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Mass media in Qatar

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The mass media in Qatar relays information and data in Qatar by means of television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines and the internet. Qatar has established itself as a leading regional figure in mass media over the past decade. Al Jazeera, a global news network which was established in 1996, has become the foundation of the media sector.[1] The country uses media to brand itself and raise its international profile.[2]

Despite Al Jazeera being considered to be one of the Middle East's most open media outlets,[3] Qatari authorities enforce stringent restrictions on freedom of local media, including censoring internet services and outlawing criticism of the ruling family in the media. However, in October 2018, National Press Club declared its review for Al Jazeera. "News organizations supported by public money can and do produce independent journalism," said NPC Journalism Institute President Barbara Cochran. The accolades received by Al Jazeera from respected American professional organizations attest to the quality of their news coverage as supportive and independent. “The job of every news organization is to tell the truth, even if it makes people uncomfortable. We believe it would be wrong and counter-productive to censor a news organization whose work has won wide praise from the international journalism community." said National Press Club President Andrea Edney.[4]

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Newspapers

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See also: List of newspapers in Qatar
This is the logo to one of the TV networks in Qatar. It is also a local popular newspaper.

There are currently seven newspapers in circulation in Qatar, four published in Arabic and three in English.[2] Qatar's first weekly newspaper, Gulf News, appeared in 1969.[5] Al Arab was the first post-independence newspaper to appear in Qatar, in 1972.[6] Gulf Times was the first English newspaper in Qatar[7] until the arrival of The Peninsula in 1996.[8][9]

According to circulation estimates released in 2004, Al Watan was the most widely circulated newspaper in Qatar, with a circulation rate of 18,000. Al Sharq and Gulf Times both came second, with circulation rates of 15,000.[6] A 2008 report asserted that the total circulation rate was approximately 100,000 copies per day, with Al Raya and Gulf Times both having the highest circulation rates at 18,000, and Al Sharq and Al Watan having circulation rates of 15,000.[10]

Magazines

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Firefly Communications and Oryx Communications are two of the most prominent magazine publishing houses in Qatar.[11][12] There were nine magazines in 2009.

The first weekly magazine, Al-Urooba, was issued in 1970.[13]

English-language magazines in the country include family publication Doha Family Magazine,[14] the first regularly printed parenting publication in Qatar and Society, published by Gulf Times.[15]

Business magazine The Edge, women's fashion magazine GLAM, and Qatar Today. Qatar Al Yom is an Arabic-language business magazine.[11] By 2014, Firefly had added more publications to its brand, including Qatar Construction News, Alef, Volante and Sur La Terre.[16]

Publishing

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Qatar established a foothold in the publications market with the founding of Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing in 2008.[2] Qatar Foundation ceased its partnership with Bloomsbury Publishing in 2015,[17] and created its own publishing house in its place under the name Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press.[18] Another Qatari book publisher, Katara Publishing House, was established in 2018.[19][20]

Qatar also holds annual book fairs to celebrate the new publications produced by the local publication companies. In the 30th annual Qatari International Book Fair there was a number of publishing companies that participated. Lusail Publishing House, Roza Publishing House are some of the new additions to the publication companies.[21]

Radio

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The evolution of radio broadcasting in Qatar follows the broader trends in media development within the Arab world. Among the notable early Arab radio stations was the Egyptian station Sawt Al Arab, established in 1953, which played a significant role in promoting Arab nationalism and anti-colonial sentiments, albeit experiencing credibility challenges during the Six-Day War. During the 1950s and 1960s, when residents of Qatar first acquired radio technology, most listened to Sawt Al Arab, and to a lesser extent, other Arabic-language radio stations such Radio Bahrain and Kuwait Radio, both of which were established in the 1950s. On a small-scale level, the beginnings of radio broadcasting in Qatar can be traced back to rudimentary devices utilized by Qatar Petroleum and schools in the 1960s for internal communication.[22] Qatar's first major foray into radio broadcasting commenced with the establishment of Qatar Radio on 25 June 1968, representing a collaborative effort between the Qatari government and the British Marconi Company.[23]

Emphasizing locally produced content, Qatar Radio prioritized programs reflecting Qatar's culture. The increasingly diverse demographics of Qatar led to specialized radio services catering to various linguistic demographics, exemplified by the establishment of Holy Quran Radio, English Program, Urdu Program and French Program, among others. The station, initially operating for two hours weekly, garnered a sizable audience before expanding its transmission to four hours. Sawt Al Khaleej Radio was established in 2002 and Sawt Al Rayyan Radio in 2007, both focusing on promoting regional music and folklore. A third radio station, Katara Radio, was inaugurated in 2014 and besides broadcasting programs on cultural practices and folk music of Qatar, it also produces programs on the Arabic language and Islamic history.[22]

Previously, all radio programs in the country were state-owned and are amalgamated as the Qatar Broadcasting Service,[24] but since 2020, the government has granted licenses to private radio stations.[22] In a bid to enhance diversity and accommodate Qatar's multicultural populace, in 2020 the government granted licenses for private radio stations in various languages. These private initiatives, such as "Malayalam," "Snow," "One," and "Olive," catered to specific linguistic communities, such as Malayalam and Hindi.[22] These stations were first announced in 2017.[25]

Television

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Main article: Television in Qatar
Al Jazeera English newsroom

The first television station in Qatar was Qatar TV.[26][27] It began producing and transmitting its own programmes in 1970, with color transmission since 1974.[28] It had a monopoly on television audience until 1993, when Qatar Cablevision began broadcasting satellite channels. Despite the broadening of television offerings, Qatar TV remains popular amongst locals.[29] The first news network was the Qatar News Agency, which was launched in 1975.[30] In May 1977, the Qatar General Broadcasting and Television Corporation was founded.[31]

The logo of Bein Sport, which is a global sports network.

Al Jazeera, currently Qatar's largest television network, was founded in 1996.[32] Initially launched as an Arabic news and current affairs satellite TV channel, Al Jazeera has since expanded into a network with several outlets, including the internet and specialty TV channels in multiple languages. It is accessible in several world regions. The network is a Private Foundation for Public Benefit under Qatari law, receiving its funding from the Qatari government but operating independently.[33][34]

beIN Sports, a global network of sports channels, was launched in 2012.[35] It is an affiliate of Al Jazeera Media Network. It currently operates three channels in France – beIN Sport 1, beIN Sport 2 and beIN Sport MAX – and launched two channels in the United States in August 2012.[36]

During the 2011 AFC Asian Cup, the Al-Kass Sports Channel set a world record when it deployed 51 different cameras in a broadcast of a single match.[37]

Motion pictures

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Main article: Cinema of Qatar

Qatar's modern film industry was conceived in 2009.[38] From then onwards, there have been efforts to develop a sustainable film industry in the country and in the region,[39] such as the organization and hosting of the Doha Tribeca Film Festival[40] from 2009 to 2012, which formed a partnership with the American-based Tribeca Film Festival.[41]

In 2010, Khalifa al-Muraikhi released Qatar's first full-length film, Clockwise.[42] The film is a documentary on 'fijri', a genre of Arabic music performed during pearl trips, and was premiered in Doha during the celebration ceremony for the city's successful nomination for the 'Arab Capital of Culture'.[38]

The Doha Film Institute was launched in 2010[43] with the aim of developing a film industry with strong links to the international film community.[44] DFI is credited as a production company on several films, including the co-production of Black Gold;[41] The Reluctant Fundamentalist, directed by Mira Nair, which was the opening film in the 69th Venice International Film Festival;[45][46] and Kanye West's Cruel Summer, a short film shot in Doha which premiered during the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.[47]

Innovations Films have been credited by the DFI as being one of the leading film production companies in the country.[48]

Some observers in the Arab art scene have criticized the Qatari film industry, claiming that they feature more foreign films than regional ones, and view it as more of a platform to put the country's film industry on the map rather than a means to support regional talents.[39]

Internet

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Main article: Internet in Qatar
An internet café in Al Khor

Internet services have been available in Qatar since 1997.[49] Statistics released by the International Telecommunication Union reveal that as of 2012, 88% of the population is connected to the internet. Internet usage has drastically increased from 2000, when it was 5%.[50] All of the major newspaper publications have online websites.[51] Al Jazeera's English website was launched in 2003 at the beginning of the Iraq War. It has been the subject of numerous cyber attacks.[52] The Facebook page for global-facing media outlet AJ+ has obtained over ten million 'likes' as of April 2018.

In 2007 Qatar was the second most connected country in the Arab region.[53] Qatar's internet penetration rate grew from 6% in 2001 to 37% in 2007 to 86% in 2011.[54] From 2013 until 2016, internet penetration in Qatar grew 12%, leaving it at 93%.[55]

In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Qatar is the highest ranked Middle Eastern country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI), an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies.[56] Qatar ranked number 23 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, unchanged from 2013.[57]

Media censorship

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Prior to 1995, there were severe restrictions in regards to the disposition of information that journalists were permitted to report. The censorship of local media was formally lifted after Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani deposed his father in July 1995, when a few weeks after the deposition, he withdrew censors from local newspapers.[6] Further restrictions were lifted in 1996 when he abolished the information ministry and its censorship office. The information ministry was later replaced with a government-owned corporation.[6]

The 1979 Prints and Publications Law, which imposes many restrictions on the freedom of the press, remained in effect despite the other reforms made by Sheikh Hamad.[58] Article 46 of the press law outlaws criticism of the Emir. It declares, “The Emir of the state of Qatar shall not be criticized and no statement can be attributed to him unless under a written permission from the manager of his office.”[58] As a result, journalists practice self-censorship, particularly in regards to the ruling family.[59] They are also subject to prosecution for insulting Islam.[60] IREX reports that newspapers and radio programmes possess a wider margin of freedom than the official news media.[10]

Internet service is monitored by the government, which censors pornography and other materials deemed inappropriate.[59] The customs and the censorship office in the Qatar General Broadcasting and Television Corporation monitor imported foreign broadcasting for sensitive content.[61]

In 2014, a Cybercrime Prevention Law was passed,[62] threatening to punish anyone who violates social values by publishing information regarding the private or family life of an individual, even if the information is accurate. If convicted, a perpetrator can face up to a year in prison and a fine of QR 100,000.[63] The law also stipulates that anyone found guilty of publishing false news which could jeopardize the safety of the state could face a maximum 1-year prison sentence and QR 250,000 fine, while anyone who is found guilty of publishing false news with the aim of destabilizing national security may face up to a three-year prison sentence and a fine of QR 500,000.[63] The Gulf Center for Human Rights has stated that the law is a threat to freedom of speech and has called for certain articles of the law to be revoked.[64]

Initiatives to alleviate media censorship

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In 2008, Qatar was the only country which abstained from signing the Arab Satellite Charter, a proposal intended to regulate and control satellite TV stations.[65] AFP reported that Qatar abstained from signing the charter for legal reasons.[66]

The Doha Centre for Media Freedom was established in December 2007[67] with the aim of promoting media freedom throughout the region.[68] Robert Ménard, a founder of Reporters Without Borders, was appointed as the director-general of the organization in April 2008. He resigned in July 2009 over a dispute with the Qatari authorities, whom he accuses of restricting the centre's freedom of speech.[69][70]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ The Report: Qatar 2009. Oxford Business Group. 2009. p. 200. ISBN 978-1902339252.
  2. ^ a b c The Report: Qatar 2010. Oxford Business Group. 2010. p. 237. ISBN 9781907065446.
  3. ^ Hugh Miles (1 July 2017). "Al-Jazeera, insurgent TV station that divides the Arab world, faces closure". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  4. ^ Club, National Press. "National Press Club Declares Support For Al Jazeera". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2023-07-15.
  5. ^ Martin, Shannon E.; Copeland, David A. (2003). The Function of Newspapers in Society: A Global Perspective. Praeger. p. 24. ISBN 978-0275973988.
  6. ^ a b c d Rugh, William A. (2004). Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics (1st ed.). Praeger. pp. 61, 72. ISBN 978-0275982126.
  7. ^ "About Gulf Times". Gulf Times. 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  8. ^ Qatar Mineral & Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide. Intl Business Pubns USA. 2009. p. 246. ISBN 978-1438739854.
  9. ^ "About Us The Peninsula Newspaper". thepeninsulaqatar.com. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  10. ^ a b "IREX Report 2008" (PDF). irex.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  11. ^ a b The Report: Qatar 2015. Oxford Business Group. 2015. p. 277. ISBN 9781910068274.
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  15. ^ "Society magazine launches revamped website". The Media Network. 9 October 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  16. ^ "Firefly Publications".
  17. ^ D'mello, Chantelle (2015-12-27). "Bloomsbury, Qatar Foundation end publishing agreement". Doha News | Qatar. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
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  21. ^ "Qatar's private publishing firms make huge presence at book fair". thepeninsulaqatar.com. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  22. ^ a b c d Al-Jaber, Khaled (2021). Media in Qatar: Origins, Evolution & Challenges. Katara Publishing House. pp. 129–143. ISBN 978-9927149238.
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  27. ^ "Qatar TV.. 52 Years of Giving and Creativity". www.qna.org.qa. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
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  29. ^ Tourya Guaaybess (2013-01-11). National Broadcasting and State Policy in Arab Countries. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1899–1900. ISBN 978-1-137-25765-9. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
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  31. ^ Abbas Kadhim, p. 273
  32. ^ "About Us | Today's latest from Al Jazeera". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  33. ^ Gancarski, A. G. (2019-06-20). "Qatar quandary: Marco Rubio says Al-Jazeera is a foreign agent, network disagrees". Florida Politics. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  34. ^ "Al Jazeera pushes back on GOP effort to force it to register as a foreign agent". Washington Examiner. 2019-06-19. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  35. ^ "beIN SPORTS France". 2014-01-15. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
  36. ^ Al Jazeera to Kick Off Pair of Soccer Channels in U.S. this August Bleacher Report, 2 June 2012
  37. ^ Pederson, Paul M. (2013). Routledge Handbook of Sport Communication. Routledge. p. 142. ISBN 978-0415518192.
  38. ^ a b "'Focus on Qatar' opens with first feature film Clockwise". The Peninsula. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  39. ^ a b Schwartz, Lowell H.; Kaye, Dalia Dassa; Martini, Jeffrey (2013). Artists and the Arab Uprisings. RAND Corporation. p. 50. ISBN 978-0833080363.
  40. ^ "Doha Tribeca Film Festival opens today". Gulf Times. 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  41. ^ a b "Whatever happened to the Qatari film industry?". The Guardian. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  42. ^ "Celebrating Qatar's cinematic rise". Gulf Times. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  43. ^ "Qatar's H.E. Sheikha Al Mayassa Launches the Doha Film Institute". Doha Film Institute. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  44. ^ "Qatar launches Doha Film Institute to build sustainable film industry". habibtoumi.com. 16 May 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  45. ^ "The Reluctant Fundamentalist opens Venice Film Festival". BBC News. 30 August 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  46. ^ "The Not-So-Reluctant Filmmaker". wsj.com. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  47. ^ "Cannes 2012: Kanye West Debuts Groundbreaking Film With Kim Kardashian, Jay-Z in Attendance". The Hollywood Reporter. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  48. ^ Anand Holla (5 October 2015). "Showcasing Qatari filmmaking talent". Gulf Times. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  49. ^ Mellor, Noha; Rinnawi, Khalil; Dajani, Nabil; Ayish, Muhammad I. (2011). Arab Media: Globalization and Emerging Media Industries. Polity. ISBN 978-0745645353.
  50. ^ "ITU's portal for key ICT data and statistics". itu.int. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  51. ^ "Online newspapers in Qatar". onlinenewspapers.com. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  52. ^ Miles, Hugh (2005). Al-Jazeera: The Inside Story of the Arab News Channel that is Challenging the West. New York: Grove Press. p. 260.
  53. ^ "UAE, Qatar and Bahrain are the Arab World's highest adopters of telecommunication services". Arab Advisors Group. June 4, 2007. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010.
  54. ^ "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2011". International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  55. ^ "Media Use in the Middle East" (PDF). 2016. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
  56. ^ "Qatar – Network Readiness Index". networkreadinessindex.org. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
  57. ^ "NRI Overall Ranking 2014" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  58. ^ a b Roth, Richard J. (8 May 2013). "Awaiting a Modern Press Law in Qatar". NY Times. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  59. ^ a b Blanchard, Christoper (2014). Qatar: Background and U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service. p. 17. ISBN 9781437987089.
  60. ^ "Qatar Freedom of the Press". freedomhouse.org. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  61. ^ Figenschou, Tine Ustad (2013). Al Jazeera and the Global Media Landscape: The South is Talking Back. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 978-0415814430.
  62. ^ Kovessy, Peter (2014-09-16). "Qatar's Emir signs new cybercrime legislation into law". Doha News | Qatar. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
  63. ^ a b "New cybercrime law could have serious consequences for press freedom in Qatar". cpj.org. 27 September 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  64. ^ "Qatar: New Cyber Crime Law poses real threat to Freedom of Expression". gc4hr.org. 17 September 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  65. ^ Qarjouli, Asmahan (2021-05-03). "Press freedom in Qatar: Where does it stand?". Doha News | Qatar. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
  66. ^ "Arab governments move to restrict satellite TV". cpj.org. 15 February 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  67. ^ "Robert Ménard and staff leave Doha Centre for Media Freedom | RSF". rsf.org. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
  68. ^ Kadhim, Abbas (2013). Governance in the Middle East and North Africa: A Handbook. Routledge. p. 264. ISBN 978-1857435849.
  69. ^ "Robert Ménard and staff leave Doha Centre For Media Freedom". rsf.org. 23 June 2009. Archived from the original on January 5, 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  70. ^ "US embassy cables: Qatari claims to support free press 'undermined by manipulation of al-Jazeera'". the Guardian. 2010-12-05. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
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