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Pueblo

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This article is about the Native American people. For the city in Colorado, see Pueblo, Colorado. For other uses, see Pueblo (disambiguation).
Acoma Pueblo in northern New Mexico, one of the oldest pueblo towns

Pueblo refers to the settlements and to the Native American tribes of the Pueblo peoples in the Southwestern United States, currently in New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. The permanent communities, including some of the oldest continually occupied settlements in the United States, are called pueblos (lowercased).

Spanish explorers of northern New Spain used the term pueblo to refer to permanent Indigenous towns they found in the region, mainly in New Mexico and parts of Arizona, in the former province of Nuevo México. This term continued to be used to describe the communities housed in apartment structures built of stone, adobe, and other local material.[1] The structures were usually multi-storied buildings surrounding an open plaza, with rooms accessible only through ladders raised and lowered by the inhabitants, thus protecting them from break-ins and unwanted guests. Larger pueblos were occupied by hundreds to thousands of Puebloan people.

Several federally recognized tribes have traditionally resided in pueblos of such design. Later Pueblo Deco and modern Pueblo Revival architecture, which mixes elements of traditional Pueblo and Hispano design, has continued to be a popular architectural style in New Mexico.

The term is now part of the proper name of some historical sites, such as Pueblo of Acoma.

Etymology and usage

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The word pueblo is the Spanish word both for "town" or "village" and for "people". It comes from the Latin root word populus meaning "people". Spanish colonials applied the term to their own civic settlements, but to only those Native American settlements having fixed locations and permanent buildings.[2]

In the Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico, specifically in the region between Albuquerque, Santa Fe and Taos, the word "pueblo" defines a "distinct cultural group in the Southwestern United States" and their villages. The Holmes Museum of Anthropology defines this specific group as a "common culture with individual variances [that] connects them.[3]

Less-permanent native settlements (such as those found in California) were often referred to as rancherías,[4] however, the oldest area of Los Angeles was known as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señorala Reina de los Ángeles del Rio de Porciúncula or El Pueblo de Los Angeles for short.[5][6]

On the central Spanish Meseta the unit of settlement was and is the pueblo; which is to say, the large nucleated village surrounded by its own fields, with no outlying farms, separated from its neighbors by some considerable distance, sometimes as much as ten miles [16 km] or so. The demands of agrarian routine and the need for defense, the simple desire for human society in the vast solitude of (rocky plains, or the desert), dictated that it should be so. Nowadays the pueblo might have a population running into thousands. Doubtless, they were much smaller in the early middle ages, but we should probably not be far wrong if we think of them as having had populations of some hundreds.[2]

Pueblo tribes

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Of the federally recognized Native American communities in the Southwest, those designated by the King of Spain as pueblo at the time Spain ceded territory to the United States, after the American Revolutionary War, are legally recognized as Pueblo by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Some of the pueblos also came under the jurisdiction of the United States, in its view, by its treaty with Mexico, which had briefly gained rule over territory in the Southwest ceded by Spain after Mexican independence. There are 21 federally recognized Pueblos[7] that are home to Pueblo peoples. Their official federal names are as follows:

One unrecognized tribe, the Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe of the Pueblo of San Juan Guadalupe is currently petitioning the US Department of the Interior for federal recognition.[9]

Civic institutions

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Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico

Each Pueblo is autonomous with its own governmental structure. Several organizations serve to unite the interests of difference Pueblos including the Albuquerque-based All Pueblo Council of Governors[10] who collectively negotiates for land and water rights and advocates for Pueblo interests with the state and federal government. The interests of Eight Northern Pueblos are served by the Eight Northern Indian Pueblos Council based in Ohkay Owingeh (formerly San Juan Pueblo).[10] Cochiti, Jemez, Sandia, Santa Ana, and Zia are served by the Five Sandoval Indian Pueblos, a nonprofit organization based in Rio Rancho.[10]

The Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, founded in 1976 in Albuquerque, educates the public about all Pueblos through art, dance, and educational experiences.[11] The center has a museum that presents Pueblo history and artifacts, and an interactive Pueblo House museum. An archive holds a collection of photographs, books, and tape recordings of oral histories.[12] It also has a café and a restaurant,[11] Indian Pueblo Kitchen, serving Indigenous cuisine.[13]

Pueblo
CategoryFederal Unit District IV[14]
Created
Number19 in New Mexico[15] unknown amount in Arizona, Colorado, Utah or Mexico. 21 of them are federally recognized: 19 in New Mexico, 1 in Arizona, and 1 in Texas
Government

Historical places

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She-we-na (Zuni Pueblo), katsina tihu (Paiyatemu), late 19th century. Brooklyn Museum
Main article: Ancestral Puebloan dwellings

Pre-Columbian towns and villages in the Southwest, such as Acoma, were located in defensible positions, for example, on high steep mesas. Anthropologists and official documents often refer to ancient residents of the area as pueblo cultures. For example, the National Park Service states, "The Late Puebloan cultures built the large, integrated villages found by the Spaniards when they began to move into the area."[16] The people of some pueblos, such as Taos Pueblo, still inhabit centuries-old adobe pueblo buildings.[17]

Contemporary residents often maintain other homes outside the historic pueblos.[17] Adobe and light construction methods resembling adobe now dominate architecture at the many pueblos of the area, in nearby towns or cities, and in much of the American Southwest.[18]

In addition to contemporary pueblos, numerous ruins of archeological interest are located throughout the Southwest. Some are of relatively recent origin. Others are of prehistoric origin, such as the cliff dwellings and other habitations of the Ancestral Puebloans, who emerged as a people around the 12th century BCE and began to construct their pueblos about 750–900 CE.[19][20]

Feast days

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Many pueblos participate in syncretism between Indigenous Pueblo religion and Roman Catholicism. The pueblos welcome outsiders to participate in feast days, in which the Pueblo communities hold seasonal ceremonial dances, and certain households volunteer to feed visitors meals. Photography is forbidden.[21] Visitors are advised to confirm events in advance with the Pueblos.[22]

Dances include the antelope, bow-and-arrow, Comanche, corn, basket, buffalo, deer, harvest, Matachines, and turtle dances.[21][22]

January
  • 1: Transer of Canes: dances at most pueblos[21][22]
  • 6: King's Day Celebration: Nambé, Picuris, Sandia, Santa Ana,[22] Santo Domingo, Taos[21]
  • 22–23: feast: San Ildefonso[21][22]
  • 25: Picuris, San Ildefonso[21]
February
March
April
  • Easter weekend: most pueblos[21][22]
  • Easter Sunday: Jemez,[22] Nambé, Santo Domingo, San Ildefonso, Zia[21]
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Stewart, George (2008) [1945]. Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States. New York: NYRB Classics. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-1-59017-273-5.
  2. ^ a b Fletcher, Richard A. (1984) Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-822581-4 (on-line text, ch. 1)
  3. ^ "About the pueblos". Morgan Museum of Anthropology, Collection of Southwest Pottery. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  4. ^ Rancheria. Archived 2005-01-11 at the Wayback Machine The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07 (retrieved 12 April 2009)
  5. ^ "Origin of the Name Los Angeles". laalmanac.com. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  6. ^ Pool, Bob (26 March 2005). "City of Angel's First Name Still bedevils historians". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  7. ^ "Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs; Notice" Federal Register 12 July 2002, Part IV, Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs
  8. ^ Indian Affairs Bureau (8 January 2024). "Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs". Federal Register. 89 (944): 944–48. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  9. ^ "Petition #005: Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe of the Pueblo of San Juan de Guadalupe, NM". Indian Affairs. U.S. Department of the Interior, Indian Affairs. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  10. ^ a b c "New Mexico Pueblos: Pueblo Organizations". New Mexico Department of Indian Affairs. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  11. ^ a b "Indian Pueblo Cultural Center". New Mexico True. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  12. ^ McCullah, Tazbah (Winter 2007). "Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico". Journal of the West. 46 (a): 30–31. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  13. ^ "Indian Pueblo Kitchen". Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  14. ^ "District IV". Bureau of Indian Affairs. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  15. ^ "23 NM Federally Recognized Tribes in NM Counties". Secretary of State of New Mexico. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  16. ^ NPS with link to PDF file: "The Origins of the Salinas Pueblos", in In the Midst of a Loneliness: The Architectural History of the Salinas Missions, U.S. National Park Service
  17. ^ a b Gibson, Daniel (2001) Pueblos of the Rio Grande: A Visitor's Guide, Rio Nuevo Publishers, Tucson, Arizona, p. 78, ISBN 1-887896-26-0
  18. ^ Paradis, Thomas W. (2003) Pueblo Revival Architecture Archived 2008-02-10 at the Wayback Machine, Northern Arizona University
  19. ^ Hewit "Puebloan History" Archived 2016-10-21 at the Wayback Machine, University of Northern Colorado
  20. ^ Gibson, Daniel (2001) "Pueblo History", in Pueblos of the Rio Grande: A Visitor's Guide, Tucson, Arizona: Rio Nuevo Publishers, pp. 3–4, ISBN 1-887896-26-0
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw "Calendar of Pueblo Feast Days & Other Events at the Pueblos". Santa Fe Selection Travel Guide. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq "Feast Days". Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
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