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Politics of Berlin

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Schloss Bellevue
The Bundestag in Berlin
Politics of Berlin
Constitution
Legislature
President of the Abgeordnetenhaus
Cornelia Seibeld
Judiciary
  • Constitutional Court
    Verfassungsgerichtshof des Landes Berlin
  • Administrative courts
    Oberverwaltungsgericht Berlin-Brandenburg
    Verwaltungsgericht Berlin
  • Courts of Justice
    Kammergericht
    Landgericht Berlin
    11 Amtsgerichte
  • Fiscal Court
    Finanzgericht Berlin-Brandenburg
  • Labor courts
    Arbeitsgericht Berlin
    Landesarbeitsgericht Berlin-Brandenburg
  • Social court
    Landessozialgericht Berlin-Brandenburg
    Sozialgericht Berlin
  • Lawyers' court
    Anwaltsgerichtshof Berlin
Executive
Kai Wegner
Divisions
Elections
Relations

Berlin is a city-state and the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Capital city

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The Bundeskanzleramt

Berlin is the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany. The President of Germany, whose functions are mainly ceremonial under the German constitution, has his official residence in Schloss Bellevue.[1] Berlin is the seat of the German executive, housed in the Chancellery, the Bundeskanzleramt.

Facing the Chancellery is the Bundestag, the German Parliament, housed in the renovated Reichstag building since the government moved back to Berlin in 1998. The Bundesrat ("federal council", functioning as an upper house) is the representation of the Federal States (Bundesländer) of Germany and has its seat at the former Prussian House of Lords.

Ministries

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The relocation of the federal government and Bundestag to Berlin was completed in 1999, however with some ministries as well as some minor departments retained in the federal city Bonn, the former capital of West Germany. Discussions to move the remaining branches continue.[2] The ministries and departments of Defence, Justice and Consumer Protection, Finance, Interior, Foreign, Economic Affairs and Energy, Labour and Social Affairs , Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety, Food and Agriculture, Economic Cooperation and Development, Health, Transport and Digital Infrastructure and Education and Research are based in the capital.

City-state

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Rotes Rathaus, seat of the Berlin Senate

Since German reunification on 3 October 1990, Berlin has been one of three city-states (with Hamburg and Bremen) among Germany's 16 states. The city and state parliament is the House of Representatives, (Abgeordnetenhaus), with 141 seats. Berlin's executive body is the Senate of Berlin (Senat von Berlin). The Senate consists of the Governing Mayor (Regierender Bürgermeister) and up to eight senators with ministerial positions (one holding the official title "Mayor" (Bürgermeister) as deputy to the Governing Mayor). The Social Democratic Party (SPD) and The Left (Die Linke) took control of the city government after the 2001 state election, winning another term in the 2006 state election.[3] The 2011 state election produced a coalition of the Social Democratic Party and the Christian Democratic Union, which was followed by a Red-Red-Green coalition of the Social Democrats, Greens, and Left Party after the 2016 state election and 2021 state election. The current government consists of a coalition between the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats after the 2023 state election.[4]

The Governing Mayor is Lord Mayor of the city (Oberbürgermeister der Stadt) and Prime Minister of the federal state (Ministerpräsident des Bundeslandes). The office of Berlin's Governing Mayor is in the Rotes Rathaus (Red City Hall). From 2001 to 2014, this office was held by Klaus Wowereit of the SPD.[5] Between 2014 and 2021 the position was held by Michael Müller, who was succeeded by Franziska Giffey. Both politicians are also of the SPD.[6] In April 2023, Berlin got its first conservative mayor, Kai Wegner of CDU, in more than two decades.[7]

The total annual state budget of Berlin in 2007 exceeded €20.5 ($28.7) billion, which included a budget surplus of €80 ($112) million (the first surplus in the city-state's history).[8] Due to increasing growth rates and tax revenues, the Senate of Berlin calculated an increasing budget surplus for 2008. The total budget was an estimated amount €5.5 ($7.7) billion, financed by the German government or the German Bundesländer.[9] Primarily due to reunification-related expenditures, Berlin as a German state accumulated more debt than any other city in Germany (an estimated €60 ($84) billion in December 2007).[10]

The city has ten state-level ministries (Senatsverwaltungen, Senate Departments), each led by a Senator, plus the Senate Chancellery, which is the office of the Governing Mayor.[11][12] It also has seven state-level agencies (Landesämter), such as the Berlin Immigration Office.[13]

Boroughs

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Main article: Boroughs and localities of Berlin
Multicoloured map of Berlin's boroughs and subdivisions
Map of Berlin's twelve boroughs

Berlin is divided into twelve boroughs (Bezirke), reduced from 23 boroughs before Berlin's 2001 administrative reform. Each borough has a number of localities (Ortsteile), which often have historic roots in older municipalities predating the formation of Greater Berlin on 1 October 1920 and were urbanised and incorporated into the city. Many residents strongly identify with their localities (or boroughs). Berlin has 96 localities, commonly made up of several city neighbourhoods (known as Kiez in the Berlin dialect).

Each borough is governed by a council (Bezirksamt) with five councillors (Bezirksstadträte) and a borough mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister). The borough council is elected by the borough assembly (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). The boroughs of Berlin are not independent municipalities; the borough governments' power is limited, and subordinate to the Berlin Senate. The borough mayors form a council of mayors (Rat der Bürgermeister, led by the city's governing mayor), which advises the Senate. The localities have no local government bodies, and the administrative duties of the former locality representative (the Ortsvorsteher) were assumed by the borough mayors.

Sister cities

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Western Union telegram
Los Angeles became the first sister city to Berlin in 1967.

Berlin maintains official partnerships with 17 cities.[14] Town twinning between Berlin and other cities began with Los Angeles in 1967. East Berlin's partnerships were cancelled at German reunification, but later partially reestablished. West Berlin's partnerships were limited to the borough level. During the Cold War the partnerships reflected spheres of influence, with West Berlin partnering with Western capitals and East Berlin partnering primarily with cities of the Warsaw Pact and its allies.

There are joint projects with a number of other cities, such as Belgrade, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Johannesburg, Shanghai, Seoul, Sofia, Sydney and Vienna. Berlin participates in international city associations such as the Union of the Capitals of the European Union, Eurocities, Network of European Cities of Culture, Metropolis, Summit Conference of the World's Major Cities, Conference of the World's Capital Cities. Its partner cities are:[14]

Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin

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Party Strength in House of Deputies

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A darkened box under a party in any given year denotes that the party had either not yet been founded, or the party had become defunct, by the date of that election.

Pre-1990 in West Berlin

Election year Total
seats 		Seats won
SPD CDU FDP Grüne Other
1948 98 60 21 17
1950 127 61 34 32
1954 127 64 44 19
1958 133 78 55
1963 140 89 41 10
1967 137 81 47 9
1971 138 73 54 11
1975 147 67 69 11
1979 135 61 63 11
1981 132 51 65 7 9
1985 144 48 69 12 15
1989 138 55 55 17 11 [a]

1990-, Post-reunification

Election year Total
seats 		Seats won
SPD CDU Grüne PDS FDP Linke AfD Other
1990 241 76 101 23 [b] 23 18
1995 206 55 87 30 34
1999 169 42 76 18 33
2001 141 44 35 14 33 15
2006 149 53 37 23 23 13
2011 152 48 39 30 20 15 [c]
2016 160 38 31 27 12 27 25
2021 147 36 30 32 12 24 13
2023 159 34 52 34 22 17

City-State House of Deputies Compositions

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  • West Berlin Council, following 1948 election
    West Berlin Council, following 1948 election
  • 1st Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1950 election
    1st Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1950 election
  • 2nd Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1954 election
    2nd Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1954 election
  • 3rd Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1958 election
    3rd Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1958 election
  • 4th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1963 election
    4th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1963 election
  • 5th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1967 election
    5th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1967 election
  • 6th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1971 election
    6th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1971 election
  • 7th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1975 election
    7th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1975 election
  • 8th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1979 election
    8th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1979 election
  • 9th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1981 election
    9th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1981 election
  • 10th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1985 election
    10th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1985 election
  • 11th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1989 election
    11th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1989 election
  • 12th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1990 election
    12th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1990 election
  • 13th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1995 election
    13th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1995 election
  • 14th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1999 election
    14th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 1999 election
  • 15th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 2001 election
    15th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 2001 election
  • 16th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 2006 election
    16th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 2006 election
  • 17th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 2011 election
    17th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 2011 election
  • 18th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 2016 election
    18th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 2016 election
  • 19th Abgeordnetenhaus (Annulled), following 2021 election
    19th Abgeordnetenhaus (Annulled), following 2021 election
  • 19th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 2023 election
    19th Abgeordnetenhaus, following 2023 election

City-State Election Results Maps

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People who live in the former West Berlin tend to vote for the CDU and the SPD, While voters in the former East Berlin tend to vote for Linke and the AfD.

Constituencies in City-State House of Deputies

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List of Bundestag Constituencies

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No Constituency Member[16] 2021 Voters 2017 2013 2009 2005 2002 1998 1994 1990
74 Berlin-Mitte Hanna Steinmüller Grüne 207,483 SPD SPD SPD SPD SPD Created for 2002 election
75 Berlin-Pankow Stefan Gelbhaar Grüne 235,647 Left Left Left SPD SPD Created for 2002 election
76 Berlin-Reinickendorf Monika Grütters CDU 176,585 CDU CDU CDU SPD SPD SPD CDU CDU
77 Berlin-Spandau – Charlottenburg North Helmut Kleebank SPD 180,251 SPD CDU CDU SPD SPD SPD CDU CDU
78 Berlin-Steglitz-Zehlendorf Thomas Heilmann CDU 217,814 CDU CDU CDU CDU SPD SPD CDU CDU
79 Berlin-Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf Michael Müller SPD 196,800 CDU CDU SPD SPD SPD SPD CDU CDU
80 Berlin-Tempelhof-Schöneberg Kevin Kühnert SPD 231,500 CDU CDU CDU SPD SPD Created for 2002 election
81 Berlin-Neukölln Hakan Demir SPD 197,037 SPD SPD CDU SPD SPD SPD CDU CDU
82 Berlin-Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg – Prenzlauer Berg East Canan Bayram Grüne 220,014 Grüne Grüne Grüne Grüne Grüne Created for 2002 election
83 Berlin-Treptow - Köpenick Gregor Gysi Left 207,127 Left Left Left Left SPD SPD SPD
84 Berlin-Marzahn - Hellersdorf Mario Czaja CDU 197,988 Left Left Left Left PDS PDS PDS PDS
85 Berlin-Lichtenberg Gesine Lötzsch Left 200,673 Left Left Left Left PDS PDS PDS

Security

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Berlin Police

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Main article: Berlin Police
A police bus in blue-silver livery

The Berlin Police (Der Polizeipräsident in Berlin' - The Police Chief of Berlin), or commonly Berliner Polizei is the German Landespolizei force for the city-state of Berlin. Law enforcement in Germany is divided between federal and state (Land) agencies. Berlin Police is divided into 6 local directorates (Direktion). Each local directorate is responsible for one to three Berliner districts:

Federal Police

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Main article: Federal Police (Germany)

The Federal Police (Bundespolizei or BPOL) is a (primarily) uniformed federal police force in Berlin and Germany. It is subordinate to the Federal Ministry of the Interior (Bundesministerium des Innern (BMI)).[23]

The Bundespolizei can also be used to reinforce state police if requested by a state (Land) government. The BPOL maintains these reserve forces to deal with major demonstrations, disturbances or emergencies, supplementing the capabilities of the State Operational Support Units. Several highly trained detachments are available for crisis situations requiring armored cars, water cannon or other special equipment.

BPOL has investigators conduct criminal investigations only within its jurisdiction; otherwise the cases are referred to the appropriate state police force or to the federal criminal investigative agency, the Federal Criminal Police (Bundeskriminalamt, BKA). In addition, the Bundespolizei cooperates closely with German state executive authorities, such as prosecutor's offices (Staatsanwaltschaft) in pursuing criminal investigations.

A Eurocopter EC-135 of the Bundespolizei

The Bundespolizei has the following missions:

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The Republicans
  2. ^ 12 won by Green Party (West), and 11 won by Alliance 90 (East)
  3. ^ Pirates

References

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  1. ^ "Bundespräsident Horst Köhler" (in German). Bundespraesident.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  2. ^ "Der Regierungsumzug ist überfällig". Berliner Zeitung (in German). 26 October 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  3. ^ "Berlin state election, 2006" (PDF). Der Landeswahlleiter für Berlin (in German). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
  4. ^ "Scholz party paves way for new center-right mayor in Berlin". AP News. 23 April 2023.
  5. ^ "The Glamor Guy". Time. 8 May 2005. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2008. See also: Landler, Mark (23 September 2006). "Berlin Mayor, Symbol of Openness, Has National Appeal". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
  6. ^ "Former German minister becomes new mayor of Berlin". AP News. 21 December 2021.
  7. ^ Marsh, Sarah; Rinke, Andreas; Marsh, Sarah (27 April 2023). "Berlin gets first conservative mayor in more than two decades". Reuters.
  8. ^ "Berlin schafft erstes Etatplus seit dem Krieg". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
  9. ^ Fahrun, Joachim (10 June 2008). "Sarrazin: Keine neuen Schulden mehr ab 2008". Berliner Morgenpost. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
  10. ^ "Debt-Laden Berlin Goes to Court For Federal Aid". Deutsche Welle. 29 April 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
  11. ^ "Senatsverwaltungen und nachgeordnete Einrichtungen". www.berlin.de (in German). 20 July 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  12. ^ "Der Senat von Berlin". www.berlin.de (in German). 12 July 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  13. ^ "A-Z - Behörden - Service Berlin - Berlin.de". service.berlin.de. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  14. ^ a b "Berlin's international city relations". Berlin Mayor's Office. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
  15. ^ "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy". um.warszawa.pl. Biuro Promocji Miasta. 4 May 2005. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
  16. ^ https://www.bundeswahlleiterin.de/bundestagswahlen/2021/wahlkreiseinteilung.html
  17. ^ (in German) Polizeidirektion 1 Archived 16 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ (in German) Polizeidirektion 2 Archived 21 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ (in German) Polizeidirektion 3 Archived 22 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ (in German) Polizeidirektion 4 Archived 1 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ (in German) Polizeidirektion 5 Archived 16 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ (in German) Polizeidirektion 6 Archived 1 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ OSCE Entry on BPOL Archived 24 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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