Jump to content

Rafah

Coordinates: 31°16′21″N 34°15′31″E / 31.27250°N 34.25861°E / 31.27250; 34.25861
Page extended-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Rafah, Gaza)
This article is about the city in the Gaza Strip, in Palestine. For the part of the city in North Sinai, see Rafah, Egypt. For other uses, see Rafah (disambiguation).

Rafah
City
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicرَفَح
Aerial view of Rafah in 2012
Aerial view of Rafah in 2012
Location of Rafah in the Gaza Strip
Location of Rafah in the Gaza Strip
Rafah is located in State of Palestine
Rafah
Rafah
Location of Rafah
Coordinates: 31°16′21″N 34°15′31″E / 31.27250°N 34.25861°E / 31.27250; 34.25861
Palestine grid77/78
State State of Palestine[1]
GovernorateRafah[1]
Government
 • TypeCity
 • Head of MunicipalityAnwar al-Shaer (2019)[2]
Area
[3]
 • Total
64,000 dunams (64 km2 or 25 sq mi)
Population
 (2017 Census)[4]
 • Total
171,899
 • Density2,700/km2 (7,000/sq mi)

Rafah (Arabic: رفح Rafaḥ [rafaħ]) is a city in the southern Gaza Strip, Palestine. It is the capital of the Rafah Governorate of the State of Palestine, located 30 kilometers (19 mi) south-west of Gaza City. In 2017, Rafah had a population of 171,889.[4] As a result of massive bombardment and ground assaults in Gaza City and Khan Yunis by Israel during the Israel–Hamas war, about 1.4 million Palestinians are believed to be sheltering in Rafah as of February 2024.[5]

After the 1948 Palestine war, Egypt governed the area and refugee camps for displaced Palestinians who fled or were expelled from what became Israel were established. During the Suez Crisis, the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) killed 111 Palestinians, including 103 refugees in the Rafah refugee camp, during the 1956 Rafah massacre. During the 1967 Six-Day War, Israeli forces occupied the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip after capturing them from Egypt. In the same year, IDF troops bulldozed and demolished 144 houses in the Rafah refugee camp, killing 23 Palestinians.[6]

When Israel withdrew from the Sinai in 1982, Rafah was split into a Gazan part and an Egyptian part, dividing families, separated by barbed-wire barriers.[7][8] The core of the city was destroyed by Israel,[9][10][11] as well as Egypt,[12][13] in order to create a large buffer zone.

Rafah is the site of the Rafah Border Crossing, the sole crossing point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip. Gaza's only airport, Yasser Arafat International Airport, was located just south of the city. The airport operated from 1998 to 2001, until it was bombed and bulldozed by the Israeli military (IDF).[14][15]

Etymology

r
Z1		 pwbH
mDAt		 xAst
rpwḥw[16]
in hieroglyphs
Era: New Kingdom
(1550–1069 BC)

Over the ages the city has been known as Rpwḥw by the ancient Egyptians,[16] 𒊏𒉿𒄭 Rapiḫi or 𒊏𒉿𒄷 Rapiḫu by the Assyrians,[17] רפיח Rāphiyaḥ by the ancient Israelites, Ῥαφία Rhaphíā[18] by the Greeks, Raphia by the Romans, and Rafh by the Arab Caliphate.

In English, Rafah (/ˈrɑːfə/ (US) or /ˈræfə/ (UK)), derived from the modern Arabic, is most common, but Rafiah /rəˈfiːə/ (from the modern Hebrew) is also used.[19][20] The form Raphiah /rəˈfaɪə/ (from the ancient Hebrew) is used as well, especially in historical contexts such as the Battle of Raphiah.

Development

The Ottoman–British agreement of 1 October 1906 established a boundary between Ottoman-ruled Palestine and British-ruled Egypt, from Taba to Rafah. After World War I, Palestine was also under British control, but the Egypt-Palestine Boundary was maintained to control movement of the local Bedouin. During the mid-1930s, the British enhanced the border control and Rafah evolved as a small boundary town that functioned as a trade and services centre for the semi-settled Beduin population.[8] During World War II, it became an important British base.

Following the Armistice Agreement of 24 February 1949, Rafah was located in Egypt-occupied Gaza and consequently, a Gaza–Egypt border did no longer exist. Rafah could grow without any consideration being taken of the old 1906 international boundary.[8] In the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel conquered the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip from Egypt and all of the city was now under Israeli occupation.

In 1979, Israel and Egypt signed a peace treaty that returned the Sinai, which borders the Gaza Strip, to Egyptian control. In the Peace Treaty, the re-created Gaza–Egypt border was drawn across the city of Rafah. Rafah was divided into an Egyptian and a Palestinian part, splitting up families, separated by barbed-wire barriers. Families were separated, property was divided and many houses and orchards were cut across and destroyed by the new boundary, bulldozed, allegedly for security reasons. Rafah became one of the three border points between Egypt and Israel.[7][8]

Demographics

In 1922, Rafah's population was 599,[21] which increased to 1,423 in 1931,[22] increasing again to 1,635 in 1938,[23] and further increased to 2,220 in 1945.[24] In 1982, the total population was approximately 10,800.[25]

In the 1997 Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) census, Rafah and its adjacent camp had a combined population of 91,181, Tall as-Sultan was listed with a further 17,141.[26] Refugees made up 80.3% of the entire population.[27] In the 1997 census, Rafah's (together with Rafah camp) gender distribution was 50.5% male and 49.5% female.[28]

In the 2006 PCBS estimate, Rafah city had a population of 71,003,[29] Rafah camp and Tall as-Sultan form separate localities for census purposes, having populations of 59,983 and 24,418, respectively.[29]

History

Rafah is at the southern end of the Gaza Strip

Bronze Age Raphia

Rafah has a history stretching back thousands of years. It was first recorded in an inscription of Egyptian Pharaoh Seti I, from 1303 BCE as Rph, and as the first stop on Pharaoh Shoshenq I's campaign to the Levant in 925 BCE. In 720 BCE it was the site of the Assyrian king Sargon II's victory over the Egyptians.[30]

Hellenistic and Roman periods

In 217 BCE the Battle of Raphia was fought between the victorious Ptolemy IV and Antiochus III.[30] It is said to be one of the largest battles ever fought in the Levant, with over a hundred thousand soldiers and hundreds of elephants.

Antiochus III, willing to make peace with Ptolemy V, had his daughter Cleopatra I marry Ptolemy V. Their marriage took place in 193 BC in Raphia.[31]

The town was conquered by Alexander Yannai and held by the Hasmoneans until it was rebuilt in the time of Pompey and Gabinius; the latter seems to have done the actual work of restoration for the era of the town dates from 57 BCE. Rafah is mentioned in Strabo (16, 2, 31), the Antonine Itinerary, and is depicted on the Map of Madaba.[30]

Byzantine period

During the Byzantine period, it was a diocese,[30][32] and Byzantine ceramics and coins have been found there.[33] It was represented at the Council of Ephesus 431 CE by Bishop Romanus, but today remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church[34] but a small Greek Orthodox presence exists.

Early Muslim to Mamluk periods

Rafah was one of the towns captured by the Rashidun army under general 'Amr ibn al-'As in 635 CE, and subsequently was an important trading city during the Early Muslim period.[35] Under the Umayyads and Abbasids, Rafah was the southernmost border of Jund Filastin ("District of Palestine"). According to Arab geographer al-Ya'qubi, it was the last town in the Province of Syria and on the road from Ramla to Egypt.[36]

A Jewish community settled in the city in the 9th and 10th centuries and again in the 12th, although in the 11th century, it suffered a decline and in 1080 they migrated to Ashkelon. A Samaritan community also lived there during this[clarification needed] period. Like most cities of southern Palestine, ancient Rafah had a landing place on the coast (now Tell Rafah), while the main city was inland.[30]

In 1226, Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi writes of Rafah's former importance in the early Arab period, saying it was "of old a flourishing town, with a market, and a mosque, and hostelries". However, he goes on to say that in its current state, Rafah was in ruins, but was an Ayyubid postal station on the road to Egypt after nearby Deir al-Balah.[36]

Ottoman and Egyptian period

Rafah appeared in the 1596 Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Gaza of the Liwa of Gazza. It had a population of 15 households, all Muslim, who paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, occasional revenues, goats and/or bee hives.[37] In 1799, the French Army of the Orient, led by Napoleon, passed through Rafah during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria.[38] Rafah was the boundary between the provinces of Egypt and Syria. In 1832, the area came under Egyptian occupation of Muhammad Ali, which lasted until 1840.

French explorer Victor Guérin, who visited Rafah in May 1863, noted two pillars of granite which the locals called Bab el Medinet, meaning "The Gate of the town".[39] In 1881, Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria wrote: "Fragments of gray granite pillars, still standing, are here to be met with about the road, the fields, and the sand, and we saw one lying on the ground half buried... The pillars are the remains of an ancient temple, Raphia, and are of special importance in the eyes of the Arabs, who call them Rafah, as they mark the boundary between Egypt and Syria."[40]

British period

A map of Rafah in 1931

On 9 January 1917, British forces captured Rafah, and subsequently used it as a staging post for their first attempt to capture Gaza. The presence of British military bases in Rafah served an economic draw which led to an influx of internal migration to the city. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandatory authorities, Rafah had a population of 599 inhabitants, all of which Muslim.[21] Nine years later, the Mandatory authorities conducted the 1931 census of Palestine, by which time Rafah's population had increased to 1,423 residents living in 228 houses, all of which were still Muslim.[41]

In the Village Statistics, 1945, a joint survey conducted by the Mandatory government's Government Office of Statistics and Department of Lands for the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Rafah had an all-Muslim population of 2,220 people with 40,579 dunams of land.[42][24] Of these, 275 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 24,173 dunams were used for growing cereals, while 16,131 dunams were un-cultivable land.[43][44]

1948–1967

View of Yasser Arafat International Airport near Rafah which was destroyed by Israel during the Second Intifada.

After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Egypt governed the area (see Palestinian Protectorate) and refugee camps were established. During the Suez Crisis, 111 Palestinians, including 103 refugees, were killed by troops of the Israel Defence Force in the Palestinian refugee camp of Rafah, during the 1956 Rafah massacre. The United Nations was unable to determine the circumstances surrounding the deaths.[45][46]

During the 1967 Six-Day War, Israeli forces captured Rafah as part of their invasion of the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip. The population was about 55,000, of whom only 11,000 lived in Rafah itself. On Friday, 9 June 1967, the Israeli military bulldozed & blew up 144 houses in Rafah refugee camp, killing 23 Palestinians.[6]

After 1967

In the summer of 1971, the IDF, under General Ariel Sharon (then head of the IDF southern command), destroyed approximately 500 houses in the refugee camps of Rafah in order to create patrol roads for Israeli forces. These demolitions displaced nearly 4,000 people.[47] Israel established the Brazil and Canada housing projects to accommodate displaced Palestinians and to provide better conditions in the hopes of integrating the refugees into the general population and its standard of living;[48] Brazil is immediately south of Rafah, while Canada was just across the border in Sinai. Both were named because UN peacekeeping troops from those respective countries had maintained barracks in those locations. After the 1978 Camp David Accords mandated the repatriation of Canada project refugees to the Gaza Strip, the Tel al-Sultan project, northwest of Rafah, was built to accommodate them.[49]

Palestinians after an Israeli airstrike on the Rafah refugee camp during the Gaza War (2008–2009)

During the early months of First Intifada on 25 April 1989 Rafah resident Khaled Musa Armilat, aged 22, was shot dead by Israeli soldiers in Khan Yunis. In a letter to a Member of Knesset, March 1990, Defence Minister Yitzhak Rabin stated that the dead man's brother had been interrogated and stated that he had been killed by Border Police but four months later he blamed the army. Rabin added the matter was being investigated by the Israeli Police.[50] Three and a half weeks after Armilat's killing, 19 May, five civilians including a 50-year-old woman and a 13-year-old boy, were killed in Rafah by Israeli soldiers using plastic bullets. Two of the 12 other casualties later died of their wounds.[51]

In May 2004, the Israeli Government led by, then Prime Minister, Ariel Sharon approved another mass demolition of homes in Rafah. Therefore, he obtained the nickname "the bulldozer".[52]

In September 2005, Israel withdrew from the Gaza strip but Rafah remained divided, with part of it on the Egyptian side of the border under Egyptian rule. It has been claimed that it was in order to cope with the division of the town, that smugglers have made tunnels under the border, connecting the two parts and permitting the smuggling of goods and persons.[53]

2023–2024 Israel–Hamas war

Main article: Rafah offensive

During the Israeli Defence Forces' (IDF) war on Gaza, civilians were told to flee to Rafah and forcibly displaced from their homes. Although the Israeli government declared the southern half of Gaza a safe zone, the IDF proceeded to bomb the region extensively, with a New York Times investigation estimating that 2,000-pound bombs were dropped at least 200 times as of 21 December 2023.[54] By February 2024, roughly two-thirds of Gaza's population, or 1.4 million people, had been forcibly displaced from other parts of the territory into Rafah, with the IDF declaring its intent to enter the city. Critics have warned about the potential for mass civilian casualties in the event of a ground invasion, with the UN secretary general António Guterres arguing that "Such an action would exponentially increase what is already a humanitarian nightmare with untold regional consequences."[55] On 9 February, Benjamin Netanyahu ordered the IDF to create an evacuation plan to remove civilians before launching an offensive against Rafah which is the last major population center in the Gaza Strip still under Hamas control and the elimination of Hamas was considered to be impossible as long as the four Hamas battalions in Rafah are intact.[56] Prior to the start of the ground invasion, Israel began to intensify its strikes on Rafah from the air. More than 44 people were killed in airstrikes on Rafah on 11 February, with many likely still under the rubble. Netanyahu continued to push for a ground invasion, claiming that "We're going to do it....Victory is within reach".[57][58][59]

On 11 February, The Wall Street Journal reported that Egypt had warned Hamas to release hostages within two weeks or face an IDF invasion of Rafah.[60][61] A joint operation in Rafah by the IDF, Shin Bet, and Israel Police recovered two hostages (Fernando Simon Marman and Louis Har) kidnapped by Hamas from Nir Yitzhak.[62] During this operation, heavy bombardment by the IDF occurred in the area that includes many refugee camps killing 112 people with several bodies still under the rubble.[63]

Rafah Border Crossing

The city of Rafah lies on the border of Egypt and the Gaza Strip

Rafah is the site of the Rafah Border Crossing, the sole crossing between the Gaza Strip and Egypt. Formerly operated by Israeli military forces, control of the crossing was transferred to the Palestinian Authority in September 2005 as part of the larger Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. A European Union commission began monitoring the crossing in November 2005 amid Israeli security concerns, and in April 2006, Palestinian Authority chairman Mahmoud Abbas's Presidential Guard assumed responsibility for the site on the Palestinian Authority side.[64] On the Egyptian side, the responsibility is assumed by the 750 Border Guards as per the agreement signed by Egypt and Israel in November 2005.

Climate

Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot semi-arid (BSh).[65][66]

Climate data for Rafiah, Gaza Strip
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.4
(63.3) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23
(73) 		25.8
(78.4) 		28.3
(82.9) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.1
(84.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		19.4
(66.9) 		24.4
(75.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.9
(55.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.9
(69.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		25.2
(77.4) 		26
(79) 		24.7
(76.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		18.7
(65.7) 		14.8
(58.6) 		19.7
(67.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1) 		9.1
(48.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		16.1
(61.0) 		19
(66) 		20.9
(69.6) 		21.6
(70.9) 		20.3
(68.5) 		17.6
(63.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.2
(50.4) 		15.1
(59.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 48
(1.9) 		36
(1.4) 		27
(1.1) 		6
(0.2) 		4
(0.2) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		8
(0.3) 		39
(1.5) 		53
(2.1) 		221
(8.7)
Source: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 45 m)[65]
Climate data for Rafah, North Sinai
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 		18
(64) 		20.3
(68.5) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.8
(78.4) 		28.2
(82.8) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29
(84) 		27.4
(81.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		19.3
(66.7) 		24.3
(75.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.7
(54.9) 		13.5
(56.3) 		15.4
(59.7) 		18
(64) 		20.8
(69.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.9
(78.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		22.4
(72.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		14.7
(58.5) 		19.6
(67.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8) 		9
(48) 		10.6
(51.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		15.9
(60.6) 		18.8
(65.8) 		20.8
(69.4) 		21.4
(70.5) 		20
(68) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		14.9
(58.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 49
(1.9) 		37
(1.5) 		28
(1.1) 		6
(0.2) 		4
(0.2) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		8
(0.3) 		39
(1.5) 		54
(2.1) 		225
(8.8)
Source: Climate-Data.org (altitude: 78 m)[66]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "PS – Palestine, State of". ISO – Online Browsing Platform. International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  2. ^ "Palestinians criticize Hamas' decision to appoint municipal presidents – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". November 2019.
  3. ^ Al Jazeera Staff. "What's happening in Gaza's Rafah as Israel threatens to attack?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  4. ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  5. ^ "Gaza: Israel's military operation in Rafah would be fatal for displaced civilians and humanitarian aid". Norwegian Refugee Council. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  6. ^ a b Cattan, Henry (1969) Palestine, The Arabs & Israel. The Search for Justice. Longman SBN 582 78000 4 p. 111
  7. ^ a b Usher, Graham (22 September 2005). "Cinderella in Rafah". Al-Ahram Weekly Online. No. 761, 22–28 September 2005. Archived from the original on 22 October 2005. Retrieved 9 November 2015 – via Wayback Machine.
  8. ^ a b c d Kliot, Nurit (1995). Schofield, Clive (ed.). The Evolution of the Egypt-Israel Boundary: From Colonial Foundations to Peaceful Borders (PDF). Boundary and Territory Briefing. Vol. 1. International Boundaries Research Unit, Department of Geography, University of Durham. pp. 3, 9, 18. ISBN 1-897643-17-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2023 – via www.durham.ac.uk.
  9. ^ Razing Rafah — Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip, pp. 27–28 and 52–66 (PDF text version) on [1], Summary:. The report on refworld:. Human Rights Watch (HRW), October 2004
  10. ^ Supplementary Appeal for Rafah. UNWRA, May 2004
  11. ^ PCHR, Uprooting Palestinian Trees And Leveling Agricultural Land – The tenth Report on Israeli Land Sweeping and Demolition of Palestinian Buildings and Facilities in the Gaza Strip 1 April 2003 – 30 April 2004 On [2]
  12. ^ Egyptian military doubling buffer zone with Gaza, demolishing nearly 1,220 more homes. Associated Press, 8 January 2015
  13. ^ Look for Another Homeland. Human Rights Watch, September 2015
  14. ^ "Grounded in Gaza, but hoping to fly again". NBC News. 19 May 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  15. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201351/http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/nr/2002/pio200203_e.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2024. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. ^ a b Gauthier, Henri (1926). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques. Vol. 3. p. 118.
  17. ^ Parpola, Simo (1970). Neo-Assyrian Toponyms. Kevaeler: Butzon & Bercker. p. 291.
  18. ^ Polybius, Histories, 5.86.7
  19. ^ "Rafīah: Gaza Strip; name, map, geographic coordinates". Geographic.org. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  20. ^ Zaki, Chehab (2007), Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies, I.B.Tauris, p. 180, ISBN 978-1-84511-389-6, retrieved 2 September 2015
  21. ^ a b Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 8
  22. ^ Mills, E. (1931). Census of Palestine 1931. Jerusalem: Greek Convent & Goldberg Presses. p. 6.
  23. ^ Village Statistics (PDF). 1938. p. 64.
  24. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 46
  25. ^ Welcome to Rafah Palestine Remembered.
  26. ^ "Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years". Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  27. ^ Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status Archived 2008-11-18 at the Wayback Machine. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).
  28. ^ Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years Archived 2008-06-14 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
  29. ^ a b "PCBS] [Palestinian Central Bureau of Statisctics (PCBS) Projected Mid-Year Population for Rafah Governorate by Locality 2004–2006". Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  30. ^ a b c d e Raphia – (Rafah) Studium Biblicum Franciscanum – Jerusalem.
  31. ^ Polybius 18.51.10 and 28.20.9; Livy 33.40.3 and 35.13.4; Appian, Syriaca 3.13 and 5.18
  32. ^ Joseph Bingham, Origines Ecclesiasticae; Or the Antiquities of the Christian Church and Other Works: In Nine Volumes, Volume 3(Straker, 1843) p 61.
  33. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 953
  34. ^ Tadrous Y. Malaty, Introduction to the Coptic Orthodox Church OrthodoxEbooks,1993) page 13.
  35. ^ al-Biladhuri quoted in le Strange, 1890, p. xix. Al-Biladhuri lists the cities captured by Amr ibn al-'As as Ghazzah (Gaza), Sebastiya (Sebastia), Nabulus, Amwas (Imwas), Kaisariyya (Caesarea), Yibna, Ludd (Lydda), Rafh (Rafah), Bayt Jibrin, and Yaffa (Jaffa). Cited in le Strange, 1890, p. 28
  36. ^ a b le Strange, 1890, p. 517
  37. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 150
  38. ^ Dwyer, 2007, p. 415
  39. ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 233-35
  40. ^ Ludwig Salvator, Archduke of Austria, 1881, p. 54
  41. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 6
  42. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 32
  43. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 88
  44. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 138
  45. ^ "A/3212/Add.1 of 15 December 1956". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  46. ^ "Rafah (articles/books/maps/cartoons/photographs/video or audio clips)". cosmos.ucc.ie. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  47. ^ UN Doc Archived 2007-02-12 at the Wayback Machine A/8389 of 5 October 1971 (h) The continued transfer of the population of the occupied territories to other areas within the occupied territories. Such transfers of population have occurred in the case of several villages that were systematically destroyed in 1967: the population of these villages was either expelled or forced to live elsewhere in the occupied territories. The same practice has been followed in occupied Jerusalem. According to a report in the Jerusalem Post of 17 May 1971, Mr. Teddy Kollek, Israeli Mayor of Jerusalem, stated that 4,000 Arabs had been evacuated from Jerusalem. Likewise, in the case of Gaza, according to reports appearing in several newspapers and in letters addressed by Governments, several thousands of persons were displaced from the three major refugee camps in Gaza. Official Israeli sources have stated that these transfers of population were necessitated by new security measures, such as the construction of wider roads inside the camps in order to facilitate patrolling and the maintenance of law and order in the camps. Most of the persons whose refugee accommodation was destroyed to permit the construction of these roads were forced to leave for the West Bank and El Arish, while a few were said to have sought refuge with other families inside Gaza. The Special Committee considers that the transfers were unwarranted and that even if the construction of new roads was considered indispensable for the maintenance of law and order, the arbitrary transfer of population was unnecessary, unjustified and in breach of the Fourth Geneva Convention.
  48. ^ "Publications". Archived from the original on 14 September 2006. Retrieved 16 April 2007.
  49. ^ Human Rights Watch. Razing Rafah: Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip. October 2004.
  50. ^ Talmor, Ronny (translated by Ralph Mandel) (1990) The Use of Firearms – By the Security Forces in the Occupied Territories. B'Tselem. download p. 75 MK Yair Tsaban to defence ministers Yitzhak Rabin & Yitzhak Shamir, p.80 Rabin's reply
  51. ^ B'Tselem information sheet update, June 1989. p.4. pdf
  52. ^ Razing Rafah, Map 2: Rafah Features. HRW, October 2004
  53. ^ About Rafah Archived 2009-01-30 at the Wayback Machine Rafah Today.
  54. ^ Stein, Robin; Willis, Haley; Jhaveri, Ishaan; Miller, Danielle; Byrd, Aaron; Reneau, Natalie (22 December 2023). "A Times Investigation Tracked Israel's Use of One of Its Most Destructive Bombs in South Gaza". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  55. ^ "UN chief warns of 'age of chaos' as Security Council divided on Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  56. ^ Tal, Amir; Krever, Mick (9 February 2024). "Netanyahu directs Israeli military to draw up plan to evacuate more than one million people from Rafah as offensive looms". CNN. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  57. ^ "Gaza mediators and others warn Israel of disaster if it launches a ground invasion on crowded Rafah". CTVNews. 10 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  58. ^ "Netanyahu ahead of Rafah ground invasion: 'Victory is within reach'". ABC News. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  59. ^ "'We're going to do it': Israeli PM set on invasion of Rafah". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  60. ^ "Egypt tells Hamas it has two weeks to reach hostage deal before IDF moves into Rafah – WSJ". Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  61. ^ Peled, Anat; Abdel-Baqui, Omar; Said, Summer. "Invasion of Gaza Border City Looms as Biden Calls Israel's Offensive 'Over the Top'". WSJ. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  62. ^ "Israel rescues two hostages in Rafah amid deadly strikes". 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  63. ^ "Israeli strikes hit Rafah after Biden warns Netanyahu to have 'credible' plan to protect civilians". CTVNews. 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  64. ^ Mitch Potter, Something that works: the Rafah crossing, The Toronto Star, 21 May 2006.
  65. ^ a b "Climate: Rafiah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  66. ^ a b "Climate: Rafah – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafah&oldid=1256688058"