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Queen Cheorin

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This article is about Queen Cheorin of the Joseon dynasty. For the tvN drama about the queen, see Mr. Queen.
Queen Cheorin
철인왕후
哲仁王后
Queen dowager of Joseon
Tenure16 January 1864 – 12 June 1878
PredecessorQueen Dowager Myeongheon
SuccessorNone
Queen consort of Joseon
Tenure17 November 1851 – 16 January 1864
PredecessorQueen Hyojeong
SuccessorQueen Myeongseong
Born(1837-04-27)27 April 1837
Sunhwa-bang District,[1][a] Hanseong, Joseon
Died12 June 1878(1878-06-12) (aged 41)
Yanghwadang Hall,[2] Changgyeonggung, Joseon
Burial
Yereung Royal Tomb, Seosamneung Cluster, Goyang, Gyeonggi Province
SpouseCheoljong of Joseon (m. 1851–1864)
IssueYi Yung-jun[3]
Posthumous name
(see below)
HouseAndong Kim clan
FatherKim Mun-geun
MotherInternal Princess Consort Heungyang of the Yeoheung Min clan
Queen Cheorin
Hangul
철인왕후
Hanja
Revised RomanizationCheorin wanghu
McCune–ReischauerCh'ŏrin wanghu
Pseudonym
Hangul
효휘전
Hanja
孝徽殿
Revised RomanizationHyohwijeon
McCune–ReischauerHyohwijŏn

Queen Cheorin (Korean: 철인왕후; Hanja: 哲仁王后; 27 April 1837 – 12 June 1878), of the Andong Kim clan, was queen consort of Joseon by marriage to King Cheoljong. She was known as Queen Dowager Myeongsun (명순대비) after the death of her husband and during King Gojong's reign. When King Gojong proclaimed the Korean Empire, the Queen was posthumously given the title of Cheorin, the Symbolic Empress (철인장황후; 哲仁章皇后).

Biography

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Early life and marriage

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Lady Kim was born into the (new) Andong Kim clan (신 안동 김씨; 新 安東 金氏) on 27 April 1837 as the eldest daughter of Kim Mun-geun and his second wife, Lady Min of the Yeoheung Min clan. She had one younger brother.

As part of the Andong Kim clan's manipulation of King Cheoljong through Queen Sunwon, the 14-year-old Lady Kim married the 20-year-old King Cheoljong on November 17, 1851. As queen, it is said that she was not involved and did not side with her family in royal politics as she kept to herself.

As the parents of the Queen consort, Lady Min received the royal title of "Internal Princess Consort Heungyang of the Yeoheung Min clan" (흥양부부인 여흥 민씨; 興陽府夫人 驪興 閔氏). While her father received the royal title of "Internal Prince Yeongeun" (영은부원군; 永恩府院君). Her father's first wife, Lady Yi, also received the royal title of "Internal Princess Consort Yeonyang of the Yeonan Yi clan" (연양부부인 연안 이씨; 延陽府夫人 延安 金氏) as she was also considered the mother of Lady Kim.

The Queen eventually gave birth to a son, Prince Royal Yi Yung-jun on 22 November 1858, but he died 6 months and 3 days later on 25 May 1859.

As Cheoljong fell deeper under his illness, the Grand Royal Queen Dowager Sinjeong saw an opportunity to advance the cause of the Pungyang Jo clan (the only true rival of the Andong Kim clan).

Life as queen dowager and later life

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The 33-year-old King Cheoljong died on 16 January 1864 within Daejojeon Hall in Changdeokgung. The cause of his death is ambiguous, as there was no clear official record about it. Some suggested that the death of cause of Cheoljong could be liver disease or tuberculosis; according to existing documents, however, it is still hard to give a certain conclusion to date.[4][5]

According to Ilseongnok ("Diary of Self-examination"), since Cheoljong ascended to the throne, he had a weak digestive system, causing a series of chronic disease throughout his life. Cheoljong also had symptoms of asthma and caught cold quite easily.[6] Thus leaving the throne vacant and in need of an heir.

The selection of the next king was in the hands of three dowagers: Queen Dowager Hyoyu, the widow of Crown Prince Hyomyeong and mother of King Heonjong, Queen Dowager Myeongheon, the widow of King Heonjong, and Queen Dowager Myeongsun, King Cheoljong's wife.[7]

Queen Dowager Hyoyu was approached by Yi Ha-eung, a descendant of King Injo (r. 1623–1649), whose father was made an adoptive son of Prince Eunsin, a nephew of King Yeongjo (r. 1724–1776). Yi Ha-eung's family branch belonged to an obscure line of descent of the Jeonju Yi clan, which had survived the often deadly political intrigue that frequently embroiled the Joseon court by forming no affiliations. Yi Ha-eung himself was ineligible for the throne due to a law that dictated that any possible heir had to be part of the generation after the most recent incumbent of the throne, but his second son Yi Myeong-bok (future Emperor Gojong), was a possible successor.

The Pungyang Jo clan saw that Yi Myeong-bok was only twelve years old and would not be able to rule in his own name until he came of age, and that they could easily influence Yi Ha-eung, who would be acting as regent for the future King. As soon as news of Cheoljong's death reached Yi Ha-eung through his intricate network of spies, he and the Pungyang Jo clan took the royal seal – an object that was considered necessary for a legitimate reign to take place and aristocratic recognition to be received – effectively giving Queen Sinjeong absolute power to select the successor to the throne. By the time Cheoljong's death had become a known fact, the Andong Kim clan was powerless according to the law.

On 16 January 1864, Yi Myeong-bok was appointed as Prince Ikseong by Grand Queen Dowager Sinjeong, and the next day, his father was granted the title of Grand Internal Prince (Daewongun).

A few days later on January 21, Yi Myeong-bok was enthroned as King Gojong, and Dowager Queen Sinjeong began her regency.[8]

Since Gojong was 12 years old, Queen Sinjeong invited the Daewongun to assist his son in ruling. She virtually renounced her right to be regent, and though she kept the title, the Daewongun was in fact the true ruler.[8]

The Queen Dowager Myeongsun did not intervene when the Daewongun reduced then ended the power of the Andong Kim clan's, and soon afterwards that also of the Pungyang Jo clan.

She later died on 12 June 1878 within Yanghwa Hall in Changgyeonggung, and is buried in Yereung, Seoul, with her husband.[2]

Family

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  • Father
    • Kim Mun-geun (김문근; 金汶根; 25 November 1801 – 6 November 1863)
  • Mother
    • Biological - Internal Princess Consort Heungyang of the Yeoheung Min clan (흥양부부인 여흥 민씨; 興陽府夫人 驪興 閔氏; 1807–1872); Kim Mun-geun's second wife
    • Step - Internal Princess Consort Yeonyang of the Yeonan Yi clan (연양부부인 연안 이씨; 延陽府夫人 延安 金氏; 1799–1824)

Sibling(s):

  • Younger brother - Kim Byeong-pil (김병필; 金炳弼; 1839–1870)

Husband

Issue

Titles

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  • 27 April 1837 – 12 June 1878: Lady Kim, daughter of Kim Mun-geun of the Andong Kim clan
  1. Lady Kim (안동 김씨; 安東 金氏)
  2. Kim Mun-geun's daughter (김문근의 딸; 金汶根之 女)
  • 17 November 1851 – 16 January 1864:[9][10][11] The Queen Consort of Joseon (조선 왕비; 朝鮮 王妃)
  • 16 January 1864 – 26 March 1866: The Queen Dowager of Joseon (조선 대비; 朝鮮 大妃)
  • 26 March 1866 – 12 June 1878:[12] Queen Dowager Myeongsun (명순 대비; 明純 大妃)

Posthumous title

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  • Joseon
    • Full formal title: Queen Myeongsun[13] Hwiseong[14] Jeong'won[15] Suryeong[16] Gyeongheon Jangmok Cheorin[1] of Joseon (명순휘성정원수령경헌장목철인왕후; 明純徽聖正元粹寧敬獻莊穆哲仁王后)
    • Short informal title: Queen Cheorin (철인왕후; 哲仁王后)
  • Korean Empire
    • Full formal title: Empress Myeongsun Hwiseong Jeong'won Suryeong Gyeongheon Jangmok Cheorin Jang[17] of the Korean Empire (명순휘성정원수령경헌장목철인장황후; 明純徽聖正元粹寧敬獻莊穆哲仁章皇后)
    • Short informal title: Empress Cheorin Jang (철인장황후; 哲仁章皇后)
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  • Portrayed by Jo Nam-gyeong in the 1982 KBS1 TV series Wind and Cloud
  • Portrayed by Chae Yoo-mi in the 1990 MBC TV series Daewongun
  • Portrayed by Yoo Hye-yeong in the 2001–2002 KBS TV series Empress Myeongseong
  • Portrayed by Shin Hye-sun in the 2020 tvN TV series Mr. Queen.

Notes

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  1. ^ Located within modern-day Hyoja-dong, Jongno District.

References

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  1. ^ a b 조선왕조실록 고종실록 15권, 1878년 음력 9월 18일 6번째기사 (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, Annals of King Gojong, vol. 15, 13 October 1878, entry 6)
  2. ^ a b 조선왕조실록 고종실록 15권, 1878년 음력 5월 12일 3번째기사 (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, Annals of King Gojong, vol. 15, 12 May 1878, entry 3)
  3. ^ A childhood name, according to the Journal of the Royal Secretariat, book 2611, 01 March 1859, entry 13
  4. ^ Hayashi Taisuke (林泰輔) (1912). 朝鮮通史. p. 240.
  5. ^ 이진한 (2018-09-21). 피 토하던 조선 왕들, 폐 기생충 때문?. The Dong-A Ilbo. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  6. ^ Lee, Hai-Woong; Kim, Hoon (2012). "A Research on the Disease of King Cheoljong in the Joseon Dynasty". Korea Institute of Science and Technology. 25 (2). doi:10.15521/JKMH.2012.25.2.011.
  7. ^ Cumings, Bruce. Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005.
  8. ^ a b Choe Ching Young. The Rule of the Taewŏn’gun, 1864-1873: Restoration in Yi Korea. Cambridge, Mass.: East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, 1972.
  9. ^ 조선왕조실록. Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
  10. ^ 조선왕조실록. Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
  11. ^ 조선왕조실록. Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
  12. ^ Ibid. 3권, 1866년 음력 2월 10일 1번째기사 (Ibid. vol. 3, 10 February 1866, entry 1)
  13. ^ Ibid. 철종실록 15권, 1863년 을력 6월 1일 6번째기사 (Ibid. Annals of King cheoljong, vol. 15, 16 July 1863, entry 6)
  14. ^ Ibid. 고종실록 3권, 1866년 음력 2월 10일 1번째기사 (Ibid. Annals of King Gojong, vol. 3, 26 March 1866, entry 1)
  15. ^ Ibid. 3권, 1866년 음력 4월 4일 1번째기사 (Ibid. 17 May 1866, entry 1)
  16. ^ Ibid. 9권, 1873년 음력 12월 24일 2번째기사 (Ibid. vol. 9, 22 January 1873, entry 2)
  17. ^ Ibid. 순종실록 2권, 1908년 7월 30일 1번째기사 (Ibid. Annals of Emperor Sunjong, vol. 2, 30 July 1908, entry 1)
Preceded by Queen consort of Joseon
1851–1864 		Succeeded by
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