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Demographics of Algeria

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Demographics of Algeria
Population pyramid of Algeria in 2020
Population46,814,258 (2024 est.)
Growth rate1.52% (2023.)
Birth rate19.32 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death rate4.15 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
Life expectancy79.6 years (2023)
 • male78.2 years (2023)
 • female81 years (2023)
Fertility rate2.32 children
Infant mortality rate19.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)
Net migration rate-0.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sex ratio
Total1.03 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityAlgerian
Major ethnicArabs (73.6%)[1]
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialArabic, Amazigh[2]
SpokenArabic, Amazigh[2]
Population development of Algeria
Location of Algeria

Demographic features of the population of Algeria include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.

Ninety-one percent of the Algerian population lives along the Mediterranean coast on 12% of the country's total land mass. 75% of the population is urban, and urbanization continues, despite government efforts to discourage migration to the cities.

97% of the population follows Sunni Islam;[3] the few non-Sunni Muslims are mainly Ibadis from the Mozabite valley at 1.3%[citation needed] (see Islam in Algeria).

Christianity in Algeria constitutes about 1% of the total population.[4] While significantly greater during the French colonial years, a mostly foreign Roman Catholic community still exists, as do some Protestants. The Jewish community of Algeria, which once constituted 2% of the total population,[citation needed] has substantially decreased due to emigration, mostly to France and Israel.

Algeria's educational system has grown rapidly since 1962. In 2022, there were almost 11 million pupils and 2 million students.[5] Education is free and compulsory to age 16. Modest numbers of Algerian students study abroad, primarily in France and French-speaking Canada. In 2000, the government launched a major review of the country's educational system.

Population

[edit]
See also: List of cities in Algeria

Vital statistics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
10002,000,000—    
15001,500,000−0.06%
19014,739,300+0.29%
19065,231,700+2.00%
19115,563,800+1.24%
19215,804,200+0.42%
19266,066,400+0.89%
19316,553,500+1.56%
19367,234,700+2.00%
19488,681,800+1.53%
201035,600,000+2.30%
201136,300,000+1.97%
201237,100,000+2.20%
201337,900,000+2.16%
201742,200,000+2.72%
Source: Our World in Data[6] and Office National des Statistiques (ONS)[7]

Figures from National Office of Statistics Algeria,[8] United Nations Demographic Yearbook[9] and the CIA World Factbook:[3]

Average population (1 January) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration rate (per 1000) Total fertility rate Male life expectancy Female life expectancy
1966 13,123,000 667,000 50.8
1967 13,497,000 630,000 214,000 416,000 50.1 15.9 34.2 -6.5
1968 13,887,000 618,000 241,000 377,000 47.7 17.4 30.3 -2.2
1969 14,287,000 665,000 243,000 422,000 49.8 17.0 32.8 -4.8
1970 14,691,000 689,000 226,000 463,000 50.2 16.5 33.7 -6.2
1971 15,098,000 687,000 241,000 446,000 48.4 17.0 31.4 -4.4
1972 15,512,000 697,000 229,000 468,000 47.7 15.7 32.0 -5.3
1973 15,936,000 717,000 246,000 471,000 47.6 16.3 31.3 -4.7
1974 16,375,000 722,000 234,000 488,000 46.5 15.1 31.4 -4.6
1975 16,834,000 738,000 249,000 489,000 46.1 15.5 30.6 -3.3
1976 17,311,000 751,000 258,000 493,000 45.4 15.6 29.8 -2.2
1977 17,809,000 796,000 241,000 555,000 45.0 14.4 30.6 -2.6
1978 18,331,000 817,000 238,000 579,000 46.4 13.5 32.9 -4.4
1979 18,885,000 774,000 212,000 562,000 42.8 11.7 31.1 -1.8
1980 19,475,000 797,000 203,000 594,000 42.7 10.9 31.8 -1.5
1981 20,104,000 791,000 178,000 613,000 41.0 9.4 31.6 -0.3
1982 20,767,000 808,000 180,000 628,000 40.6 9.1 31.5 0.4
1983 21,453,000 830,000 181,000 649,000 40.4 8.8 31.6 0.4
1984 22,150,000 850,000 173,000 677,000 40.2 8.6 31.6 -0.1
1985 22,847,000 864,000 183,000 681,000 39.5 8.4 31.1 -0.6
1986 23,539,000 781,000 165,000 616,000 34.7 7.3 27.4 2.0
1987 24,226,000 755,000 161,000 594,000 34.6 7.0 27.6 0.8
1988 24,905,000 806,000 157,000 649,000 33.9 6.6 27.3 0
1989 25,577,000 755,000 153,000 602,000 31.0 6.0 25.0 1.3
1990 25,022,000 775,000 151,000 624,000 30.9 6.0 24.9 -47.1 4.50
1991 25,643,000 773,000 155,000 618,000 30.1 6.0 24.1 0.1
1992 26,271,000 799,000 160,000 639,000 30.4 6.1 24.3 -0.4
1993 26,894,000 775,000 168,000 607,000 28.8 6.2 22.6 0.6
1994 27,496,000 776,000 180,000 596,000 28.2 6.5 21.7 0.2
1995 28,060,000 711,000 180,000 531,000 25.3 6.4 18.9 1.2
1996 28,566,000 654,000 172,000 482,000 22.9 6.0 16.9 0.8
1997 29,045,000 654,000 178,000 476,000 22.5 6.1 16.4 0.1
1998 29,507,000 607,000 144,000 463,000 20.6 4.9 15.7 0
1999 29,965,000 593,643 141,000 452,643 19.8 4.7 15.1 0.2
2000 30,416,000 588,628 140,000 448,628 19.4 4.6 14.8 0 2.40
2001 30,879,000 618,380 141,000 477,380 20.0 4.6 15.5 -0.5
2002 31,357,000 616,963 138,000 478,963 19.7 4.4 15.3 -0.1 2.48
2003 31,848,000 649,000 145,000 504,000 20.4 4.6 15.8 -0.4 2.53
2004 32,364,000 669,000 141,000 528,000 20.7 4.4 16.3 -0.4
2005 32,906,000 703,000 147,000 556,000 21.4 4.5 16.9 -0.4 2.52
2006 33,481,000 739,000 144,000 595,000 22.1 4.3 17.8 -0.6
2007 34,096,000 783,000 149,000 634,000 23.0 4.4 18.6 -0.6 74.7 76.8
2008 34,591,000 817,000 153,000 664,000 23.6 4.4 19.2 -4.9 2.81 74.8 76.4
2009 35,268,000 849,000 159,000 690,000 24.1 4.5 19.6 -0.4 2.84 74.7 76.3
2010 35,978,000 888,000 157,000 731,000 24.7 4.4 20.3 -0.6 2.87 75.6 77.0
2011 36,717,000 910,000 162,000 748,000 24.8 4.4 20.4 -0.3 2.87 75.6 77.4
2012 37,495,000 978,000 170,000 808,000 26.1 4.5 21.6 -0.9 3.02 75.8 77.1
2013 38,297,000 963,000 168,000 795,000 25.1 4.4 20.7 0.2 2.93 76.5 77.6
2014[10] 39,114,000 1,014,000 174,000 840,000 25.9 4.4 21.5 -0.6 3.03 76.6 77.8
2015 39,963,000 1,040,285 182,570 857,715 26.0 4.6 21.4 -0.2 3.09 76.4 77.8
2016 40,836,000 1,066,823 180,404 886,419 26.1 4.5 21.6 -0.2 3.13 77.1 78.2
2017 41,721,000 1,060,000 190,000 870,000 25.4 4.6 20.8 0.4 3.13 76.9 78.2
2018 42,578,000 1,038,000 193,000 845,000 24.4 4.5 19.9 0.2 2.97 77.1 78.4
2019 43,424,000 1,034,000 198,000 837,000 23.8 4.6 19.2 0.3 2.99 77.2 78.6
2020 44,241,000 988,209 241,069 747,140 22.3 5.4 16.9 1.4 2.8 74.2 77.9
2021 44,938,000 949,799 258,491 691,308 21.1 5.8 15.4 -8.8 2.7 74.4 77.2
2022 45,631,000 915,223 203,146 712,077 20.1 4.5 15.6 -9.8 2.62(e) 77.0 80.0
2023 46,344,163 895,140 192,186 702,954 19.3 4.1 15.2 0.1 2.53(e) 78.2 81.0
2024 46,700,000

Age distribution

[edit]
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 16.IV.2008) (Data refer to population in housing units and collective living quarters only.): [11]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 17 232 753 16 847 277 34 080 030 100
0–4 1 750 097 1 654 821 3 404 918 9.99
5–9 1 475 674 1 412 702 2 888 376 8.48
10–14 1 662 262 1 596 511 3 258 773 9.56
15–19 1 847 312 1 787 859 3 635 171 10.67
20–24 1 895 703 1 867 801 3 763 504 11.04
25–29 1 730 411 1 691 966 3 422 377 10.04
30–34 1 379 085 1 361 910 2 740 996 8.04
35–39 1 167 250 1 175 529 2 342 779 6.87
40–44 1 007 683 1 010 644 2 018 327 5.92
45–49 817 005 812 432 1 629 436 4.78
50–54 682 358 664 336 1 346 695 3.95
55–59 547 180 515 398 1 062 578 3.12
60–64 354 694 356 788 711 482 2.09
65-69 314 958 316 345 631 303 1.85
70-74 248 672 256 254 504 926 1.48
75-79 181 478 182 364 363 843 1.07
80-84 93 472 93 657 187 130 0.55
85-89 43 307 46 416 89 722 0.26
90-94 13 575 16 097 29 672 0.09
95-99 4 178 5 851 10 028 0.03
100+ 252 398 650 <0.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 4 888 033 4 664 034 9 552 067 28.03
15–64 11 428 682 11 244 661 22 673 343 66.53
65+ 899 892 917 382 1 817 274 5.33
unknown 16 146 21 200 37 347 0.11
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (1.VII.2017):[12]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 21 118 894 20 576 732 41 695 626 100
0-4 2 537 210 2 400 525 4 937 735 11.84
5-9 2 155 222 2 034 306 4 189 528 10.05
10-14 1 672 925 1 583 253 3 256 178 7.81
15-19 1 513 910 1 449 966 2 963 876 7.11
20-24 1 728 672 1 662 960 3 391 633 8.13
25-29 1 887 412 1 837 618 3 725 030 8.93
30-34 1 891 310 1 868 670 3 759 980 9.02
35-39 1 672 000 1 638 996 3 310 996 7.94
40-44 1 322 807 1 314 955 2 637 762 6.33
45-49 1 128 564 1 141 789 2 270 354 5.45
50-54 957 002 964 127 1 921 129 4.61
55-59 764 232 765 395 1 529 628 3.67
60-64 623 980 613 837 1 237 817 2.97
65-69 464 950 452 674 917 624 2.20
70-74 288 205 304 720 592 925 1.42
75-79 237 094 252 360 489 454 1.17
80-84 156 185 171 174 327 360 0.79
85+ 117 213 119 406 236 619 0.57
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 6 365 357 6 018 084 12 383 441 29.70
15-64 13 489 890 13 258 314 26 748 204 64.15
65+ 1 263 647 1 300 334 2 563 981 6.15
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (Estimates 1.VII.2020) (Data refer to national projections.):[12]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 22 407 000 21 819 000 44 226 000 100
0-4 2 593 000 2 454 000 5 047 000 11.41
5-9 2 402 000 2 270 000 4 672 000 10.56
10-14 1 949 000 1 838 000 3 787 000 8.56
15-19 1 557 000 1 480 000 3 037 000 6.87
20-24 1 579 000 1 517 000 3 096 000 7.00
25-29 1 800 000 1 738 000 3 538 000 8.00
30-34 1 908 000 1 875 000 3 783 000 8.55
35-39 1 827 000 1 799 000 3 636 000 8.22
40-44 1 514 000 1 489 000 3 003 000 6.79
45-49 1 227 000 1 232 000 2 459 000 5.56
50-54 1 053 000 1 067 000 2 120 000 4.79
55-59 860 000 869 000 1 729 000 3.91
60-64 687 000 690 000 1 377 000 3.11
65-69 546 000 537 000 1 083 000 2.45
70-74 354 000 362 000 716 000 1.62
75-79 240 000 261 000 501 000 1.13
80-84 170 000 191 000 361 000 0.82
85+ 141 000 150 000 291 000 0.66
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0-14 6 944 000 6 562 000 13 506 000 30.54
15-64 14 012 000 13 756 000 27 768 000 62.79
65+ 1 451 000 1 501 000 2 952 000 6.67

Life expectancy

[edit]
Life expectancy in Algeria since 1923
Life expectancy in Algeria since 1960 by gender
Period Life expectancy in
Years[13]
1950–1955 42.89
1955–1960 Increase 45.00
1960–1965 Increase 47.29
1965–1970 Increase 49.47
1970–1975 Increase 51.48
1975–1980 Increase 54.93
1980–1985 Increase 61.57
1985–1990 Increase 65.85
1990–1995 Increase 67.20
1995–2000 Increase 69.14
2000–2005 Increase 71.50
2005–2010 Increase 73.88
2010–2015 Increase 75.27

Ethnic groups

[edit]
Main article: Ethnic groups in Algeria

Ethnic groups in Algeria[1]

  Arabs (73.6%)
  Berbers (23.2%)
  Arabized Berbers (3%)
  Others (0.2%)

Arabs make up 73.6% of the population of Algeria, Berbers make up 23.2%, Arabized Berbers make up 3%, and others constitute 0.2%.[1] Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks as well as other ethnic groups have contributed to the ethnic makeup and genetic structure of the Algerian population.[14] Descendants of Andalusian refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities.[15] Moreover, Spanish was spoken by these Aragonese and Castillian Morisco descendants deep into the 18th century, and even Catalan was spoken at the same time by Catalan Morisco descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued.[16]

Algerian women in traditional clothes

The Arab population of Algeria is a result of the inflow of sedentary and nomadic Arab tribes from Arabia since the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th century with a major wave in the 11th century.[17] The majority of Algerians identify with an Arab-based identity due to the 20th century Arab nationalism.[18][19] The ethnic Berbers are divided into many groups with varying languages. The largest of these are the Kabyles, who live in the Kabylia region east of Algiers, the Chaoui of North-East Algeria, the Tuaregs in the southern desert and the Shenwa people of North Algeria.[20][page needed]

During the colonial period, there was a large (15% in 1960)[21] European population who became known as Pied-Noirs. They were primarily of French, Spanish and Italian origin. Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end.[22]

Religion

[edit]
Main article: Religion in Algeria
See also: Early African Church
Religions of Algeria (2020)[3]
Religions percent
Islam (official; Sunni)
 
 99%
Other (includes Christian and Jewish)
 
 1%

Islam is the predominant religion with 99% of the population.[3] There are about 150,000 Ibadis in the M'zab Valley in the region of Ghardaia.[23]

There were an estimated 10,000 Christians in Algeria in 2008.[24] In a 2009 study the UNO estimated there were 45,000 Catholics and 50,000–100,000 Protestants in Algeria.[25] A 2015 study estimates 380,000 Muslims converted to Christianity in Algeria.[26]

Languages

[edit]
Main article: Languages of Algeria
Traffic sign in Isser in three languages: Arabic, Berber, and French

Arabic and Berber serve as both official languages and national languages in Algeria.[27][28]

Algerian Arabic (Algerian Dziriya or Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has many Berber and French loanwords.

Although French has no official status, Algeria is the second-largest Francophone country in the world in terms of speakers,[29] and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to Algeria's colonial history. It can be regarded as the de facto co-official language of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French.[30] An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60% of households could speak and understand French. In recent decades the government has reinforced the study of French and TV programs have reinforced use of the language.

Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962.[31] Colloquial Arabic is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27.4%.[32]

[edit]

Official and recognized languages

[edit]

Literacy

[edit]
  • definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  • total population: 81.4%
  • male: 87.4%
  • female: 75.3% (2018)

Education expenditures

[edit]
7% of GDP (2020)

Other demographics statistics

[edit]

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022.[35]

  • One birth every 33 seconds
  • One death every 2 minutes
  • One net migrant every 53 minutes
  • Net gain of one person every 43 seconds

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[36]

Nationality

[edit]
Noun: Algerian(s)
Adjective: Algerian

Population

[edit]
  • 44,758,398 (2023 est.)

Age structure

[edit]
  • 0–14 years: 28.78% (male 6,594,512/female 6,286,191)
  • 15–64 years: 64.29% (male 14,607,255/female 14,166,990)
  • 65 years and over: 6.93% (2023 est.) (male 1,475,635/female 1,627,815) (2023 est.)

Religions

[edit]

Muslim (official; predominantly Sunni) 99%, other (includes Christian, Jewish, Ahmadi Muslims, Shia Muslims, Ibadi Muslims) <1% (2012 est.)

Population growth rate

[edit]
1.27% (2023 est.) Country comparison to the world: 139th
1.34% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 71st
1.63% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 63rd
1.7% (2017 est.)

Median age

[edit]
total: 28.9 years. Country comparison to the world: 139th
male: 28.6 years
female: 29.3 years (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

[edit]
2.97 children born/woman (2023 est.) Country comparison to the world: 49th
2.51 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 68th
2.66 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 64th

Birth rate

[edit]
18.52 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 78th
21.5 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 74th

Death rate

[edit]
4.32 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 207th
4.3 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 205th

Net migration rate

[edit]
-0.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 138th
-0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 135th
-0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
-0.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Urbanization

[edit]
Urban population: 66% of total population (2010)
Rate of urbanization: 2.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 2.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Sex ratio

[edit]
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate

[edit]
total: 19.22 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)
comparison ranking: total 82

Life expectancy at birth

[edit]
total population: 78.03 years
male: 76.57 years
female: 79.57 years (2022 est.)
comparison ranking: total population 78

Urbanization

[edit]
urban population: 75.3% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

HIV/AIDS

[edit]
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1%; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 21,000 (2007 est.)
Deaths: less than 1000 (2007 est.)

Obesity rate

[edit]
Adult prevalence rate: 27.4% (2016 est.)

Drinking water source

[edit]
  • improved: urban: 99.6% of population rural: 98.8% of population total: 99.4% of population
  • unimproved: urban: 0.4% of population rural: 1.2% of population total: 0.6% of population (2020 est.)

Major infectious diseases

[edit]
Degree of risk: intermediate
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
Vector-borne disease: cutaneous leishmaniasis is a high risk in some locations (2005)

Genetics

[edit]
Further information: Genetic history of North Africa

Y-DNA frequencies in coastal Algeria

[edit]
Population Nb E1a E1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1b E1b1b1c F K J1 J2 R1a R1b Q Study
1 Oran 102 0 7.85% 5.90% 45.10% 0 0 0 22.50% 4.90% 1% 11.80% 1% Robino et al. (2008)[37]
2 Algiers 35 2.85% 0 11.40% 42.85% 0 11.80% 2.85% 22.85% 5.70% 0 0 0 Arredi et al. (2004)[38]
3 Tizi Ouzou 19 0 0 0 47.35% 10.50% 10.50% 0 15.80% 0 0 15.80% 0 Arredi et al. (2004)
Total 156 0.65% 5.10% 6.40% 44.90% 1.30% 9.58% 0.65% 21.80% 4.50% 0.65% 9.60% 0.65%

In a recent genetic study by Semino et al. (2004), the Haplogroup J1 associated with the diffusion of Arabs was found at 35% in Algeria,[39][40] which is one of the most common haplogroups in Algeria, like the rest of the Maghreb, along with E1b1b.

Recent studies on the common J1 Y chromosome suggest it arrived over 10,000 years ago in North Africa, and M81/E3b2 is a Y chromosome specific to North African ancestry, dating to the Neolithic. A thorough study by Arredi et al. (2004) which analyzed populations from Algeria concludes that the North African pattern of Y-chromosomal variation (including both E3b2 and J haplogroups is largely of Neolithic origin, which suggests that the Neolithic transition in this part of the world was accompanied by demic diffusion of Afro-Asiatic–speaking pastoralists from the Middle East. This Neolithic origin was later confirmed by Myles et al. (2005) which suggest that "contemporary Berber populations possess the genetic signature of a past migration of pastoralists from the Middle East", although later papers have suggested that this date could have been as longas ten thousand years ago, with the transition from the Oranian to the Capsian culture in North Africa.[41]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Algeria | Flag, Capital, Population, Map, & Language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  2. ^ a b Languages of Algeria, Britannica
  3. ^ a b c d "The World Factbook – Africa – Algeria". CIA. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  4. ^ "Algeria: Hope in a Hidden Church | EWTN". EWTN Global Catholic Television Network. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  5. ^ "Rentrée scolaire 2022-2023: Onze millions d'élèves scolarisés - L'Express Algérie" (in French). 11 September 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  6. ^ "Algeria Population - Our World in Data". www.ourworldindata.org.
  7. ^ "Office National des Statistiques". Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
  8. ^ "National Office of Statistics". 9 June 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012.
  9. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  10. ^ "ONS : Office National des Statistiques". Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
  11. ^ https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics>
  12. ^ a b "Demographic and Social Statistics: Demographic Yearbook System". United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD).
  13. ^ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  14. ^ UNESCO (2009). "Diversité et interculturalité en Algérie" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2013.
  15. ^ Ruedy, John Douglas (2005). Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation. Indiana University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780253217820.
  16. ^ De Epalza, Mikel (2011). El español hablado en Túnez por los moriscos (siglos XVII-XVIII). Universitat de València. pp. 32–38–39–444. ISBN 9788437084152.
  17. ^ Stearns, Peter N.; Leonard Langer, William (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged (6 ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 129–131. ISBN 978-0-395-65237-4.
  18. ^ Stokes, Jamie (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z. Infobase Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0.
  19. ^ Oxford Business Group (2011). The Report: Algeria 2011. Oxford Business Group. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-907065-37-8. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  20. ^ Marion Mill Preminger (1961). The sands of Tamanrasset: the story of Charles de Foucauld. Hawthorn Books.
  21. ^ Cook, Bernard A. (2001). Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-8153-4057-7.
  22. ^ De Azevedo, Raimond Cagiano (1994). Migration and Development Co-Operation. Council of Europe. p. 25. ISBN 9789287126115.
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  26. ^ Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census
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  29. ^ "La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie". Senat.fr. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013. () "L'Algérie, non-membre de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, comptabilise la seconde communauté francophone au monde, avec environ 16 millions de locuteurs, suivie par la Côte d'Ivoire avec près de 12 millions de locuteurs francophones, le Québec avec 6 millions et la Belgique avec plus de 4 millions de francophones."
  30. ^ "Le dénombrement des francophones" (PDF). Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2013. () p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n’appartenant pas à l’OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l’Algérie (11,2 millions en 20081)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d’après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l’Office national des statistiques d’Algérie."
  31. ^ New, The (19 November 2008). "Algeria's liberation terrorism and Arabization". blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
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  38. ^ Arredi et al. (2004),A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa
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