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Pondicherry

Coordinates: 11°55′N 79°49′E / 11.917°N 79.817°E / 11.917; 79.817
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(Redirected from Pondicherry, Puducherry)
"PDY" redirects here. For the Turkish sociopolitical movement, see Gülen movement.
This article is about the capital city. For the union territory, see Puducherry (union territory). For other uses, see Puducherry (disambiguation).

Pondicherry
Pondichéry (French)
City
Puducherry
Promenade Beach
Manakula Vinayagar Temple
Sri Aurobindo Ashram
The Matrimandir in Auroville
Aayi Mandapam monument at Bharati Park
Pondicherry Lighthouse
Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
French War Memorial built after World War I
Mahamata Gandhi Statue along the Beach Road
Official logo of Pondicherry
Seal of Puducherry Municipality
Nicknames: 
Pondicherry is located in Puducherry
Pondicherry
Pondicherry
Pondicherry is located in India
Pondicherry
Pondicherry
Coordinates: 11°55′N 79°49′E / 11.917°N 79.817°E / 11.917; 79.817
Country India
Union territoryPuducherry (PY)
DistrictPuducherry
Established1674
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Council
 • BodyPondicherry Municipal Council (PDY)
Area
[1]
 • Total19.54 km2 (7.54 sq mi)
Elevation
3 m (10 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total244,377
 • Density13,000/km2 (32,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Puducherrian, Pondicherrian, Pondian, Pondichérien, Pondichérienne
Languages
 • OfficialTamil, English
 • AdditionalFrench
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN CODE
605001-605014
Telephone code(International) +91-413-, (National) 0413-
Vehicle registrationPY-01 to PY-05
Websitehttps://www.py.gov.in/

Pondicherry (/ˌpɒndɪˈtʃɛri/ PON-dih-CHERR-ee; Tamil: [paːɳɖit͡ːʃeːɾi]; French: Pondichéry IPA: [pɔ̃.di.ʃe.ʁi]) is the capital and most populous city of the Union Territory of Puducherry in India. The city is in the Puducherry district on the southeast coast of India and is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal to the east and the state of Tamil Nadu, with which it shares most of its culture, heritage, and language.[2]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Puducherry
Pondicherry waterfront, c. 1900

Puducherry, formerly known as Pondicherry, gained its significance as "the French Riviera of the East" after the advent of French colonialisation in India. Puducherry is the Tamil interpretation of "new town" and mainly derives from "Poduke", the name of the marketplace or "port town" for Roman trade in the 1st century, as mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. The settlement was once an abode of learned scholars versed in the Vedas, hence it was also known as Vedapuri.[3]

The history of Puducherry can broadly be classified into two periods: pre-colonial and colonial. The pre-colonial period started with the reign of the Pallavas, who ruled the empire from 325 to 900, after which came the Chola dynasty, from 900 to 1279, and the Pandya dynasty, from 1279 to 1370. During the 14th century, the city was under the rule of Naikship of Gingee of the Vijayanagara Empire, from 1370 to 1614, when it was conquered by the Sultan of Bijapur, who ruled it from 1614 to 1638. It was during this period that Portuguese and Danish merchants used it as a trading center.

The colonial period began with the Portuguese, the first Europeans to conduct trade in textiles, in 1521, and subsequently, the Dutch and the Danes in the 17th century.

The prospering trade of Puducherry attracted the French, and the predominant feature of the town was laid by the French pioneer Francois Martin in the form of a French settlement, in 1674. In 1693, Puducherry was captured by the Dutch and subsequently restored in 1699, with the Treaty of Ryswick.

The French acquired Mahé in 1720, Yanam in 1731, and Karaikal in 1738. The British captured the city from the French but returned it following the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. This Anglo-French war continued until 1814, where France found itself in control of the settlements of Puducherry, Mahé, Yanam, Karaikal, and Chandernagor, even during the British period, until 1954. It was a reign of 138 years under the French, who on 31 October 1954 left Indian shores following a de facto transfer of power.

Nearby places such as Arikamedu, Ariyankuppam, Kakayanthoppe, Villianur, and Bahour, which were colonised by the French East India Company over a period of time and later became the union territory of Pondicherry, have recorded histories that predate the colonial period.

Poduke or Poduca (marketplace) was a Roman trading destination from the third century BCE.[4] Poduca has been identified as possibly being Arikamedu (now part of Ariyankuppam), located about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the modern city of Pondicherry. The area was part of the Pallava Kingdom of Kanchipuram in the 4th century. The Cholas of Thanjavur held it from the 10th to the 13th centuries, until it was replaced by the Pandya Kingdom, in the 13th century. The Vijayanagar Empire took control of almost all of southern India in the 14th century and maintained control until 1638, when they were supplanted by the Sultan of Bijapur.

In 1674, the French East India Company set up a trading centre at Pondicherry, and this outpost eventually became the chief French settlement in India. The French governor François Martin made remarkable improvements to the city and its commercial ties, facing at the same time strong opposition from the Dutch and the English. He entered into extended negotiations with the sultans of Golconda through the intercession of several roving French merchants and doctors who were in favour with the sultan. Trading in jewellery and precious stones, which had become highly fashionable in European courts, was one among many activities. Five trading posts were established along the south Indian coast between 1668 and 1674. The city was separated by a canal into the French Quarter and the Indian Quarter.[5]

On 21 August 1693, during the Nine Years' War, Pondicherry was captured by the Dutch. The governor of Dutch Coromandel, Laurens Pit the Younger, sailed with a fleet of seventeen ships and 1,600 men from Nagapattinam and bombarded Pondicherry for two weeks, after which Francois Martin surrendered it. At the Peace of Ryswick, it was agreed by all parties to return conquered territories, and in 1699, Pondicherry was handed back to the French.[6]

On 16 January 1761, the British captured Pondicherry from the French, but it was returned under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, at the conclusion of the Seven Years' War.[7] The British took control of the area again in 1793, at the Siege of Pondicherry, amid the Wars of the French Revolution, and returned it to France in 1814.

Prime Minister Nehru visiting Pondicherry a few months after the de facto transfer

On 18 March 1954, a number of resolutions were passed by the municipalities in Pondicherry, demanding an immediate merger with India. Some days later, similar resolutions were passed by the municipalities in Karaikal. The resolutions had the full support of the French Indian Councillors, popularly known as ministers, and the president of the representative assembly. These municipalities represented roughly 90% of the population of the French possessions, and they called upon the government of France to take urgent and necessary measures to give effect to the wishes of the people.[8] The government of India had made it clear that the cultural and other rights of the people would be fully respected. They were not asking for the immediate transfer of de jure sovereignty of France. Their suggestion was that a de facto transfer of the administration should take place immediately, while French sovereignty should continue until the constitutional issue had been settled. Both India and France would have to make necessary changes in their respective constitutions. All this would take time, while the demand of the people was for an immediate merger without a referendum. The government of India was convinced that the suggestion which they made would help to promote a settlement, which they greatly desired.[8]

On 18 October 1954, in a general election involving 178 people in municipal Pondicherry and the Commune of Panchayat, 170 people were in favour of the merger, and eight people voted against. The de facto transfer of the French Indian territories from French governance to the Indian union took place on 1 November 1954 and was established as the union territory of Pondicherry. The treaty effecting the de jure transfer was signed in 1956. However, due to opposition in France, the ratification of this treaty by the French National Assembly only took place on 16 August 1962.

1954 French ID, issued in Pondicherry before transfer

Topography

[edit]

The topography of Pondicherry is the same as that of coastal Tamil Nadu. Pondicherry's average elevation is at sea level and includes a number of sea inlets, referred to locally as "backwaters". Pondicherry experiences extreme coastal erosion as a result of a breakwater constructed in 1989,[9] just to the south of the city. Where there was once a broad, sandy beach, now the city is protected against the sea by a 2-km-long seawall that sits at a height of 8.5 m above sea level. Whilst there was an early seawall made by the French government in 1735, this was not "hard structure coastal defence" so much as an adjunct to the old shipping pier and a transition from the beach to the city.[10]

Today, the seawall consists of rows of granite boulders reinforced every year in an attempt to stop erosion. As a consequence of the seawall, there is severe seabed erosion and turbulence at the coastal margin, resulting in an extreme loss of biodiversity within the critical intertidal zone. Whenever gaps appear as the stones fall into the continually eroding seabed, the government adds more boulders. Pondicherry's seawall has also caused beach erosion to migrate further up the coast, to the fishing villages in Puducherry and Tamil Nadu to the north of the city.[11]

Economy

[edit]
Long-exposure shot of Pondicherry beach road

In 2012, the Ministry of Power inaugurated the "Smart Grid" project in Puducherry.[12] Farming around Pondicherry includes crops such as rice, pulses, sugarcane, coconuts, and cotton. In 2016, the Pondicherry State Government Employees Central Federation presented a status paper on the fiscal and social crisis in Puducherry to Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh. The report stated that a "combination of a staggering debt, stagnant tax revenues and rampant misappropriation of funds has throttled the economy of the Union Territory" and called for measures on a war footing to "deliver good governance and end corruption".[13]

Climate

[edit]

The climate of Pondicherry is classified by the Köppen climate classification as tropical wet and dry,[14] similar to that of coastal Tamil Nadu. Summer lasts from April to early June, when maximum temperatures may reach 41 °C (106 °F). The average maximum temperature is 36 °C (97 °F). Minimum temperatures are in the order of 28–32 °C (82–90 °F). This is followed by a period of high humidity and occasional thundershowers from June until September.

The northeast monsoon sets in during the middle of October, and Pondicherry gets the bulk of its annual rainfall during the period from October to December. The annual average rainfall is 1,355 millimetres or 53 inches.[15] Winters are very warm, with highs of 30 °C (86 °F) and lows often dipping to around 18–20 °C (64–68 °F).

Climate data for Pondicherry Airport
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.2
(91.8) 		35.2
(95.4) 		37.2
(99.0) 		41.8
(107.2) 		43.1
(109.6) 		41.7
(107.1) 		40.7
(105.3) 		40.2
(104.4) 		38.6
(101.5) 		37.9
(100.2) 		36.3
(97.3) 		32.5
(90.5) 		43.1
(109.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.0
(84.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		31.2
(88.2) 		32.8
(91.0) 		34.6
(94.3) 		35.8
(96.4) 		34.5
(94.1) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.1
(91.6) 		31.5
(88.7) 		29.8
(85.6) 		29.0
(84.2) 		32.1
(89.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.9
(71.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		25.9
(78.6) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.5
(79.7) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.2
(77.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.5
(76.1) 		23.6
(74.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		24.5
(76.1)
Record low °C (°F) 17.1
(62.8) 		17.3
(63.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.6
(70.9) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		19.6
(67.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		17.1
(62.8) 		16.5
(61.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 12.3
(0.48) 		22.2
(0.87) 		19.3
(0.76) 		7.8
(0.31) 		48.6
(1.91) 		48.0
(1.89) 		89.5
(3.52) 		132.3
(5.21) 		132.8
(5.23) 		273.9
(10.78) 		350.0
(13.78) 		217.3
(8.56) 		1,354
(53.3)
Average rainy days 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.4 1.9 2.8 5.3 6.7 6.5 10.3 11.8 6.8 55.0
Source: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)[16][17]

Demographics

[edit]
The Rajiv Gandhi Women and Children Hospital

According to the 2011 census of India, Pondicherry had a population of 244,377, with 124,947 females and 119,430 males. It had an average literacy rate of 80.6%, with male literacy at 84.6% and female literacy at 76.7%. Ten per cent of the population was under six years of age.[1]

The majority of people in Pondicherry speak Tamil. There is a community of French people and a number of French institutions, such as a French consulate, the French Institute of Pondicherry, and L'Alliance française.[18]

Civic administration

[edit]

The city of Puducherry comprises two municipalities, Puducherry and Uzhavarkarai. Both the municipalities and the commune panchayats in the Union Territory of Puducherry function under the administrative control of the local administration department.[19] The Puducherry municipality, under the Puducherry district, comprises the former communes of Puducherry and Mudaliarpet, with its headquarters in Puducherry. It has a total of 42 wards spread over an area of 19.46 km2 (7.51 sq mi).[20] Wards 1–10 are north of the city; wards 11–19 are in Boulevard Town, and the remaining wards are southwest of the city centre.[21]

Urban agglomeration

[edit]
The administrative building of Villianur, one of the communes of Puducherry
Local bodies Area Population
Pondicherry Municipality 19 km2 (7.3 sq mi) 241,773
Oulgaret Municipality 36 km2 (14 sq mi) 300,028
Villianur Census Town and Outgrowth 67,254
Ariyankuppam Town and Outgrowth 47,454
Total 293 km2 (113 sq mi) 629,509

Data according to the 2011 census

[edit]

There are two proposals by the Puducherry government, firstly to merge Pondicherry and Oulgaret municipalities and upgrade the Pondicherry municipality into a '"municipal corporation", and secondly to upgrade Villianur and Ariyankuppam commune panchayats into municipalities, which would increase the Pondicherry region's urban area around 155 km2 (60 sq mi) of the total 292 km2 (113 sq mi).

Transport

[edit]
Puducherry Railway Station
Pondicherry Airport

Road

[edit]

Pondicherry is connected to Chennai via the East Coast Road through Mahabalipuram.[22] There are daily bus services from several main stops from Chennai. The Pondicherry Road Transport Corporation runs buses within the city and outside.[23] The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates air-conditioned bus services from Chennai to Pondicherry.[24]

Rail

[edit]

Pondicherry is connected by train to all major Indian cities, such as Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata (Howrah), Mumbai, Kanyakumari, Hyderabad, Nagpur, Bhubaneswar, Bengaluru, Visakhapatnam, and Mangalore.[25][26] Moreover, Villupuram Junction, which is at a distance of around 24 miles (39 km), is connected to several other Indian cities.[27]

Air

[edit]

Pondicherry Airport is located at Lawspet, an Assembly Constituency in the Union Territory of Puducherry.[28] It has direct flights to Hyderabad[28] and Bengaluru.

Tourism

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Puducherry
The French consulate in Pondicherry
Aayi Mandapam (Park Monument) at Bharathi Park

Pondicherry is a tourist destination. The city has many colonial buildings, churches, temples, and statues which, combined with the town planning and French-style avenues in the old districts, still preserve much of the colonial ambiance.

While the sea is a draw for tourists, Pondicherry no longer has the sandy beaches that once graced its coastline.[29] The breakwater to the harbour and other hard structures constructed on the shore caused extreme coastal erosion, and the sand from Pondicherry's Promenade Beach has disappeared entirely. As a result of the city's seawall and groyne construction, the beaches further up the coast to the north have also been lost. An enormous deposition of sand has accrued to the south of the harbour breakwater, but this is not a large beach and is not easily accessible from the city.[29][30]

The government has taken steps to construct a reef and re-dose the sand. The sea is accessible by a small patch of land at Promenade Beach (Goubert Avenue).[31] Moreover, the beach is one of the cleanest in India and has been selected for Blue Flag certification.[32]

Visitors at the Sri Aurobindo Ashram

The Sri Aurobindo Ashram, located on Rue de la Marine, is one of the most important ashrams in India, founded by the freedom fighter and spiritual philosopher Sri Aurobindo.[33] Auroville (City of Dawn) is an "experimental" township located 8 km (5.0 mi) northwest of Pondicherry.

There are a number of old and large churches in Pondicherry, most of which were built in the 18th and 19th centuries. A number of heritage buildings and monuments are present around Promenade Beach, such as the Children's Park and Dupleix Statue, Gandhi statue, Nehru statue, Le Café, French War Memorial, 19th Century Light House, Bharathi Park, Governors Palace, Romain Rolland Library, Legislative Assembly, Pondicherry Museum, and the French Institute of Pondicherry at Saint Louis Street.

Puducherry Botanical Gardens is located south of the New Bus Stand. Chunnambar Backwater resort is 8 km (5.0 mi)from Pondicherry, along Cuddalore Main Road. This tropical resort is flanked by a creek on one side.

Arulmigu Manakula Vinayagar Devasthanam on Manakula Vinayagar Street is a Hindu temple to Ganesha. Sri Manakula Vinayagar Temple was in existence before the French came and settled in Pondicherry in 1666.[34]

Sengazhuneer Amman at Veerampattinam village is one of the oldest temples in Pondicherry, situated about 7 km (4.3 mi) away from the city centre. The car festival conducted in mid-August is famous in Puducherry and other neighbouring states. The festival takes place on the fifth Friday since the commencement of the Tamil month of 'Aadi' every year.[35]

Thirukaameeswarar Temple is located in a rural town called Villianur,[36] located about 10 km (6.2 mi), towards Villupuram.

Panoramic view of Pondicherry

Issues

[edit]

Pondicherry struggles with a high poverty rate, inadequate road maintenance, lack of sewage infrastructure, untidy beaches, air pollution, and sex crimes.[37][38][39][40][41][42][43] Bureaucrats including former lieutenant governor Kiran Bedi have accused local administrative officers of neglecting proper administration and corruption.[44]

Notable people

[edit]

Leaders

[edit]

Literature and arts

[edit]

Science and technology

[edit]

Armed forces

[edit]
[edit]

Educational institutions

[edit]
[edit]
  • Rue De La Marine
    Rue De La Marine
  • Rue Saint Louis
    Rue Saint Louis
  • Nehru Statue
    Nehru Statue
  • Gate leading into Manakula Vinayagar Temple in White Town
    Gate leading into Manakula Vinayagar Temple in White Town
  • Tanjore painting of Manakula Vinayagar
    Tanjore painting of Manakula Vinayagar
  • Devotees with Elephant Lakshmi in Manakula Vinayagar Temple
    Devotees with Elephant Lakshmi in Manakula Vinayagar Temple
  • Beach by the Bay of Bengal
    Beach by the Bay of Bengal
  • Bay of Bengal
    Bay of Bengal
  • Early morning by the Bay of Bengal
    Early morning by the Bay of Bengal

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "District Census Handbook: Puducherry" (PDF). Census of India. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. pp. 86–87. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  2. ^ "Bill to rename Pondicherry as Puducherry passed". The Hindu. 22 August 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  3. ^ "History Of Puducherry – Smart City Puducherry – The Union Territory of Puducherry". pondicherrysmartcity.in.
  4. ^ Francis, Peter (2002). Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2332-0.
  5. ^ Worrall, Jill (11 April 2016). "Peace, love and a French flavour in Pondicherry, South India". www.stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  6. ^ Israel, Jonathan (1989). Dutch Primacy in World Trade 1585-1740. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198227299.
  7. ^ Chand, Hukam. History Of Medieval India, 202.
  8. ^ a b Parliamentary debates eparlib.nic.in 6 April 1954 pp.22–23
  9. ^ "The Story of Pondicherry's Eroding Coastline in a Single Image". 16 October 2008.
  10. ^ "Geography of Pondicherry, Geographical Location of Pondicherry, Pondicherry Natural Features". Archived from the original on 16 September 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  11. ^ Management of coastal erosion along Pondicherry coast (PDF) (Report). May 2015.
  12. ^ "Smart grid project inaugurated". Puducherry. The Hindu. 20 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  13. ^ "Report paints grim picture of Puducherry's economy". The Hindu. 18 October 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  14. ^ "Climate: Pondicherry – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  15. ^ "Government of India". Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
  16. ^ "Pondicherry Climatological Table Period: 1971–2000". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  17. ^ "Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  18. ^ "Pondicherry: Forever France? by Anand Jha". 21 July 2012. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  19. ^ "Local Administration Departments Know Puducherry: Government of Puducherry". www.py.gov.in. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  20. ^ "Municipality Details – Pondicherry Municipality – The Union Territory of Puducherry". www.pdymun.in. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  21. ^ Town and Country Planning Department, Pondicherry, India: City Development Plan – Pondicherry, Final Report, March 2007, S. 159 Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Ramakrishnan, Deepa (23 February 2012). "After a decade on fast lane, ECR is set to expand". The Hindu. Chennai. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  23. ^ "20 buses launched in urban routes". The Hindu. Puducherry. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  24. ^ V, Venkatasubramanian (19 February 2010). "A boon to Kancheepuram unit of TNSTC". The Hindu. Kancheepuram. Archived from the original on 24 February 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  25. ^ "Delhi-Puducherry train link from July 3". The Hindu. 25 June 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  26. ^ "Changes in train timings". The Hindu. Puducherry. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  27. ^ "Puducherry to Villupuram – 3 ways to travel via bus, and line 16116 train". Rome2rio. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  28. ^ a b "Puducherry back on aviation map; services to Hyderabad launched". The Economic Times. 16 August 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  29. ^ a b Bhatt, Neha (1 March 2022). "In India, a city takes its beach back from the sea". Travel. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  30. ^ Prasad, S. (28 July 2021). "Puducherry's pristine beach reappears after three decades". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  31. ^ M, Kavya (30 August 2018). "Artificial reef helps restore lost Pondy beach". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  32. ^ Dominique, Bosco (6 June 2019). "Beach in Puducherry selected for blue flag certification". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  33. ^ "Sri Aurobindo". Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  34. ^ "Arulmigu Manakula Vinayagar Temple". Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  35. ^ Reporter, Staff (18 August 2017). "Thousands throng car festival at Veerampattinam". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  36. ^ "About Pondicherry". India tourism. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  37. ^ Gadre, Ketki (30 November 2018). "Things to do in Pondicherry Beyond Itinerary: The good, bad & ugly". Explore with Ecokats. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  38. ^ "Huge contrast in poverty index estimation in Puducherry". The New Indian Express. 4 December 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  39. ^ "Puducherry government's poverty estimates at odds with NITI Aayog data, says former MP". The Hindu. 21 July 2023. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  40. ^ Prasad, S. (18 November 2021). "Rain exposes flaws in road infrastructure". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  41. ^ "Puducherry horror: Two including 19-year-old held for rape, murder of class 5 girl". The New Indian Express. 7 March 2024. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  42. ^ "PM Modi's plogging puts spotlight back on dirty beaches". The Times of India. 13 October 2019. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  43. ^ "Puducherry no longer safe for women?". The New Indian Express. 9 June 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  44. ^ "Opinion: Why I Threatened to Leave Puducherry. Cleaning It Is Not for Me Alone". NDTV.com. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
  45. ^ "Frugal innovation: From East to West and back again". Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  46. ^ "Life of Pi". The Guardian. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
  47. ^ "Of Love Lost". India Today. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
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