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Polar Icebreaker Project

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This article is about Canadian shipbuilding program. For other vessels referred to as polar icebreakers or Polar-class icebreakers, see polar icebreaker (disambiguation).
Conceptual rendering of the future CCGS Arpatuuq and CCGS Imnaryuaq
Class overview
Builders
OperatorsCanadian Coast Guard
CostC$8.5 billion (2024 estimate for two vessels)[1]
Built2024– (planned)[1]
In commission2030– (planned)
Planned2
On order1

The Polar Icebreaker Project (previously Polar Class Icebreaker Project) is an ongoing Canadian shipbuilding program under the National Shipbuilding Strategy.[2] Announced in 2008 with an intention to replace the ageing CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent with a new polar icebreaker by 2017, the program has faced multiple delays and changes, and as of 2024 consists of two planned icebreakers, CCGS Arpatuuq and CCGS Imnaryuaq, with the first vessel expected to enter service in 2030.

Project history

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Background

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Following SS Manhattan's voyage through the Arctic Archipelago in 1969, Canada began planning the construction of polar icebreakers to assert its sovereignty in the Arctic and defend its claim of Northwest Passage as internal waters rather than international straits.[3] However, neither the conventionally-powered icebreaker referred to as Polar 7[Note 1] nor the nuclear-powered Polar 10 developed by the Montreal-based naval architecture firm German & Milne in the 1970s progressed beyond planning stage, the former due to excessive fuel costs and the latter due to difficulties in procuring the power plant.[4] In the early 1980s, the Canadian government revised its plans and contracted German & Milne to develop a less expensive conventionally-powered polar icebreaker for the Canadian Coast Guard.[5] As part of what became known as the Polar 8 Project, the Canadian shipbuilders Burrard-Yarrows, Davie Shipbuilding, and Saint John Shipbuilding and Dry Dock were invited to submit detailed construction proposals.[6]

In August 1985, the United States Coast Guard icebreaker USCGC Polar Sea transited the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska without formal authorization from Canada.[7][8] In response, on 10 September 1985 the Canadian government announced the construction of the Polar 8 as a visible indication of Canadian sovereignty over the Arctic Archipelago. While the evaluation of the shipyards' bids was underway, the government received unsolicited proposals from Dome Petroleum and Canadian Marine Drilling (Canmar), Atlantic Towing Limited and Cleaver & Walkingshaw, and the Canadian subsidiary of the Finnish shipbuilder Wärtsilä claiming that all three proponents could develop and deliver an Arctic Class 8 icebreaker that would meet all requirements at substantially lower cost and shorter delivery time than the original Polar 8 design developed by German & Milne. A committee formed by the government concluded that a revised design could be built in Canada at reduced cost.[5][9][10]

On 2 March 1987, the Canadian government signed a letter of intent for the construction of the Polar 8 to Versatile Pacific Shipyards (formerly Burrard-Yarrows) of North Vancouver, British Columbia.[10][11] Later in that year, a design contract was awarded to Polar Icebreaker Constructors, a joint venture between Versatile and Sandwell Swan Wooster.[12] However, the shipyard soon ran into financial difficulties and was put up for sale in December 1988.[13] The initial cost estimate also turned out to be optimistic and when the attempts to address the skyrocketing cost with design changes turned out unsuccessful, the Polar 8 Project was placed on hold in 1989 and officially cancelled on 19 February 1990.[14][15] Versatile Pacific Shipyards filed for bankruptcy shortly thereafter.[16]

Instead of building a new polar icebreaker, the Canadian government opted to modernize CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent and purchase a former commercial icebreaker, Terry Fox, as a stopgap measure.[17]

National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy

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On 28 February 2008, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced the Polar Class Icebreaker Project, a plan to build a new polar icebreaker named after Canada's 13th prime minister John Diefenbaker whose government founded the Canadian Coast Guard in 1962. Upon completion, the C$720 million vessel would replace the 1969-built CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent that was due for decommissioning in 2017.[18]

On 3 June 2010, the Government of Canada announced the National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy (NSPS), a long-term plan to support Canada's shipbuilding industry by building ships for the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Coast Guard.[19] On 19 October 2011, Seaspan Vancouver Shipyards was awarded the non-combat package which included the construction of joint support ships for the Royal Canadian Navy and offshore science vessels as well as the polar icebreaker for the Canadian Coast Guard.[20]

On 3 February 2012, the Government of Canada awarded the design contract to the Vancouver-based STX Canada Marine[Note 2] following a request for proposal released in June 2011.[21] The Canadian company, formerly known as Wärtsilä Arctic Inc. and originally established to pursue the Polar 8 Project,[22] would be supported a design team including the Finnish engineering company Aker Arctic that had been spun off from the former Wärtsilä Helsinki Shipyard to specialize in icebreaker design and ice model testing.[23][24] The design work would be based on a concept developed by the Canadian Coast Guard and was expected to take 18 to 24 months to complete.[21] In October 2012, a 1:25 scale model of the polar icebreaker was being evaluated in at the National Research Council's Institute for Ocean Technology in St. John's[25] with additional testing taking place at Aker Arctic's ice laboratory in Finland.[26]

In May 2013, the Vancouver Sun reported that the polar icebreaker and the Royal Canadian Navy's new joint support ships faced a scheduling conflict and that the Harper government would have to choose which project had priority.[27] On 11 October 2013, the NSPS Secretariat announced that the joint support ships would be built first.[28] With the polar icebreaker delayed until at least 2021–2022, the Government of Canada was forced to keep Louis S. St-Laurent in service with service life extensions.[29][30]

In November 2013, it was reported that the budget for the polar icebreaker was revised up to C$1.3 billion, almost twice the initial estimate given in August 2008.[31]

National Shipbuilding Strategy

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In March 2016, the Canadian government shipbuilding program was renamed National Shipbuilding Strategy.[32] Although at the time there were plans to begin negotiations on a construction engineering contract for the polar icebreaker in 2017,[33] in subsequent years the project was put on hold with no activities planned until work on other projects had advanced.[34][35]

In June 2019, the Government of Canada replaced the one-off polar icebreaker in Seaspan's non-combat vessel portfolio with sixteen smaller multipurpose vessels while it would continue exploring options to build the polar icebreaker possibly at another shipyard.[36] On 28 February 2020, a request for information was issued to all Canadian shipyards, inviting them to provide information to the Government of Canada on domestic shipyard capability and capacity to construct and deliver a polar icebreaker.[37] On 6 May 2021, the Government of Canada announced that it would procure two polar icebreakers, one of which would be built by Seaspan Vancouver Shipyards and the other by Davie Shipbuilding, with the first vessel entering service in 2030.[38]

The development of the Canadian Coast Guard polar icebreaker picked up again in early 2021.[39] Design updates since have included changing the propulsion layout and substituting the extra high tensile steel that was previously identified as a potential major risk item.[40][41]

In December 2022, the Government of Canada awarded Seaspan the Construction Engineering (CE) and long lead items contracts for the first polar icebreaker.[2]

On 4 April 2023, Davie Shipbuilding was officially incorporated in the National Shipbuilding Strategy.[2] On 16 September 2024, the Government of Canada awarded Davie Shipbuilding a C$16.47 million contract to advance work on the second polar icebreaker.[42]

In December 2021, the Parlamentiary Budget Officer estimated that the cost of the two polar icebreakers had increased to C$7.25 billion.[43] However, the latest report published in June 2024 estimated that the cost for two ships had further increased to C$8.5 billion.[1]

Construction

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The construction of the first vessel, CCGS Arpatuuq, is projected to begin in 2024–2025 and the vessel is projected to enter service in 2030–2031.[1] The vessel is in Construction Engineering (CE) phase and the shipyard also cut steel for the so-called "prototype block" in May 2023.[2]

Negotiations for the second vessel, CCGS Imnaryuaq, are underway with Davie Shipbuilding and the construction is projected to begin in 2026–2027 with delivery in 2032–2033.[1][2]

Ships in class

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Ship name Builder Yard number IMO number Laid down Launched Delivered Commissioned Status
CCGS Arpatuuq Seaspan Vancouver Shipyards (North Vancouver, British Columbia) 198 4738681 2030 (planned)[44] Construction Engineering
CCGS Imnaryuaq Davie Shipbuilding (Lauzon, Quebec) 2032 (planned)[44] Not started

Notes

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  1. ^ The number refers to the ship's "Arctic Class" in accordance with the Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations and denotes the thickness of the ice in feet that the icebreaker can break at a continuous speed of 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph).
  2. ^ Part of Vard Marine since 2014

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Creighton, Mark; Kho, Albert (28 June 2024). "The Polar Icebreaker Project: 2024 Update". Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Polar icebreakers". Government of Canada. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  3. ^ "Icy challenge to Canadian power", The Globe and Mail, 7 August 1985
  4. ^ Griffiths, Franklyn, ed. (1987). Politics of the Northwest Passage. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-0613-6.
  5. ^ a b McCloy, W. A. (1987), "Design Iterations for a Canadian Coast Guard Polar Icebreaker", Marine Engineering Digest, 6 (3)
  6. ^ "3 firms to seek job of building icebreaker", The Globe and Mail, 9 July 1984
  7. ^ Briggs, Philip J. (1990), "The Polar Sea Voyage and the Northwest Passage Dispute", Armed Forces & Society, 16 (3): 437–452, doi:10.1177/0095327X9001600308
  8. ^ "Giant icebreaker quite feasible, experts say", The Globe and Mail, 7 August 1985
  9. ^ "Let taxpayers see icebreaker study", The Province, 20 January 1987
  10. ^ a b Arctic Class 8 icebreaker to be built in Vancouver, Government of Canada, 2 March 1987
  11. ^ Wilson, Mark (5 March 1987), "Canada Puts Squeeze on Icebreaker Yard", The Journal of Commerce, retrieved September 28, 2024
  12. ^ "Canada selects company to design icebreaker", The Journal of Commerce, 16 August 1987
  13. ^ Huebert, Rob (1993), Steel ice and decision-making — The voyage of the Polar Sea and its aftermath: The making of Canadian northern foreign policy (PDF)
  14. ^ Maginley, Charles D. & Collin, Bernard (2001). The Ships of Canada's Marine Services. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-55125-070-5.
  15. ^ Michaud, Nelson & Nossal, Kim Richard, eds. (2001). Diplomatic Departures: The Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy, 1984–93. Vancouver, British Columbia: UBC Press. ISBN 0-7748-0864-0.
  16. ^ "Shipyards of the Canadian Naval Shipbuilding Program 1939-2017". Canadian Naval Technical History Association. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  17. ^ Maginley, Charles D. (2003). The Canadian Coast Guard 1962–2002. St. Catharines, Ontario: Vanwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-55125-075-6.
  18. ^ "PM Announces New Polar Class Icebreaker Project to be Named after Former PM John G. Diefenbaker". Government of Canada. 28 February 2008.
  19. ^ "Government of Canada announces National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy". Government of Canada. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  20. ^ "Results of the National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy". Government of Canada. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  21. ^ a b "Harper Government Announces New Coast Guard Flagship Vessel to Be Designed in Vancouver". Government of Canada. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  22. ^ "Icebreaker Design – The Fusion of Canadian and Finnish Expertise". Vard Marine. 3 April 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  23. ^ "Maritime industry". Good News from Finland. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  24. ^ "Canada: STX Marine Wins New Polar Icebreaker Design Contract". Offshore Energy. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  25. ^ "New polar vessel breaks the ice, on a small scale". CBC News. 24 October 2012. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  26. ^ Newbury, Scott; McGreer, Dan (October 2014). "Vessel report: Polar icebreaker" (PDF). Marine Technology. pp. 68–71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017.
  27. ^ Berthiaume, Lee (7 May 2013). "Feds face tough choice as naval resupply ships, icebreaker on collision course at Vancouver shipyard". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2021. This scheduling conflict was acknowledged in a recent Defence Department report tabled in Parliament, which noted that "the Joint Support Ship and the Polar Icebreaker are progressing on a very similar schedule such that they both could be ready for construction at the same time."
  28. ^ "National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy Secretariat announces Vancouver Shipyards to build the Joint Support Ships in 2016". Government of Canada. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  29. ^ "Government of Canada issues Advance Contract Award Notice for vessel life extension of Canada's largest icebreaker". Government of Canada. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  30. ^ "National Shipbuilding Strategy : February 2012-December 2015 status report.: P4-71/2016E-PDF". Government of Canada. July 2002. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  31. ^ "Coast guard's new icebreaker to cost twice as much as originally estimated". Canada.com. 13 November 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  32. ^ "Procurement – Navy". Government of Canada. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  33. ^ 2016 National Shipbuilding Strategy Annual Report (PDF), Government of Canada, 2016, retrieved 1 September 2024
  34. ^ Canada's National Shipbuilding Strategy — Annual report (2017) (PDF), Government of Canada, 2017, retrieved 1 September 2024
  35. ^ Canada's National Shipbuilding Strategy — Annual report (2018) (PDF), Government of Canada, 2018, retrieved 1 September 2024
  36. ^ "Trudeau government moves heavy-icebreaker job out of Vancouver". CBC. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  37. ^ "Government of Canada consults industry on polar icebreaker". Government of Canada. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  38. ^ "Government of Canada announces Polar Icebreakers to enhance Canada's Arctic presence and provide critical services to Canadians". Government of Canada. 6 May 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  39. ^ "Design and Engineering for a Canadian Polar Icebreaker". Elomatic. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  40. ^ "Aker Arctic provides ice expertise for Canadian Polar Icebreaker". Aker Arctic. 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  41. ^ "Canada could face trouble buying specialized steel for new $7-billion icebreakers". Ottawa Citizen. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  42. ^ "Minister Duclos announces new investments in the National Shipbuilding Strategy at the Naval Quebec Annual Conference". Government of Canada. 16 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  43. ^ Penney, Christopher; Elmarzougui, Eskandar (16 December 2021). "The Polar Icebreaker Project: A Fiscal Analysis". Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer.
  44. ^ a b "Working with the North, for the North". Government of Canada. Canadian Coast Guard. 19 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
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