Prunus subg. Prunus
| Prunus subg. Prunus | |
|---|---|
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| Plums and nectarines | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Prunus |
| Subgenus: | Prunus subg. Prunus |
| Section | |
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See text. | |
Prunus subg. Prunus is a subgenus of Prunus. This subgenus includes plums, apricots and bush cherries. Some species conventionally included in Prunus subg. Amygdalus are clustered with plum/apricot species according to molecular phylogenetic studies.[1][2] Shi et al. (2013) has incorporated subg. Amygdalus into subg. Prunus, thereby including almonds and peaches in this subgenus.[1] The species in this subgenus have solitary flowers or 2–3 in a fascicle.[1][3]
Sections according to Shi et al. (2013)
[edit]Shi et al. (2013) divide subg. Prunus into seven sections: sect. Amygdalus, sect. Armeniaca, sect. Emplectocladus, sect. Microcerasus, sect. Persicae, sect. Prunocerasus and sect. Prunus. They form three clades. The basal clade is sect. Emplectocladus which is sometimes treated as a subgenus. The other two clades are the Amygdalus-Persicae clade (sometimes treated as subg. Amygdalus) and the Armeniaca-Microcerasus-Prunocerasus-Prunus clade (subg. Prunus in a narrow sense).[1]
Sect. Emplectocladus
[edit]Prunus sect. Emplectocladus (Torr.) A.Gray is the sister group to all the other species in this subgenus,[1] and sometimes treated as a distinct subgenus, Prunus subg. Emplectocladus (Torr.) S.C.Mason. It includes six New World species.[4][5]
- Prunus fasciculata – desert almond
- Prunus cercocarpifolia
- Prunus eremophila – Mojave Desert almond
- Prunus havardii – Havard's wild almond
- Prunus microphylla – Mexican wild almond
- Prunus minutiflora – Texas wild almond
Sect. Amygdalus
[edit]Prunus sect. Amygdalus (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. and the next section (Persica) sometimes constitute Prunus subg. Amygdalus (L.) Focke which is monophyletic, but the incongruence between nuclear and chloroplast DNA phylogenies blurs the boundary between the two sections somewhat.[2][6] The word "ămygdălus" is Latin for the almond nut.[7]
This section includes most Old World almond species except P. mongolica, P. tangutica, P. triloba, P. pedunculata, P. tenella, P. petunnikowii and probably other related species.[2]
Selected species:
- Prunus arabica – Arabian wild almond
- Prunus dulcis – almond
- Prunus fenzliana
- Prunus spinosissima – thorny almond
Sect. Persica
[edit]Prunus sect. Persica (Mill.) Nakai[a] includes peach species[8] as well as two species previously considered almonds (P. mongolica and P. tangutica).[2]
- Prunus davidiana – Chinese peach
- Prunus ferganensis – Fergana peach
- Prunus kansuensis – Gansu peach
- Prunus mira – Tibetan peach
- Prunus mongolica – Mongolian almond
- Prunus persica – peach
- Prunus tangutica – Tangut almond
Sect. Armeniaca
[edit]Species in this Prunus sect. Armeniaca (Scop.) Koch are apricots, native to Eurasia.[1]
Selected species:
- Prunus armeniaca – apricot
- Prunus mandshurica – Manchurian apricot
- Prunus mume – Japanese apricot
- Prunus sibirica – Siberian apricot
Sect. Microcerasus
[edit]Species in Prunus sect. Microcerasus (Webb & Berthel.) C.K.Schneid. are known as bush cherries or dwarf cherries.[1]
Selected species:
- Prunus glandulosa
- Prunus japonica
- Prunus prostrata
- Prunus pumila
- Prunus tianshanica
- Prunus tomentosa
Sect. Prunocerasus
[edit]Prunus sect. Prunocerasus Koehne includes New World plums and peachbush (P. texana).[2][1]
Selected species:
- Prunus americana – American plum
- Prunus angustifolia – sand plum
- Prunus maritima – beach plum
- Prunus mexicana – Mexican plum
- Prunus nigra – Canada plum
- Prunus texana – peachbush
Sect. Prunus
[edit]Prunus sect. Prunus includes Old World plums.[1]
Selected species:
- Prunus cerasifera – cherry plum
- Prunus domestica – European plum
- Prunus salicina – Chinese plum
- Prunus simonii – apricot plum
- Prunus spinosa – sloe
Additional sections
[edit]Species of the following sections were not presented in the results of Shi et al. (2013). Therefore, their relationship with the sections proposed by Shi et al. (2013) is unclear.
Sect. Chamaeamygdalus
[edit]Prunus sect. Chamaeamygdalus (Spach) Dippel used to be included in the Amygdalus-Persica clade. However, molecular phylogenetic research indicates that it should be excluded from the Amygdalus-Persica clade.[2] The phylogenetic positions of the species in this section are still uncertain.
- Prunus tenella – Russian almond
- Prunus petunnikowii
Sect. Louiseania
[edit]Prunus sect. Louiseania (Carrière) Yazbek includes two or three Asian species.[9] They are called flowering almond and morphologically close to wild almonds (sect. Amygdalus),[2] but they are more related to bush cherries (sect. Microcerasus) and apricots (sect. Armeniaca).[2][6][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] According to nuclear phylogenomic analyses, the type species of sect. Louiseania, P. triloba, is embedded in sect. Microcerasus and closely related to the P. prostrata, the type species of sect. Microcerasus. However, in the phylogenetic tree based on plastid genome, P. triloba together with P. tomentosa (also a member of sect. Microcerasus) and apricots is in a clade that is sister to the core part of sect. Microcerasus.[14][16] The incongruity is attributable to multiple hybridization events during the speciation of P. triloba, which probably involves species of sect. Amygdalus, sect. Armeniaca, sect. Microcerasus, sect. Prunus, and even subg. Cerasus.[14]
Sect. Penarmeniaca
[edit]Prunus sect. Penarmeniaca S.C.Mason is the sister group to the New World section Prunocerasus and probably the Old World species P. tenella.[2] It includes two New World species.[4][17]
- Prunus andersonii – desert peach
- Prunus fremontii – desert apricot
Notes
[edit]- ^ Shi et al. (2013) gave this section a superfluous name, Prunus sect. Persicae (T.T.Yü & L.T.Lu) S.L.Zhou.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i Shi, Shuo; Li, Jinlu; Sun, Jiahui; Yu, Jing; Zhou, Shiliang (2013). "Phylogeny and classification of Prunus sensu lato (Rosaceae)". Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 55 (11): 1069–1079. doi:10.1111/jipb.12095. ISSN 1744-7909. PMID 23945216.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Yazbek, M.; Oh, S.-H. (2013-10-01). "Peaches and almonds: phylogeny of Prunus subg. Amygdalus (Rosaceae) based on DNA sequences and morphology". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 299 (8): 1403–1418. doi:10.1007/s00606-013-0802-1. ISSN 1615-6110. S2CID 14542774.
- ^ Su, Na; Hodel, Richard G. J.; Wang, Xi; Wang, Jun-Ru; Xie, Si-Yu; Gui, Chao-Xia; Zhang, Ling; Chang, Zhao-Yang; Zhao, Liang; Potter, Daniel; Wen, Jun (2023-04-06). "Molecular phylogeny and inflorescence evolution of Prunus (Rosaceae) based on RAD-seq and genome skimming analyses". Plant Diversity. doi:10.1016/j.pld.2023.03.013. ISSN 2468-2659. S2CID 258013062.
- ^ a b Mason, S.C. (1913-11-10). "The pubescent-fruited species of Prunus of the southwestern states". Journal of Agricultural Research. 1 (2): 147–177.
- ^ Prigge, Barry A. (2002). "A new species of Prunus (Rosaceae) from the Mojave Desert of California". Madroño. 49 (4): 285–288. ISSN 0024-9637. JSTOR 41425478.
- ^ a b Chin, Siew-Wai; Shaw, Joey; Haberle, Rosemarie; Wen, Jun; Potter, Dan (2014-07-01). "Diversification of almonds, peaches, plums and cherries – Molecular systematics and biogeographic history of Prunus (Rosaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 76: 34–48. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.024. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 24631854.
- ^ "amygdalus", Online Latin Dictionary; accessed 2022.07.20.
- ^ "桃亚属 Subgen. Persica". iPlant 植物智——植物物种信息系统 (in Chinese). 中国科学院植物研究所系统与进化植物学国家重点实验室. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
- ^ Yazbek, Mariana (9 April 2010). Systematics of Prunus subgenus Amygdalus: Monograph and Phylogeny. Cornell University (published 2010-04-09). hdl:1813/14843.
- ^ Mowrey, B. D.; Werner, D. J. (1990-07-01). "Phylogenetic relationships among species of Prunus as inferred by isozyme markers". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 80 (1): 129–133. doi:10.1007/BF00224026. ISSN 1432-2242. PMID 24220821. S2CID 25963976.
- ^ Wang, Wei; Wang, Hui-Ling; Xiao, Xun-Ze; Xu, Xin-Qiao (2019-12-01). "Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of longstalk almond (Prunus pedunculata (Pall.) Maxim.), an important sand-fixation shrub plant endemic to northern China". Conservation Genetics Resources. 11 (4): 419–421. doi:10.1007/s12686-018-1039-7. ISSN 1877-7260. S2CID 255785457.
- ^ Duan, Chunyan; Shen, Yehua; Zhao, Guifang (2020-01-02). "Complete chloroplast genome characteristics of Prunus triloba Lindl". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 5 (1): 504–505. doi:10.1080/23802359.2019.1704657. ISSN 2380-2359. PMC 7748640. PMID 33366622.
- ^ Wang, Wei; Yang, Tao; Wang, Hui-Ling; Li, Zhen-Jian; Ni, Jian-Wei; Su, Shang; Xu, Xin-Qiao (2020-06-23). "Comparative and phylogenetic analyses of the complete chloroplast genomes of six almond species (Prunus spp. L.)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 10137. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67264-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7311419. PMID 32576920.
- ^ a b c Hodel, Richard G. J.; Zimmer, Elizabeth; Wen, Jun (2021-07-01). "A phylogenomic approach resolves the backbone of Prunus (Rosaceae) and identifies signals of hybridization and allopolyploidy". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 160: 107118. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107118. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 33609711. S2CID 231979781.
- ^ Coulibaly, Daouda; Huang, Xiao; Ting, Shi; Iqbal, Shahid; Ni, Zhaojun; Ouma, Kenneth Omondi; Hayat, Faisal; Tan, Wei; Hu, Guofeng; Ma, Chengdong; Karikari, Benjamin; Magdy, Mahmoud; Gao, Zhihong (September 2022). "Comparative analysis of complete chloroplast Genome and phenotypic characteristics of Japanese apricot accessions". Horticulturae. 8 (9): 794. doi:10.3390/horticulturae8090794. ISSN 2311-7524.
- ^ a b Wan, Tian; Qiao, Bai-xue; Zhou, Jing; Shao, Ke-sen; Pan, Liu-yi; An, Feng; He, Xu-sheng; Liu, Tao; Li, Ping-ke; Cai, Yu-liang (2023). "Evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses of 11 Cerasus species based on the complete chloroplast genome". Frontiers in Plant Science. 14. doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1070600. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 10022824. PMID 36938043.
- ^ Bortiri, Esteban; Oh, Sang-Hun; Jiang, Jianguo; Baggett, Scott; Granger, Andrew; Weeks, Clay; Buckingham, Megan; Potter, Daniel; Parfitt, Dan E. (2001). "Phylogeny and systematics of Prunus (Rosaceae) as determined by sequence analysis of ITS and the chloroplast trnL-trnF spacer DNA". Systematic Botany. 26 (4): 797–807. ISSN 0363-6445. JSTOR 3093861.