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BBC Radio 4
Logo used since 2022
Broadcast areaUnited Kingdom and internationally via BBC Sounds
FrequenciesFM: 92.5–96.1 MHz, 103.5–104.9 MHz
LW: 198 kHz
DAB: 12B
Freesat: 704
Freeview: 704
Sky (UK only): 0104
Virgin Media: 904
Virgin Media Ireland: 910
RDSBBC R4
Programming
Language(s)English
FormatNews, talk, comedy and drama
Ownership
OwnerBBC
BBC Radio 4 Extra
History
First air date
30 September 1967; 57 years ago (1967-09-30)
Former call signs
2LO London
BBC National Programme
BBC Regional Programme
BBC Home Service
Former names
BBC Radio 4 UK (1978–1984)
Former frequencies
200 LW
603 MW
692 MW
720 MW
756 MW
774 MW
809 MW
881 MW
908 MW
1052 MW
1088 MW
1151 MW
1340 MW
1449 MW
1457 MW
1485 MW
Technical information
Licensing authority
Ofcom
Links
WebsiteBBC Radio 4 via BBC Sounds
BBC Radio
Nationwide
Digital-only

BBC Radio 4 is a British national radio station owned and operated by the BBC.[1] The station replaced the BBC Home Service on 30 September 1967 and broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes from the BBC's headquarters at Broadcasting House, London. Since 2019, the station controller has been Mohit Bakaya.[2] He replaced Gwyneth Williams, who had been the station controller since 2010.[2][3]

Broadcasting throughout the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands on FM, LW and DAB, and on BBC Sounds,[4] it can be received in the eastern counties of Ireland, northern France and Northern Europe. It is available on Freeview, Sky, and Virgin Media. Radio 4 currently reaches over 10 million listeners, making it the UK's second most-popular radio station after BBC Radio 2.[5]

BBC Radio 4 broadcasts news programmes such as Today, The World at One and PM heralded on air by the Greenwich Time Signal pips or the chimes of Big Ben. The pips are only accurate on FM, and LW; there is a delay on digital radio of three to five seconds and online up to 23 seconds. Radio 4 broadcasts the Shipping Forecast which, in August 2017, was 150 years old.[6]

According to RAJAR, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 9.2 million with a listening share of 11.1% as of December 2023.[7]

Overview

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BBC Radio 4 is the second-most-popular British domestic radio station by total hours,[8] after Radio 2. It recorded its highest audience, of 11 million listeners, in May 2011,[9] and was "UK Radio Station of the Year" at the 2003, 2004, 2008 and 2023 Radio Academy Awards.[10][11] It also won a Peabody Award in 2002 for File on 4: Export Controls.[12] Costing £71.4 million (2005/6),[13] it is the BBC's most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be its flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network: Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a £100m cost cutting review.[14]

The station is available on FM in most of Great Britain, parts of Ireland and the north of France; LW throughout the UK and in parts of Northern Europe, and the Atlantic north of the Azores to about 20 degrees west; DAB; Digital TV including Freeview, Freesat, Sky and Virgin Media, and on the Internet. Freesat, Sky and Virgin have a separate channel for Radio 4 LW output in mono, in addition to the FM output.

The longwave signal is part of the Royal Navy's system of letters of last resort. In the event of a suspected catastrophic attack on Britain, submarine captains, in addition to other checks, check for a broadcast signal from Radio 4 on 198 longwave to verify the annihilation of organised society in Great Britain.[15][16][17]

BBC Radio 4 broadcasts a wide variety of speech-related programming, including news, drama, comedy, science and history. Music is broadcast as in documentaries relating to various forms of both popular and classical music, and the long-running music-based Desert Island Discs. Sport is also not part of the station's output, apart from during news bulletins, although between 1994 and 2023, the station's long wave frequency was used to broadcast ball-by-ball commentaries of most Test cricket matches played by England. Consequently, for around 70 days a year, listeners had to rely on FM broadcasts or DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts – the number relying solely on long wave was now a small minority. The cricket broadcasts took precedence over on-the-hour news bulletins, but not the Shipping Forecast, carried since Radio 4's move to long wave in 1978 because long wave can be received clearly at sea.[18]

History

[edit]
Logo of BBC Radio 4 until 2007
Logo of BBC Radio 4 used from 2007 until 2022
See also: 2LO and BBC Home Service
Further information: Timeline of BBC Radio 4

Initially the power was 100 watts on 350 metres (857 kHz). 2LO was allowed to transmit for seven minutes, after which the "operator" had to listen on the wavelength for three minutes for possible instructions to close down. On 14 November 1922 the station was transferred to the new British Broadcasting Company which in 1923 took up the nearby Savoy Hill for its broadcasting studios. At midnight on New Year's Eve 1923, the twelve chimes of Big Ben were broadcast for the first time to mark the new year.[19]

In 1927 the company became the British Broadcasting Corporation. On 9 March 1930 2LO was replaced by the BBC Regional Programme and the BBC National Programme. The letters LO continued to be used internally as a designation in the BBC for technical operations in the London area (for example, the numbering of all recordings made in London contained LO). The code LO was changed to LN in the early 1970s.

When the British Broadcasting Company first began transmissions on 14 November 1922 from station 2LO in the Strand, which it had inherited from the Marconi Company (one of six commercial companies which created), but technology did not yet exist either for national coverage or joint programming between transmitters. Whilst it was possible to combine large numbers of trunk telephone lines to link transmitters for individual programmes, the process was expensive and not encouraged by the General Post Office as it tied up large parts of the telephone network. The stations that followed the establishment of 2LO in London were therefore autonomously programmed using local talent and facilities.

By May 1923, simultaneous broadcasting was technically possible at least between main transmitters and relay stations, the quality was not felt to be high enough to provide a national service or regular simultaneous broadcasts. In 1924, it was felt that technical standards had improved enough for London to start to provide the majority of the output, cutting the local stations back to providing items of local interest.

Main stations

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Each of these main stations were broadcast at approximately 1 kilowatt (kW):

Airdate Station ID City Initial frequency
14 November 1922 2LO London 822 kHz
15 November 1922 5IT Birmingham 626 kHz
2ZY Manchester 794 kHz
24 December 1922 5NO Newcastle upon Tyne 743 kHz
13 February 1923 5WA Cardiff 850 kHz
6 March 1923 5SC Glasgow 711 kHz
10 October 1923 2BD Aberdeen 606 kHz
17 October 1923 6BM Bournemouth 777 kHz
14 September 1924 2BE Belfast 689 kHz

Relay stations

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Each of these relay stations were broadcast at approximately 120 watts (W):

Airdate Station ID City Relay of Frequency
16 November 1923 6FL Sheffield 2ZY 980 kHz
28 March 1924 5PY Plymouth 6BM 887 kHz
1 May 1924 2EH Edinburgh 5SC 914 kHz
11 June 1924 6LV Liverpool 2ZY 906 kHz
8 July 1924 2LS Leeds and Bradford 935 kHz
15 August 1924 6KH Kingston upon Hull 896 kHz
16 September 1924 5NG Nottingham 920 kHz
21 October 1924 6ST Stoke-on-Trent 996 kHz
12 November 1924 2DE Dundee 2BD 952 kHz
12 December 1924 5SX Swansea 5WA 622 kHz

The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967. It had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955. Radio 4 replaced it on 30 September 1967, when the BBC restructured and renamed its domestic radio stations,[1] in response to the challenge of offshore radio. It moved to long wave in November 1978, taking over the 200 kHz frequency (1,500 metres) previously held by Radio 2 - later moved to 198 kHz as a result of international agreements aimed at avoiding interference (all ITU Region 1 MW/LW broadcast frequencies are divisible by 9). At this point, Radio 4 became available across all of the UK for the first time and the station officially became known as Radio 4 UK, a title that remained until 29 September 1984.

For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 carried regional news bulletins Monday to Saturday. These were broadcast twice at breakfast, at lunchtime and at 17:55. There were also programme variations for the parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations. These included Roundabout East Anglia, a VHF opt-out of the Today programme broadcast from BBC East's studios in Norwich each weekday from 6.45 a.m. to 8.45 a.m.[20] Roundabout East Anglia came to an end in August 1980, ahead of the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk.[20]

All regional news bulletins broadcast from BBC regional news bases around England ended in August 1980, apart from in the southwest as until January 1983 there was no BBC Local Radio in the southwest so these news bulletins and its weekday morning regional programme, Morning Sou'West, continued to be broadcast from the BBC studios in Plymouth on VHF and on the Radio 4 medium wave Plymouth relay until 31 December 1982.

The launch of Radio 5 on 27 August 1990 saw the removal of Open University, schools programming, children's programmes and the Study on 4/Options adult education slot from Radio 4's FM frequencies. Consequently, the full Radio 4 schedule became available on FM for the first time. However, adult educational and Open University programming returned to Radio 4 in 1994 when Radio 5 was closed to make way for the launch of BBC Radio 5 Live and were broadcast until the end of the 1990s on Sunday evenings on longwave only.

Between 17 January 1991 and 2 March 1991 FM broadcasts were replaced by a continuous news service devoted to the Gulf War, Radio 4 News FM, with the main Radio 4 service transferring to long wave. Before this, Radio 4's FM frequencies had occasionally been used for additional news coverage, generally for live coverage of statements and debates in Parliament.

By the start of the 1990s, Radio 4 had become available on FM in most of the UK - previously FM coverage had been restricted mainly to England and south Wales. This meant that it was possible for the main Radio 4 service to be transferred from LW to FM, and this took place on 16 September 1991 with opt-outs - extra shipping forecasts, Daily Service and Yesterday in Parliament, joined in 1994 by Test Match Special. Longwave also occasionally opted out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when Pope Benedict XVI visited Britain in 2010.

On 30 May 2023, the BBC announced that Radio 4 will stop broadcasting opt-outs on long wave[21] with the last opt-outs airing on 31 March 2024.[22] The two displaced programmes, Daily Service and Yesterday in Parliament moved to BBC Radio 4 Extra. The daily amount of Shipping Forecasts was reduced to be broadcast 2 times on weekdays and 3 times on weekends. Test Match Special moved to BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra on 31 July 2023. These end ahead of a planned switch-off of long wave transmissions by 2025.[22]

BBC Radio 4's medium wave frequencies were switched off on 15 April 2024, which previously served as relays in areas with a weak LW signal to provide reception of BBC Radio 4 LW, such as Northern Ireland and south west England. Most were turned off at 12:27 PM BST and broadcast an endless closedown loop informing listeners to retune to other methods of reception.[23][24] The final transmitter to change into the closedown loop was the Plymouth relay on 774 kHz at 4:59 PM BST.[25] These relays stopped broadcasting the closedown loop and fell silent completely by 30 April 2024.[26]

Programmes and schedules

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Daily schedule

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An online schedule page lists the running order of programmes.[27]

Production

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The station broadcasts a mix of live and pre-recorded programmes. Live programming includes breakfast programme Today, magazine programme Woman's Hour, consumer affairs programme You and Yours, and (often) the music, film, books, arts and culture programme Front Row. Continuity is managed from Broadcasting House with news bulletins, including the hourly summaries and longer programmes such as the Six O'Clock News and Midnight News, and news programmes such as Today, The World at One and PM, which by early 2013 had returned to Broadcasting House after 15 years at BBC Television Centre in White City.[28] The news returning to Broadcasting House has also meant that newsreaders can provide cover for continuity, which regularly occurs at 23:00 each night and 16:00 on a Sunday. This has reduced the total number of continuity announcers required each day down from four to three.

The Greenwich Time Signal, popularly known as "the pips", is broadcast every hour to herald the news bulletin, except at midnight and 18:00, and 22:00 on Sunday, when the chimes of Big Ben are played. There is no Greenwich Time Signal at 15:00 on Saturday or 11:00 and 12:00 on Sunday due to the Saturday Afternoon drama and the omnibus edition of The Archers respectively. Only pips broadcast on FM and LW are accurate. On digital platforms there is a delay of between three and five seconds, and up to 23 seconds online.

Programmes

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Main article: List of BBC Radio 4 programmes

Radio 4 programmes cover a wide variety of genre including news and current affairs, history, culture, science, religion, arts, comedy, drama and entertainment. A number of the programmes on Radio 4 take the form of a "magazine" show, featuring numerous small contributions over the course of the programme—Woman's Hour, From Our Own Correspondent, You and Yours. The rise of these magazine shows is primarily due to the work of Tony Whitby, controller of Radio 4 from 1970 to 1975.[29] The station hosts a number of long-running programmes, many of which have been broadcast for over 40 years.

Most programmes are available for 30 days or over a year after broadcast as streaming audio from Radio 4's listen again page[30] and via BBC Sounds. A selection of programmes is also available as podcasts or downloadable audio files.[31] Many comedy and drama programmes from the Radio 4 archives are broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra. Due to the capacity limitations of DAB and increasing sport broadcasts on BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra, BBC Radio 4 DAB has to reduce its bit rate most evenings, such that after 7 p.m. its DAB output is usually in mono, even though many of its programmes are made in stereo (including its flagship drama "The Archers"), these can be heard in stereo only on FM, Digital TV on Freeview & Freesat (Ch. 704), Sky, Virgin and on line via BBC Sounds. BBC World Service, which uses BBC Radio 4 FM & DAB frequencies between 01:00 and 05:20, is in stereo, but only on Radio 4 FM & DAB and not on its own dedicated DAB channel. BBC Radio 4 Extra broadcasts in mono on DAB, but has always been in stereo on Digital TV (Freeview / Freesat Ch 708), Sky, Virgin and online.

Notable continuity announcers and newsreaders

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Announcers carry out the following duties from Broadcasting House:

  • Provide links (or junctions) between programmes
  • Read trails for programmes
  • Provide reassurance to listeners during a programme breakdown
  • Read the Shipping Forecast (except the 05:20 broadcast, which is covered by BBC Weather)
  • Read the BBC Radio 3 news summaries at 13:00 and 18:00 on weekdays

Newsreaders read hourly summaries and longer bulletins from New Broadcasting House.[32][33] In 2012 the BBC announced that it would be reducing its main presentation team from 12 to ten.[34]

BBC

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Freelance

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Other continuity announcers for whom it is not known whether they are freelance or BBC employees, include Joanna Kean, Kelsey Bennett, Arlene Fleming (who also used to read the news) and Richard Evans.

Former

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Frequencies and other means of reception

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Radio 4 is broadcast on:[35]
Broadcast type Frequency
FM
  • 92–95 MHz FM in England
  • 94.6–96.1 and 103.5–104.9 MHz in Scotland[36]
  • 92.8-95.5 and 103.5-104.9 MHz in Wales
  • 93.2–96.0 and 103.5–104.6 MHz in Northern Ireland
Longwave 198 kHz (Droitwich, Burghead, and Westerglen)
DAB 12B multiplex (BBC National DAB)
Freeview channel 704[37]
Internet BBC Sounds live streaming
Satellite television
Cable television

Former frequencies

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Broadcast type Recent frequencies Switch off date
Medium wave 15 April 2024
  • 1088 kHz
  • 1151 kHz
  • 1457 kHz
 1973
  • 1340 kHz (Northern Ireland)
 1975
  • 692 kHz
  • 809 kHz (Scotland)
  • 881 kHz (Wales)
  • 908 kHz
  • 1052 kHz
 1978
Long wave
  • 200 kHz (changed to 198 kHz)
 1988

Criticisms

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Criticism voiced by centre-right newspapers in recent years have a perceived left political bias across a range of issues,[39][40][41] as well as sycophancy in interviews, particularly on the popular morning news magazine Today[42] as part of a reported perception of a general "malaise" at the BBC. Conversely, the journalist Mehdi Hasan has criticised the station for an overtly "socially and culturally conservative" approach.[43]

There has been criticism of Today in particular for a lack of female broadcasters.[44] In September 1972, Radio 4 employed the first female continuity announcers—Hylda Bamber and Barbara Edwards. For quite some time, the introduction of female newsreaders led to complaints from listeners; women discussing topics of feminist interest led to similar complaints.[45] In addition, there has been long-running criticism by atheist and humanist groups of Thought for the Day, a slot dedicated exclusively to religious discussion during Radio 4's flagship morning news programme.[46][47][48]

Radio 4 has been criticised for being "too middle class" and of "little interest" to non-white listeners.[49][50]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "History of the BBC: 1960s" (PDF).
  2. ^ a b "BBC - Controllers for Pop Music, BBC Sounds and Radio 4 have been appointed - Media Centre". bbc.co.uk.
  3. ^ "Gwyneth Williams appointed BBC Radio 4 controller" The Guardian, 15 July 2010, Retrieved 15 July 2010
  4. ^ "Radio stations ranked by listeners weekly UK 2018 | Statistic". Statista. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  5. ^ "RAJAR". www.rajar.co.uk. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  6. ^ "Radio 4's Shipping Forecast reaches 150-years-old". BBC News. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  7. ^ "RAJAR".
  8. ^ "Listening Figures – Quarterly Listening – All Individuals 15+ for period ending March 2012" (PDF). RAJAR. April 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012.
  9. ^ Guardian 12 May 2011 Retrieved 16 May 2011]
  10. ^ "The Sony Radio Academy Awards: Winners 2004". Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2004.
  11. ^ "Sony Radio Academy Awards — Winners 2008". Radioawards.org. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  12. ^ 62nd Annual Peabody Awards, May 2003.
  13. ^ "BBC Annual Report and Accounts 2005/2006, page 106" (PDF). Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  14. ^ John Plunkett (10 October 2008). "Channel 4 has abandoned its entire radio project, as it seeks to make £100m in savings". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  15. ^ Rosenbaum, Ron (9 January 2009). "Nuclear apocalypse and the Letter of Last Resort". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  16. ^ "Radio silence puts subs on nuclear alert" 28 November 2003 Manchester Evening News Retrieved 11 February 2018
  17. ^ BBC Press Office. "The Today Programme". BBC. Archived from the original on 25 May 2006. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
  18. ^ "Met Office Shipping Forecast key". Metoffice.gov.uk. 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  19. ^ Macdonald, Peter (2004). Big Ben : the bell, the clock and the tower. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-3827-7. OCLC 56657409. A few days earlier a microphone had been set up on the roof of a nearby building, No. 1 Bridge Street, just opposite the Houses of Parliament. As the time approached midnight the chimes of the Great Clock ringing out the old year were followed on the hour by the twelve deep strokes of Big Ben ringing in the new, and broadcast, by means of a temporary line running to the control room at Savoy Hill, to listeners tuned to 2LO, the BBC's first radio transmitter, then barely a year old.
  20. ^ a b "BBC Radio Norfolk's 25th anniversary". BBC. 9 September 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  21. ^ "BBC Radio 4 begins information campaign to transition listeners from Long Wave". BBC. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  22. ^ a b Thornham, Marc (15 March 2024). "End of an era for BBC despite Long Wave reprieve". RXTV. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  23. ^ BBC Radio 4 'AM retune loop' - 15/04/2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024 – via www.youtube.com.
  24. ^ "Date set for the closure of BBC Radio 4 medium wave frequencies". RadioToday. 21 March 2024. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  25. ^ BBC Radio 4 on 774 kHz - last minutes of regular broadcasting + closedown loop. Retrieved 15 April 2024 – via www.youtube.com.
  26. ^ "MWLIST quick and easy: Europe, Africa and Middle East". 24 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  27. ^ "Radio 4 Daily Schedule page". BBC. 8 February 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  28. ^ "New era for Broadcasting House". BBC News. London. 31 October 2000. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  29. ^ Hendy, David (2007). Life on Air: A History of Radio Four. Oxford University Press. pp. 78–79. ISBN 9780199248810.
  30. ^ "Radio 4: Listen Again". BBC. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  31. ^ "Radio 4 – Downloading and Podcasting". BBC. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  32. ^ "Being a newsreader by Harriet Cass". BBC. 30 April 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  33. ^ "List of BBC Radio newsreaders". BBC News. London. 11 July 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  34. ^ "Cass and Green to leave Radio 4". BBC News. 5 September 2012.
  35. ^ "How to Listen". BBC. 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  36. ^ "Radio transmitters Scotland FM transmitters" (PDF). BBC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  37. ^ "Get Freeview Play". Freeview.co.uk.
  38. ^ "Free Channels on the Sky Digital Satellite Platform". Wickonline.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  39. ^ Fisk, Tracy (6 February 2007). "Is Radio 4 alienating its core audience?". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  40. ^ Brooks, Richard; Gadher, Dipesh (17 June 2007). "BBC report damns its 'culture of bias'". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  41. ^ Leonard, Tom (27 October 2006). "The BBC's commitment to bias is no laughing matter". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  42. ^ "Stephen Pollard: I don't want bias with my cornflakes — Commentators, Opinion". The Independent. London. 20 October 2003. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  43. ^ Hasan, Mehdi (27 August 2009). "Bias and the Beeb". New Statesman. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
  44. ^ Barnett, Emma (16 July 2013). "Another woman on Radio 4's Today programme? The BBC ain't joking". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  45. ^ Hendy, David (2007). Life on Air: A History of Radio Four. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 9780199248810.
  46. ^ Sherwood, Harriet (13 November 2018). "BBC faces renewed calls to open Thought for the Day to atheists". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  47. ^ Davies, Gareth (2 October 2019). "Radio 4's Thought for the Day should be scrapped because it is discriminatory, says John Humphrys". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  48. ^ "BBC once more rejects non-religious voices on Thought for the Day". National Secular Society. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  49. ^ Midgley, Neil (8 February 2011). "BBC Radio 4 'too middle class and London-centric'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  50. ^ Mair, John (22 February 2008). "Am I bovvered that Radio 4 is too middle class? No!". The Guardian Organ Grinder Blog. Retrieved 4 January 2014.

Further reading

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