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Eastern whipbird

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Eastern whipbird
P. o. olivaceus, New South Wales
Eastern whipbird whistle, recorded at Tamborine Mountain, Queensland, Australia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Psophodidae
Genus: Psophodes
Species:
P. olivaceus
Binomial name
Psophodes olivaceus
(Latham, 1801)

The eastern whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus) is an insectivorous passerine bird native to the east coast of Australia. Its whip-crack song is a familiar sound in forests of eastern Australia. Two subspecies are recognised. Heard much more often than seen, it is dark olive-green and black in colour with a distinctive white cheek patch and a crest. The male and female are similar in plumage.

Taxonomy

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The eastern whipbird was mistakenly described by John Latham as two separate species in 1801 from early colonial illustrations, first as the white-cheeked crow (Corvus olivaceus) and as the coachwhip flycatcher (Muscicapa crepitans).[2][3] The bird became commonly known as coachwhip bird or stockwhip bird.[4] John Gould recorded the aboriginal term Djou from the Hunter Region of New South Wales.[5]

Its specific name is derived from its olive colouration, though it was soon placed in the new genus Psophodes by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield,[6] derived from the Greek psophōdes/ψοφωδης meaning 'noisy'.[7] The family placement has changed, some now placing it in a large broadly defined inclusive Corvidae, while others split it and several other genera into the quail-thrush family Cinclosomatidae. Other research proposes that the quail-thrushes are themselves distinctive, leaving the whipbirds and wedgebills in a family with the proposed name Psophodidae. The name "Eupetidae" had been used for this grouping; however, because of the distant relationship of the rail-babbler to the other members of this group uncovered in research by Jønsson et al. (2007) [8] that name is more appropriately used for the monotypic family which contains this species.

Subspecies

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Two subspecies are recognized:[9]

  • Adult P. o. lateralis
    Adult P. o. lateralis
  • Juvenile P. o. lateralis
    Juvenile P. o. lateralis
  • Juvenile P. o. lateralis
    Juvenile P. o. lateralis

Description

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A slim bird some 26–30 cm (10–12 in) in length and 47–72 grams (1.7–2.5 oz) in weight, it is olive green with a black head and breast. It has a small black crest with a white cheek-patch on its face. It has a paler abdomen with a long dark olive-green tail tipped with white. The iris is brown and bill is black with blackish feet. The male is slightly larger than the female. Juveniles are a duller olive-brown and lack the white cheek stripes and dark throat.[10][11]

The eastern whipbird is generally shy, and is heard much more often than seen. Its long drawn out call – a long note, followed by a 'whip crack' (which is the source of the common name) and some follow-on notes – is one of the most distinctive sounds of the eastern Australian bush. The call is usually a duet between the male and female, the male producing the long note and whip crack and female the following notes. Calls are most frequent in the early morning, though do occur through the day with small peaks at noon and sunset.[12] Though male calls are consistent across the species range, a high degree of variation in female calls has been reported.[13] The call samples have been used in many films such as: Bush Christmas (1983) and The Dark Crystal (1982).

Distribution and habitat

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The eastern whipbird is found in wet temperate forests including both rainforests and wet sclerophyll forests, generally near water. It occurs from eastern Victoria north through to central Queensland. A northern race, sometimes known as the northern whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus lateralis) is found in the wet tropics of North Queensland from Cooktown to Townsville. At least one study has found it to be a specialist species in terms of habitat and threatened by urbanisation.[14]

Behaviour

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The eastern whipbird is insectivorous, recovering insects from leaf litter on the forest floor.[10]

Breeding

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Whipbirds are monogamous. Breeding occurs from late winter through spring; a loosely built bowl of twigs and sticks lined with softer material such as grasses, located in shrubs or trees less than 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) above the ground. Several broods may occur in an extended breeding season.[15] A clutch of two eggs, pale blue with blackish splotches and spots, measuring 28 x 20 mm, is laid.[16] The female incubates and the eggs and broods the nestlings, though the male helps feed and take a more active role in looking after fledglings for 6 weeks after leaving the nest.[15]

References

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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Psophodes olivaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22705327A94013243. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705327A94013243.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Latham, John (1801). Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae (in Latin). London: Leigh & Sotheby. pp. xxvil, li.
  3. ^ Deignan, H.G. (1964). "Subfamily Orthonychinae, Longrunners". In Mayr, E.; Paynter, R.A. Jnr. (eds.). Check-list of birds of the world (Volume 10). Cambridge, Mass.: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 230.
  4. ^ Boles, Walter E. (1988). The Robins and Flycatchers of Australia. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. p. 408. ISBN 0-207-15400-7.
  5. ^ "Indigenous Bird Names of the Hunter Region of New South Wales". Australian Museum website. Sydney, New South Wales: Australian Museum. 2009. Archived from the original on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
  6. ^ Vigors, N.A.; Horsfield, T. (1827). "A description of the Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 15: 170–331 [328]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x.
  7. ^ Liddell & Scott (1980). Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
  8. ^ Jønsson, Knud A.; Fjeldså, Jon; Ericson, Per G.P.; Irestedt, Martin (2007). "Systematic placement of an enigmatic Southeast Asian taxon Eupetes macrocerus and implications for the biogeography of a main songbird radiation, the Passerida". Biology Letters. 3 (3): 323–326. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0054. PMC 2464695. PMID 17347105.
  9. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Australasian babblers, logrunners, satinbirds, painted berrypeckers, wattlebirds & whipbirds". World Bird List Version 5.4. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  10. ^ a b c Boles, (The Robins and Flycatchers of Australia), p. 410
  11. ^ Simpson K, Day N, Trusler P (1993). Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Ringwood, Victoria: Viking O'Neil. p. 392. ISBN 0-670-90478-3.
  12. ^ Woodall, PF (1997). "Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in the Calls of the Noisy Pitta Pitta versicolor, Eastern Whipbird Psophodes olivaceus and Green Catbird Ailuroedus crassirostris in Brisbane Forest Park, Queensland". Emu. 97 (2): 121–125. Bibcode:1997EmuAO..97..121W. doi:10.1071/MU97015.
  13. ^ Mennill DJ, Rogers AC (2006). "Whip it good! Geographic consistency in male songs and variability in female songs of the duetting eastern whipbird Psophodes olivaceus". Journal of Avian Biology. 37 (1): 93–100. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2006.03548.x.
  14. ^ Wood, KA (1996). "Bird assemblages in a small public reserve and adjacent residential area at Wollongong". Wildlife Research. 23 (5): 605–619. doi:10.1071/WR9960605.
  15. ^ a b Rogers AC, Mulder RA (2004). "Breeding ecology and social behaviour of an antiphonal duetter, the eastern whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 52 (4): 417–435. doi:10.1071/ZO04001.
  16. ^ Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. p. 346. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
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