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Maroon clownfish

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Maroon clownfish
Female with body bars almost disappeared, said to be associated with age
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Family: Pomacentridae
Subfamily: Amphiprioninae
Genus: Premnas
Cuvier, 1816
Species:
P. biaculeatus
Binomial name
Premnas biaculeatus
(Bloch, 1790)
Synonyms

Chaetodon biaculeatus Bloch, 1790
Holocentrus sonnerat Lacepède, 1802
Lutianus trifasciatus Schneider, 1801
Premnas epigrammata Fowler, 1904
Premnas gibbosus Castelnau, 1875
Premnas semicinctus Cuvier, 1830
Premnas unicolor Cuvier, 1829
Sargus ensifer Gronow, 1854

Premnas biaculeatus, commonly known as spine-cheeked anemonefish or the maroon clownfish, is a species of anemonefish found in the Indo-Pacific from western Indonesia to Taiwan and the Great Barrier Reef.[2] They can grow up to be about 17 cm (6.7 in).[3] Like all anemonefishes it forms a symbiotic mutualism with sea anemones and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a sequential hermaphrodite with a strict size-based dominance hierarchy; the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male nonbreeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends.[4] They exhibit protandry, meaning the breeding male changes to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest nonbreeder becoming the breeding male.[5] The fish's natural diet includes algae and zooplankton.[3]

Description

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The characteristic that defines this genus is the spine on the cheek. The colors of the body and bars vary according to sex and geographic location. Despite the common name maroon clownfish, only some females have a maroon body color, with a range of color to dark brown. Juveniles and males are bright red-orange. The fish has three body bars which may be white, grey, or yellow. Where the female bars are grey, they can be "switched" rapidly to white if fish is provoked.[5] The size-based dominance hierarchy means in any group of anemonefish, the female is always larger than the male. A significant difference in size is seen in this species, with females being one of the largest anemonefish, growing up to 17 cm (6.7 in) while males are much smaller, usually being 6–7 cm (2.4–2.8 in).[5]

Color variations

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The significant color variations for fish in this species are related to sex and geographic location. Male and juvenile fish are bright red-orange which darkens on the fish changing to female, ranging from maroon to dark brown. The body bars of the female are narrower and the body bars reportedly all but disappear in older females.[6] At least three geographic variations in the color of females are found, with fish from East Timor to Australia retaining white body bars. In the central Malay Archipelago, the head bar tends towards a dull yellow, with the other two body bars being grey. In Sumatra and Andaman Islands, all three body bars are yellow for both male and female, and the female body color can range from a dull maroon to a dark brown. While other species have a blue tinge to their body bars, Amphiprion chrysopterus and A. latezonatus, this geographic variety, is the only anemonefish to have yellow or gold body bars.

Central Malay Archipelago

The female in the Central Malay Archipelago, from North Sulawesi and the Philippines in the north to Komodo Island in the south, has a dull-yellow head bar and grey body bars. Male and juvenile fish are bright red-orange with white bars.

  • Female from Gilli Lawa Laut, near Komodo Island showing the gold tinged head bar and distinctive cheek spine
    Female from Gilli Lawa Laut, near Komodo Island showing the gold tinged head bar and distinctive cheek spine
  • Male at Bunaken island, North Sulawesi, showing the bright red-orange colors and three white body bars
    Male at Bunaken island, North Sulawesi, showing the bright red-orange colors and three white body bars
  • Female at Bunaken island, North Sulawesi, showing the dull-yellow head bar and grey body bars
    Female at Bunaken island, North Sulawesi, showing the dull-yellow head bar and grey body bars
  • The male is significantly smaller than the female, with the female showing the dull-yellow headband, from the Apo Island the Philippines.
    The male is significantly smaller than the female, with the female showing the dull-yellow headband, from the Apo Island the Philippines.

East Timor to Australia

In the area from East Timor through New Guinea and Australia, the female has white or grey head and body bars. Male and juvenile fish are bright red-orange with white bars.

  • Female at East Timor showing the narrower body bars and maroon color
    Female at East Timor showing the narrower body bars and maroon color
  • Male at East New Britain, PNG showing similar coloration to the male at North Sulawesi
    Male at East New Britain, PNG showing similar coloration to the male at North Sulawesi

Sumatra

Fish from Sumatra, the Andaman Islands, and Nicobar Islands have yellow body bars on both males and females. This distinctive feature meant they were previously considered a separate species.

  • Female with striking gold body bars from the Andaman Islands
    Female with striking gold body bars from the Andaman Islands
  • Female with gold body bars and dark brown body
    Female with gold body bars and dark brown body

Similar species

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No similar species are seen because the cheek spine is distinctive of the genus and presently all geographic variations of the fish are considered to be the one species. Genetic analysis has shown that it is closely related to A. percula and A. latezonatus.[7][8]

Distribution and habitat

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P. biaculeatus is found in the Malay Archipelago and Western Pacific Ocean north of the Great Barrier Reef.[5]

Host anemones

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The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is not random and instead is highly nested in structure.[9] P. biaculeatus is highly specialised with only one species anemone host, Entacmaea quadricolor bubble-tip anemone,[5] predominantly with the solitary form. The fish chooses the host and one of the primary drivers for host selection is thought to be competition.[10][9] E. quadricolor is highly generalist, hosting at least 14 species, around half of all species of anemonefish.[9] With such competition, P. biaculeatus is considered to be the most territorial of all anemonefish.[10] Competition alone, though, does not explain the preference of P. biaculeatus for the solitary form of E. quadricolor.[11]

Taxonomy

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P. biaculeatus is currently the only member of the genus Premnas.[3] Historically, anemonefish have been identified by morphological features and color pattern in the field, while in a laboratory, other features such as scalation of the head, tooth shape, and body proportions are used.[5] The spine on the cheek of the fish is the characteristic that distinguishes the genus Premnas from the closely related Amphiprion. P. biaculeatus has been thought to have a monospecific lineage, however genetic analysis has shown that it is closely related to A. percula and A. latezonatus.[7][8]

Genetic analysis suggests P. biaculeatus is monophyletic with Amphiprion, closely related to A. ocellaris and A. percula.[12] This would make Premnas a synonym of Amphiprion.[13]

The taxon epigrammata from Sumatra probably should be recognized as a distinct species, Premnas epigrammata (Fowler, 1904).[14] The recent precedents of the recognition of A. barberi as a distinct species from A. melanopus and A. pacificus being distinguished from A. akallopisos demonstrate the need to show not only geographic and morphological differences, but also genetic data to confirm the separation of the proposed species.[15][16]

In 2021 an expansive phylogenetic analysis of the damselfishes[17] has reclassified the Maroon Clownfish from the monotypic genus Premnas to a junior synonym of Amphiprion. The species name remains unchanged, thus the Maroon Clownfish is now Amphiprion biaculeatus. Reef fish taxonomist Yi-Kai Tea agrees, based on DNA studies, "Premnas has been refuted for ages."[18]

In the aquarium

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The fish has successfully bred in a home aquarium.[3] Being one of the larger anemonefish and the most aggressive, these characteristics need to be accommodated in any aquarium setup.[19]

Selective breeding

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P. biaculeatus has been subject to selective breeding in captivity. One of the more prominent traits is the "lightning" morph which is characterized by broken, jagged white body bars that have a honeycomb appearance.[20] One of the first times this trait was observed was in a wild-caught pair from Fisherman's Island near Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.[21]

Hybridization

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The maroon clownfish has been successfully crossbred with A. ocellaris to create the hybrid named the "blood orange clownfish" by the Florida aquaculture company, Oceans, Reefs and Aquariums.[22] The body of this hybrid more closely resembles A. ocellaris, but possesses a darker orange hue, grows larger, and has a more fiery temperament, features characteristic of its P. biaculeatus genes.[22]

[edit]
  • Maroon clownfish
    Maroon clownfish
  • Maroon clownfish and a tang
    Maroon clownfish and a tang

References

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  1. ^ Allen, G.R.; Arceo, H.; Mutia, M.T.M.; Muyot, F.B. & Nañola, C.L. & Santos (2022). "Amphiprion biaculeatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T188480A1881366. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T188480A1881366.en. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  2. ^ Lieske, E., and R. Myers. 1999. Coral Reef Fishes. ISBN 0-691-02659-9
  3. ^ a b c d Tristan Lougher (2006). What Fish?: A Buyer's Guide to Marine Fish. Interpet Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84286-118-9.
  4. ^ Buston PM (May 2004). "Territory inheritance in clownfish". Proc. Biol. Sci. 271 (Suppl 4): S252–4. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0156. PMC 1810038. PMID 15252999.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Fautin, Daphne G.; Allen, Gerald R. (1997). Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum. ISBN 9780730983651. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014.
  6. ^ "Geographic Variants Within Clownfishes". Reef to Rainforest media. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  7. ^ a b Litsios, G.; Sims, C; Wüest, R; Pearman P.B.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Salamin N. (2012). "Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 12 (11): 212. Bibcode:2012BMCEE..12..212L. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-212. PMC 3532366. PMID 23122007.
  8. ^ a b DeAngelis, R. "What we really know about the diversity of Clownfish". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  9. ^ a b c Ollerton J; McCollin D; Fautin DG; Allen GR. (2007). "Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts". Proc R Soc B Biol Sci. 274 (1609): 591–598. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3758. PMC 1766375. PMID 17476781.
  10. ^ a b Fautin, D.G. (1986). "Why do anernonefishes inhabit only some host actinians?". Environ Biol Fish. 15 (3): 171–180. Bibcode:1986EnvBF..15..171F. doi:10.1007/BF00002992. S2CID 38930957.
  11. ^ Srinivasan, M.; Jones, G.P.; Caley, J. (1999). "Experimental evaluation of the roles of habitat selection and interspecific competition in determining patterns of host use by two anemonefishes" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 186: 283–292. Bibcode:1999MEPS..186..283S. doi:10.3354/meps186283.
  12. ^ Jang-Liaw, N; Tang, K; Hui, C; Shao, K (December 2002). "Molecular phylogeny of 48 species of damselfishes (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) using 12S mtDNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 25 (3): 445–454. Bibcode:2002MolPE..25..445J. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00278-6. PMID 12450749.
  13. ^ Nelson, Joseph; Grande, Terry; Wilson, Mark (6 May 2016). Fishes of the world (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1118342336.
  14. ^ Kuiter, R. H., and H. Debelius. 2007 (2nd edition). World Atlas of Marine Fishes. ISBN 3-925919-77-5
  15. ^ Allen, G; Drew, J; Kaufman, L (2008). "Amphiprion barberi, a new species of anemonefish (Pomacentridae) from Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa". Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology. 14: 105. ISSN 0945-9871. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016.
  16. ^ Allen, G; Drew, J; Fenner, D (2010). "Amphiprion pacificus, a new species of anemonefish (Pomacentridae) from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and Wallis Island". Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology. 16: 129–138. ISSN 0945-9871. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  17. ^ Tang, Kevin; Stiassny, Melanie; Mayden, Richard; DeSalle, Robert (May 2021). "Systematics of Damselfishes". Ichthyology & Herpetology. 109 (1): 258. doi:10.1643/i2020105.
  18. ^ Matt, Pedersen (15 May 2021). "RIP Premnas: 1816-2021". REEF to RAINFOREST MEDIA.
  19. ^ "Maroon Clownfish". animal-world. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  20. ^ "Lightning Maroon Clownfish Are Cheap And Common Now". 17 February 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  21. ^ "Blue Zoo Aquatics - The Lightning Project". Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  22. ^ a b "Blood Orange (P. biaculeatus x A. ocellaris)". Retrieved 20 August 2017.
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