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Public holidays in the United States

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Public holidays in the United States
Public • Paid • Federal • Observance • School • Hallmark
Observed byFederal government
State governments
Local governments
Private and public sector employers
TypeNational

In the United States, public holidays are set by federal, state, and local governments and are often observed by closing government offices or giving government employees paid time off. The federal government does not require private businesses to close or offer paid time off, as is the case for most state and local governments, so employers determine which holidays to observe.

Several federal holidays are widely observed by private businesses with paid time off. These include New Year's Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. Businesses often close or grant paid time off for New Year's Eve, Christmas Eve, and the Day after Thanksgiving, but none of these are federal holidays. Other federal holidays are less widely observed by businesses. Most federal holidays are celebrated on a Monday or Friday to create a three-day weekend.

Christmas is the only religious holiday that is a federal holiday. Some businesses allow religious employees to take paid time off for religious observances.

Other holidays, such as Halloween and Valentine's Day, are widely celebrated in the United States but rarely include paid time off.

Overview

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A jack-o'-lantern, one of the symbols of Halloween

There are no national holidays on which the law requires all businesses to close. Federal holidays are only established for certain federally chartered and regulated businesses, government contractors, and the city of Washington, DC. All other public holidays are created by the States. Most states allow local jurisdictions, cities, villages, etc., to establish local holidays. As a result, holidays have not historically been governed at the federal level, and federal law does not govern business openings.

Many states have additional holidays that the federal government does not observe.[1] Most prominent among these are holidays to celebrate statehood. Since 2000, some city and state-level celebrations of Malcolm X Day and Rosa Parks Day have been created, in addition to the federal Martin Luther King Jr. Day, to honor and recognize African American contributions to the United States. Missouri honors Rosa Parks on her birthday.[2][3]

Colorado became the first state to establish a paid state holiday honoring a woman in 2020 with the designation of the first Monday in October as Frances Xavier Cabrini Day.[4]

Saint Patrick's Day parade in Atlanta, 2012

Many businesses observe certain holidays, which are also not mandated by any government agency. Many workplaces celebrate religious observance as well as ethnic holidays, such as Saint Patrick's Day, Kwanzaa, Diwali, Mardi Gras, and Cinco de Mayo, as a matter of best practice.[5]

While the popularity of each public holiday cannot easily be measured, the holiday with the highest greeting card sales is Christmas.[6] Major retail establishments, such as shopping malls and centers, close only on Thanksgiving and Christmas, but remain open on all other holidays, with early closings on Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve, and sometimes on other major holidays. In the face of a rapidly tightening retail market in the 2010s, retailers have increasingly been opening on Thanksgiving evening and night to extend Black Friday and the holiday shopping season, however, the COVID-19 pandemic greatly limited this practice.[7][8]

Virtually all large companies observe and close on the major holidays (New Year's Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas). Some non-retail businesses close the day after Thanksgiving, while others, such as federal banks and post offices, are not allowed to close that day. Some smaller businesses normally open on Sundays will close on Easter Sunday if they expect to have very few customers that day.[9]

Holiday business restrictions

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Some states restrict certain business activities on some holidays.[10] Business closures are mandated on a few holidays in some states for certain kinds of businesses by blue laws. For example, businesses that operate on more than 5,000 square feet (460 m2) cannot open on Thanksgiving in some New England states. The most notable businesses to close on such occasions are car dealerships and liquor stores. Some holidays are observed with community service, depending on the meaning of the holiday. Service is not mandated by any government agencies, whether they be federal, state, or local.

Federal holidays

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Main article: Federal holidays in the United States
The 1979 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade

The following federal holidays are observed by the majority of private businesses with paid time off:

Other federal holidays are less widely observed by businesses. These include:

Established in 2021, Juneteenth is the newest federal holiday. In its second year of federal observance, 30% of private employers offered paid time off.[12]

Holidays with religious significance

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Main articles: Religion in the United States and Separation of church and state in the United States

Religious and cultural holidays in the United States are characterized by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. However, the First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ...." and Article VI specifies that "no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States." As a result, various religious faiths have flourished, as well as perished, in the United States. In 2002, a majority of Americans reported that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unique among developed nations.[13]

In 2012, the majority of Americans (73–80%) identified themselves as Christians and about 15–20% had no religious affiliation.[14] In the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS), 76% of American adults population identified themselves as Christians, with 51% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant or unaffiliated, and 25% professing Catholic beliefs.[15] The same survey said that other religions (including, for example, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism) collectively made up about 4% of the adult population, another 15% of the adult population claimed no religious affiliation, and 5.2% said they did not know, or they refused to reply. In a 2012 survey by the Pew forum, 36 percent of Americans stated that they attended services nearly every week or more.[16]

Christian holidays

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Main article: Liturgical year

With 65% of adults in the U.S. identifying as Christian in 2019, many holidays from the liturgical calendar are observed by this segment of the population.[17] Many businesses, as well as federal, state, and local governments, are closed on Christmas.[18] A reference in the film A Christmas Story shows a Chinese restaurant being the only establishment open on Christmas.

Some private businesses and certain other institutions are closed on Good Friday.[19] The financial market and stock market is closed on Good Friday.[20] Most retail stores remain open, although some might close early. Public schools and most universities are closed on Good Friday, either as a holiday of its own, or part of spring break. The postal service operates, and banks regulated by the federal government do not close for Good Friday.[21]

Many companies, including banks, malls, shopping centers, and most private retail stores that normally open on Sundays are closed on Easter.[9]

Hindu holidays

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Rangoli decorations, made using colored powder, are popular during Diwali.
Main article: List of Hindu festivals

The Hindu holidays of Diwali and Holi are celebrated in some parts of the United States, mostly by Indian Americans or peoples of Indian descent.[22][23] Holi, the "festival of colors" has inspired a Broadway musical based on this festival.[24] While not officially recognized in most of the United States, the New York City Council officially recognized these as official school holidays in New York City.[25] CNN reported that the Diwali holiday is shown in American pop culture through an episode of The Office.[26][27]

Jewish holidays

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Main article: Hebrew calendar
A Hanukkah menorah

The three most commonly celebrated Jewish holidays are Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur and Hanukkah.[28] Passover and Yom Kippur in addition to Rosh Hashannah and Hanukkah are recognized as an optional state level holiday in Texas.[29][30] All Jewish holidays start the night before, as that is when the Jewish day begins.

Islamic holidays

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Main article: Islamic holidays

The major Islamic holidays of Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr, and Eid al-Adha have been recognized in the United States. Awareness of these holidays can be found in calendars published by major calendar manufacturers.[31][32][33] According to Al-Jazeera, schools in New York and Michigan (mainly Dearborn) may begin to close in observance of all Muslim holidays.[34][when?]

Holidays with other cultural or historical significance

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Drinking holidays

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See also: Drinking culture
Crowds on Vine Street at the Oktoberfest in Cincinnati

According to the National Institutes of Health, about 86% of the population over 18 drinks alcohol recreationally or socially.[35] In the United States, the holidays that are considered the most "festive" are generally regarded as some of the "most drunken holidays". Celebrations usually revolve around barbecues and beer. Although many of these holidays lack any official status, they are generally observed by the drinking culture for the fact that these holidays revolve around drinking.[36]

One measurement of the popularity of these holidays is the amount of alcohol purchased for the occasion.[36] One survey names New Year's Eve as the holiday on which the most alcohol is consumed based on sales.[36] While many holidays are listed, some are generally notable for their drinking requirement while others are known for abstinence.[37]

African American holidays

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Main article: African-American culture
2003 Kwanzaa celebration with its founder, Maulana Karenga, and others

Some holidays in the United States celebrate or recognize the struggle of African-Americans for emancipation from slavery and civil rights. Two holidays are celebrated as Federal holidays:

  • Martin Luther King Jr. Day, observed on the Monday falling on or between January 15–21, commemorates the birthday of Dr. King, a significant leader of the Civil Rights Movement. The holiday was established federally in 1983 and first officially celebrated in 1986; efforts to create the holiday faced strong opposition and some southern states paired the new holiday with a holiday honoring the Confederacy
  • Juneteenth, observed on June 19, commemorates the announcement of the abolition of slavery in Texas in June 1865, and more generally the emancipation of enslaved African-Americans. The name is a portmanteau of June and nineteenth[38][39] and has been a federal holiday since 2021.

Some states and cities have additional holidays honoring African-Americans:

  • Emancipation Day, observed in Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, D.C., Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands on various days based on when enslaved people were emancipated in those jurisdictions
  • Harriet Tubman Day, observed in New York and in some parts of Maryland on March 10
  • Malcolm X Day, observed in Illinois and Berkeley, California, on May 19; also celebrated in cities such as Atlanta, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. as an unofficial holiday
  • Rosa Parks Day, observed in Missouri on February 4, in California and Michigan on the following Monday, and in Ohio on December 1

A significant African-American cultural celebration is Kwanzaa, observed from December 26 to January 1.[40] Created by Maulana Karenga in 1966, the holiday honors African heritage in African-American culture.[41]

Confederate holidays

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Some states celebrate holidays honoring the Confederate States of America that seceded from the United States. Many of these state holidays were created in the early twentieth century, fifty years after the end of the Civil War, as part of the myth of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.[42]

  • Confederate Memorial (or Heroes) Day is observed in Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, South Carolina, Louisiana[citation needed] and Texas on various days.
  • Robert E. Lee Day (on or around Lee's Jan 19 birthday) is still observed in Alabama and Mississippi combined with Martin Luther King Jr. Day, the only remaining states to do so.[43] It is officially recognized in Florida, but is not widely observed there.[44] Arkansas combined the observance of Robert E. Lee Day with Martin Luther King Jr. Day in 1985.[45] In 2017, the state passed a law removing Lee's name from the January holiday and instead establishing a state memorial day on the second Saturday of October in honor of Lee.[46]
  • Confederate History Month has been declared at least once in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia as well as by various cities, usually in April to augment Confederate Memorial Day.

Other traditional and informal holidays

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Cinco de Mayo performers at the White House

In addition to the federal/national holidays, many religious, ethnic, and other traditional holidays populate the calendar, as well as lighter celebrations. These are rarely observed by businesses as holidays;[9] indeed, many are viewed as opportunities for commercial promotion. Because of this commercialization, some critics apply the deprecatory term Hallmark holiday to such days, after the Hallmark greeting card company.

Other notable holidays

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United States Air Force Super Bowl party

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "State Holidays". Infoplease.com. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  2. ^ "Rosa Parks to be honored by Missouri on Feb 4th". Archived from the original on January 6, 2017.
  3. ^ "Illinois designates May 19 as Malcolm X Day". May 20, 2015.
  4. ^ Kelley, Debbie (October 3, 2022). "Colorado's Mother Cabrini Day, Columbus Day and Indigenous Peoples Day cause confusion". Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
  5. ^ "2014 Diversity Holidays". Archived from the original on October 21, 2014.
  6. ^ Enten, Harry J. (December 22, 2012). "Christmas may be on the cards, but is it the most popular American holiday?". The Guardian.
  7. ^ "Hours". Mall of America. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  8. ^ "Black Friday shopping like we all know it is officially over because of COVID-19". finance.yahoo.com. September 10, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2022.
  9. ^ a b c "Optional Time-Off Benefits You Can Give Your Employees | BizFilings Toolkit". Toolkit.com. May 25, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  10. ^ Massachusetts, for example, forbids most retailers from opening on Thanksgiving and Christmas: Attorney General's Office, "Sunday and Holiday Openings" "Office of Attorney General Maura Healey". Archived from the original on August 30, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  11. ^ "Upcoming Holidays and Observances in the United States".
  12. ^ Ali, Shirin (June 17, 2022). "Growing number of businesses are giving employees Juneteenth off". The Hill. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  13. ^ "Among Wealthy Nations U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion". Pew Global Attitudes Project. December 19, 2002. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
  14. ^ ""Nones" on the Rise". The Pew Forum. October 9, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
  15. ^ US Census Bureau (September 30, 2011). "Table 75. Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001 and 2008, The methodology of the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS)". US Census Bureau 2012 Statistical Abstract. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2012.
  16. ^ "The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life – Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". Pewforum.org. July 19, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
  17. ^ "In U.S., Decline of Christianity Continues at Rapid Pace". Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
  18. ^ "What will be open Christmas Day". Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
  19. ^ "Good Friday in United States". timeanddate.com. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  20. ^ "Stock Market Holidays". money-zine.com. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  21. ^ "Federal Holidays". Opm.gov. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
  22. ^ "Diwali Goes Mainstream". Huffington Post. October 25, 2011.
  23. ^ Sinha, Sanskrity (November 4, 2013). "Diwali 2013: Hindu Festival of Lights Celebrated Around the World [PHOTOS]". International Business Times UK. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023.
  24. ^ "Color Me Rad 5K Celebrates 2 Million Fans with New Color Blaster". BWWFitnessWorld. February 13, 2014. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  25. ^ "USA: Hindus laud New York City Council for resolution on Diwali holiday in City schools". Baltic Review. August 30, 2013. Archived from the original on February 18, 2014.
  26. ^ "The Office: Diwali - Season 3, Episode 6". TV.com. Archived from the original on December 21, 2011.
  27. ^ "6 things you should know about Diwali". CNN. November 11, 2015.
  28. ^ "Jewish Holidays".
  29. ^ "Rosh Hashanah".
  30. ^ "Holidays – Tablet Magazine – Jewish News and Politics, Jewish Arts and Culture, Jewish Life and Religion". tabletmag.com. Retrieved September 3, 2015.
  31. ^ "Major Islamic Holidays".
  32. ^ "Eid al-Fitr".
  33. ^ "Eid al-Adha".
  34. ^ "New York Schools Could Get Muslim Holidays".
  35. ^ "Alcohol facts and statistics".
  36. ^ a b c "Top 10 Drunkest Holidays". Time. March 17, 2011.
  37. ^ "Ranking America's drinking holidays". May 4, 2015.
  38. ^ "Juneteenth Celebrated in Coachella". Black Voice News. June 22, 2011. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012.
  39. ^ "Juneteenth". Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  40. ^ "Celebrating the Kwanzaa Holiday and Understanding its Impact on Race Relations".
  41. ^ "Why Kwanzaa Video". Maulana Karenga.
  42. ^ McCullar, Emily (July 3, 2020). "Why Texas Still Celebrates Confederate Heroes Day". Texas Monthly. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  43. ^ Little, Becky (January 13, 2017). "The Controversial History of Martin Luther King Day". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
  44. ^ Mettler, Katie (January 19, 2016). "Today in Florida, it's Robert E. Lee Day". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  45. ^ "Arkansas Ends Robert E. Lee-Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday". NBC News. March 22, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  46. ^ "Arkansas lawmakers vote to remove Robert E. Lee from holiday honoring MLK". Politico. Associated Press. March 17, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
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