Poincaré–Miranda theorem

In mathematics, the Poincaré–Miranda theorem is a generalization of intermediate value theorem, from a single function in a single dimension, to n functions in n dimensions. It says as follows:

Consider $n$ continuous, real-valued functions of $n$ variables, $f_{1},\ldots ,f_{n}\colon [-1,1]^{n}\to \mathbb {R}$. Assume that for each variable $x_{i}$, the function $f_{i}$ is nonpositive when $x_{i}=-1$ and nonnegative when $x_{i}=1$. Then there is a point in the $n$-dimensional cube $[-1,1]^{n}$ in which all functions are simultaneously equal to $0$.

The theorem is named after Henri Poincaré — who conjectured it in 1883 — and Carlo Miranda — who in 1940 showed that it is equivalent to the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. It is sometimes called the Miranda theorem or the Bolzano–Poincaré–Miranda theorem.

Intuitive description

A graphical representation of Poincaré–Miranda theorem for n = 2

The picture on the right shows an illustration of the Poincaré–Miranda theorem for n = 2 functions. Consider a couple of functions (f,g) whose domain of definition is [-1,1]² (i.e., the unit square). The function f is negative on the left boundary and positive on the right boundary (green sides of the square), while the function g is negative on the lower boundary and positive on the upper boundary (red sides of the square). When we go from left to right along any path, we must go through a point in which f is 0. Therefore, there must be a "wall" separating the left from the right, along which f is 0 (green curve inside the square). Similarly, there must be a "wall" separating the top from the bottom, along which g is 0 (red curve inside the square). These walls must intersect in a point in which both functions are 0 (blue point inside the square).

Generalizations

The simplest generalization, as a matter of fact a corollary, of this theorem is the following one. For every variable x_i, let a_i be any value in the range [sup_xi = 0 f_i, inf_xi = 1 f_i]. Then there is a point in the unit cube in which for all i:

$f_{i}=a_{i}$.

This statement can be reduced to the original one by a simple translation of axes,

$x_{i}^{\prime }=x_{i}\qquad y_{i}^{\prime }=y_{i}-a_{i}\qquad \forall i\in \{1,\dots ,n\}$

where

• x_i are the coordinates in the domain of the function
• y_i are the coordinates in the codomain of the function.

By using topological degree theory it is possible to prove yet another generalization. Poincare-Miranda was also generalized to infinite-dimensional spaces.

See also

• The Steinhaus chessboard theorem is a discrete theorem that can be used to prove the Poincare-Miranda theorem.

Further reading

• Alefeld, Götz; Frommer, Andreas; Heindl, Gerhard; Mayer, Jan (2004). "On the existence theorems of Kantorovich, Miranda and Borsuk". ETNA. Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis [electronic only]. 18: 102–111.