

In January 2024, Correctiv reported that members of the AfD had secretly met with figures from the German and Austrian far-right in a meeting in Potsdam in November 2023, in which they allegedly discussed a "remigration" plan for deporting immigrants, which could include naturalised German citizens. The figures present included Identitarian activist Martin Sellner.[60][61][62]

Netherlands

[edit]

In 2021, the Party for Freedom (PVV) called for the formation of a ministry for remigration in its manifesto,[63] but removed this policy from its programme for the 2023 Dutch general election.[64]

The Forum for Democracy advocates for "mass remigration" in order to maintain a "white Europe", and has criticised the PVV for focusing more on reducing immigration than promoting remigration.[65]

Slovenia

[edit]

Slovenian Democratic Party MEP Branko Grims stated "we need remigration" in his first speech to the European Parliament, suggesting "sending all those who abuse the acquis communautaire and asylum law back to where they came from".[66]

Spain

[edit]

Vox Secretary General Ignacio Garriga has called for "mass remigrations" of illegal immigrants from Catalonia in 2024, following an increase in sexual assaults in the region.[67]

Sweden

[edit]

The Sweden Democrats support remigration policies and have advocated for raising the allowance given to migrants to encourage voluntary repatriation.[68][69]

Swedish Migration Minister Johan Forssell, a member of the Moderate Party, has stated that "remigration" is a important issue for Sweden, and that wider use of voluntary repatriation in line with the policy followed by Denmark would be one of the options considered by his government.[70]

United Kingdom

[edit]

Generation Identity UK and Ireland activists have engaged in the promotion of remigration. In April 2018, Hope Not Hate detailed how, while the group was relatively unknown by the mainstream media; its "core beliefs" of ethnopluralism, and remigration of non-whites from Europe, was more extreme than any policies of the English Defence League.[71] In May 2018, The Times was reporting how the extremist organization was promoting the singling out of Black British people for priority remigration from the UK.[72][73]

In 2022, the UK government proposed and outlined Regional Protection Zones and Transit Zones outside the EU to handle asylum claims with a proposal called "A New Vision for Refugees".[74] This approach prevents refugees and asylum seekers from applying to the UK, which compromises the Geneva Convention and Human Rights.[74] Moreover, the UK government has passed a new bill, Safety of Rwanda Act, in furtherance of a plan to send asylum seekers to Rwanda.[75] This is problematic in a couple of ways. First of all, the safety of the Rwanda bill is under question as Rwanda's capacity and human rights standards to accept refugees and asylum seekers are under question.[75] This scheme is recognized as unrealistic, legally wrong, and criticized for understating judicial independence and the rule of law.[75] However, the reasoning for passing this bill, in accordance with the UK government, was to reduce illegal crossings by small boats.[76] The UK government, however, posits that Rwanda is a safe country for the asylum seekers that are removed from the UK. [76] Additionally, the bill will ensure the safety and legal rights of asylum seekers with an enhanced committee overseeing the relocation.[76] The bill sets a precedent for the exploration of similar partnerships for other countries.[76]

After the 2024 United Kingdom general election, incoming Prime Minister Keir Starmer announced that the Rwanda plan would be scrapped, declaring it "dead and buried".[77]

United States

[edit]

Usage of the term in the United States has spiked in the months leading up to the 2024 presidential election.[16] In September, Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump called for "remigration" of illegal immigrants to their home countries and suspending refugee resettlement, also pledging to "do large deportations in Springfield, Ohio", referring to the town's community of legal Haitian immigrants.[78][79] The usage mainstreamed the term in the country.[16]

Other

[edit]

According to Nick Lowles, one of the authors of a report by Hope not Hate, in a related concept, members of the counter-jihad movement "believe there will be a confrontation between Islam and the West and there can be no accommodation so the only solution can be to expel followers of Islam from Britain and Europe".[80] The influential Norwegian counter-jihad blogger Fjordman himself stated in his writings in June 2011 that "Islam, and all those who practice it, must be totally and physically removed from the entire Western world".[81]

Criticism

[edit]

Michael Weiss and Julia Ebner, of the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, have identified the "identitarian concept of 'remigration'" as having accelerated since 2014, and associated it with increasing calls from the far-right for mass deportation of non-white Europeans, in what they described as "ethnic cleansing".[82] Ebner also stated that avoiding the word "deportation" is useful to sidestep associations of deportations during the Holocaust.[16]

Francis Combes [fr] has described remigration as a form of demagoguery that would lead to ethnic cleansing. Arguing that France has had a mixed genetic heritage since Gallic times, he has questioned the practicality of expelling French people of immigrant origin and the number of generations that would require investigation in pursuit of "purity".[83]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Death toll in mosque attacks rises to 50". National Post. March 15, 2019. Camus held firm to his notion that immigrants are replacing natives in France and elsewhere. He says it is a "changing of the people" that should be combated with what he calls "re-immigration" and not with violence.
  2. ^ Buck, Christopher (2009). Religious Myths and Visions of America: How Minority Faiths Redefined America's World Role. ABC-CLIO. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-313-35959-0.
  3. ^ "Parti de L'In-nocence". In-nocence. Retrieved 2019-08-05. Il n'est d'autre chance de retour à la paix civile et à la dignité que la libération du sol national et le retour chez eux des colonisateurs: remigration, Grand Rapatriement.
  4. ^ Feffer, John (2020). Right Across the World: The Global Networking of the Far-Right and the Left Response. Pluto Press. pp. 48–49. hdl:20.500.12657/51072. ISBN 9781786808554 – via library.oapen.org.
  5. ^ McAdams, A. James; Castrillon, Alejandro (26 September 2021). Contemporary Far-Right Thinkers and the Future of Liberal Democracy. Routledge. pp. 12, 74. ISBN 978-1-000-43190-2 – via Google Books.
  6. ^ Richards, Imogen (2019). "A Philosophical and Historical Analysis of "Generation Identity": Fascism, Online Media, and the European New Right". Terrorism and Political Violence. 12 (1): 28–47. doi:10.1080/09546553.2019.1662403. ISSN 0954-6553. S2CID 210643607. Demonstrating GI's exclusionary politics, its members advocate for what they term a policy of forced "remigration," in which migrants (from primarily Middle Eastern, North African, and Muslim-majority nations), would be forced to return to their countries of origin
  7. ^ Nissen, Anita (2020), Norocel, Ov Cristian; Hellström, Anders; Jørgensen, Martin Bak (eds.), "The Trans-European Mobilization of "Generation Identity"", Nostalgia and Hope: Intersections between Politics of Culture, Welfare, and Migration in Europe, IMISCOE Research Series, Springer International Publishing, pp. 85–100, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41694-2_6, ISBN 978-3-030-41694-2, The call for so-called "remigration" of third-country immigrants is a term GI France has adopted from BI, referring to the (forced) returning of third-country immigrants to their home countries.
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  11. ^ "How dangerous is the Identitarian Movement?". Deutsche Welle. 13 July 2019.
  12. ^ Maldonado, José Ángel (2020). "Manifestx: toward a rhetoric loaded with future". Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies. 17 (1): 104–110. doi:10.1080/14791420.2020.1723799. ISSN 1479-1420. S2CID 216420424.
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  83. ^ "Remigration: à jeter" [Remigration: for disposal]. L'Humanité (in French). June 6, 2019.

Further reading

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