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Purple-crested turaco

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Purple-crested turaco
Nominate race in Ithala G. R.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Musophagiformes
Family: Musophagidae
Genus: Gallirex
Species:
G. porphyreolophus
Binomial name
Gallirex porphyreolophus
(Vigors, 1831)

The purple-crested turaco (Gallirex porphyreolophus) or, in South Africa, the purple-crested loerie, (Khurukhuru in the Luvenḓa (Venḓa) language is a species of bird in the clade Turaco with an unresolved phylogenetic placement.[2][3] Initial analyses placed the purple-crested turaco in the family Musophagidae, but studies have indicated that these birds do not belong to this family and have been placed in the clade of Turacos with an unresolved phylogeny.[2][3] It is the National Bird of the Kingdom of Eswatini, and the crimson flight feathers of this and related turaco species are important in the ceremonial regalia of the Swazi royal family.

Description

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This bird has a purple coloured crest above a green head, a red ring around their eyes, and a black bill. The neck and chest are green and brown. The rest of the body is purple, with red flight feathers.


Purple-crested turacos are considered to be large frugivores that are known to carry cycad seeds from various plant species long distances from feeding to nesting sites.[4] After fruit consumption, they regurgitate the seeds intact where they can germinate nearby.[4] G. porphyreolophus primarily consumes fruits whole like many other large frugivores which are suggested to be necessary for effective ecosystem functioning.[4] Among similar turacos, the purple-crested turaco have faster minimum transit times when consuming smaller seed diets than larger seed diets, and G. porphyreolophus has been shown to have significantly faster pulp (seedless fruit masses) transit time than another closely related Turaco when fed only the pulp of larger-seeding fruits than smaller-seeding fruits.[5]


Purple-crested turacos are primarily frugivorous and have been shown to disperse seeds that germinate comparably to that of manually de-pulped seeds.[6] Turacos are important for seed dispersal and germination, but the purple-crested turaco's digestion of invasive plants still allows for high rates of germination and low seed retention.[6] On the other hand, the invasive species Psittacula krameri (rose-ringed parakeet) has been shown to contain longer seed retention and lower rates of alien-plant germination.[6]

Habitat

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They live in moist woodland and evergreen forests. They eat mainly fruit.

Range

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It is found in Burundi, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Their southernmost occurrence is at the Mtamvuna River on the KwaZulu-Natal-Eastern Cape border.[7]

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  • Close-up of front and head plumage
    Close-up of front and head plumage
  • Visiting a waterhole in uMkhuze G. R.
    Visiting a waterhole in uMkhuze G. R.
  • Illustration by Andrew Smith, showing crimson primaries
    Illustration by Andrew Smith, showing crimson primaries

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Gallirex porphyreolophus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22688380A93195329. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22688380A93195329.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Veron, G. (1999). "Phylogénie des touracos (Aves, Musophagidae). Analyse des caractères morphologiques". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 37 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0469.1999.95097.x. ISSN 1439-0469.
  3. ^ a b Veron, Géraldine; Winney, Bruce J. (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships within the turacos (Musophagidae)". Ibis. 142 (3): 446–456. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2000.tb04441.x. ISSN 1474-919X.
  4. ^ a b c Symes, Craig Thomas (2018). "Cycad seed dispersal - the importance of large frugivorous birds". Biodiversity Observations. 9. doi:10.15641/bo.v9i0.503.
  5. ^ Wilson, Amy-Leigh; Downs, Colleen T. (January 2011). "The effect of seed packaging on digestion and food preference by Purple-crested (Gallirex porphyreolophus) and Knysna (Tauraco corythaix) Turacos". Journal of Ornithology. 152 (1): 193–200. doi:10.1007/s10336-010-0564-2. ISSN 2193-7192. S2CID 9914657.
  6. ^ a b c Thabethe, Vuyisile; Wilson, Amy-Leigh; Hart, Lorinda A.; Downs, Colleen T. (2015-10-01). "Ingestion by an invasive parakeet species reduces germination success of invasive alien plants relative to ingestion by indigenous turaco species in South Africa". Biological Invasions. 17 (10): 3029–3039. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-0932-1. hdl:10019.1/110962. ISSN 1573-1464. S2CID 15815173.
  7. ^ Clancey, P. A. (December 1975). "A One-time Mecca for Ornithologists" (PDF). Natalia. 5: 29–35. Retrieved 23 December 2013.

(Swazi References - Spring 2012 Clive Humphreys)

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