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Plurinationalism

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Plurinationality, plurinational, or plurinationalism is defined as the coexistence of two or more sealed or preserved national groups within a polity[1] (an organized community or body of peoples[2]). In plurinationalism, the idea of nationality is plural, meaning there are many nationals within an organized community or body of peoples. Derived from this concept, a plurinational state is the existence of multiple political communities and constitutional asymmetry. The usage of plurinationality assists in avoiding the division of societies within a state or country. Furthermore, a plurinational democracy recognizes the multiple demoi (common people or populace)[3] within a polity.[1] Reportedly the term has its origin in the Indigenous political movement in Bolivia where it was first heard of in the early 1980s.[4] As of 2022 Bolivia and Ecuador are constitutionally defined as plurinational states.[5]

Plurinational states are similar to multinational states, but are particularly often advocated for by indigenous peoples.[6]

Bolivia

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In 2009, Bolivia adopted a constitution that renamed the country to the "Plurinational State of Bolivia",[7] as spearheaded by Evo Morales.[8] Formerly, it was called the "Republic of Bolivia".[7] Later, in 2010, Morales proclaimed January 22nd to be "Plurinational State Day", an annual holiday; it coincides with the day Morales took power in 2006.[8]

Ecuador

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In September 2008, Rafael Correa introduced a new constitution that described Ecuador as a "Plurinational and Intercultural State".[9] The new constitution also recognized 11 indigenous groups within the country.[9] The concept of Ecuador becoming a plurinational state was previously proposed in 1988.[10]

Chile

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Map of indigenous groups in Chile

In Chile constitutional plurinationalism has been a topic of debate. Plurinationalism was not a concept in the constitutional reforms proposed by Michelle Bachelet's second government (2014–2018), yet the proposed reforms included recognition of Chile's indigenous peoples.[11] The 2022 proposed Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile defined Chile as "plurinational", however this proposal was rejected by a large margin in September 2022.[4][12] Prior to the dismissal of the proposed constitution the issue of pluranationalism was noted by polls and El País as particularly divisive in Chile.[13] The creation of a "plurinational region" in southern Chile has been proposed by some scholars and activists as a solution to the Mapuche conflict.[14]

Plurinationalism has been criticized by José Rodríguez Elizondo as being used to advance Bolivian claims against Chile for sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean.[15]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Keating, Michael. Plurinational Democracy in a Post-Sovereign Order Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, Queen's Papers on Europeanisation No 1/2002
  2. ^ polity, dictionary.reference.com
  3. ^ demos, thefreedictionary.com
  4. ^ a b Burns, Nick (2022-08-29). "Chile Could Become "Plurinational." What Does That Mean?". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  5. ^ Lankes, Ana (2022-09-02). "The Contentious Vote in Chile That Could Transform Indigenous Rights". The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  6. ^ Tremblay, Arjun; Gagnon, Alain-G. (2023-01-03). "Multinational, multicultural, intercultural, and plurinational federalism". Teaching Federalism. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 141–153. doi:10.4337/9781800885325.00021. ISBN 978-1-80088-532-5.
  7. ^ a b Irazábal, Clara (2013-11-07). Transbordering Latin Americas: Liminal Places, Cultures, and Powers (T)Here. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-02239-6.
  8. ^ a b "Bolivians celebrate fourteen years of the Plurinational State". Peoples Dispatch. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Latin America is moving towards Plurinationalism, slowly but definitely". Peoples Dispatch. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  10. ^ Sempértegui, Andrea; Báez, Michelle (2024-05-03). "Ontological Conflicts in the Plurinational State: The Case of Indigenous Resistance against the Mirador Mega-Mining Project in Ecuador". Society & Natural Resources. 37 (5): 660–677. Bibcode:2024SNatR..37..660S. doi:10.1080/08941920.2023.2228241. ISSN 0894-1920.
  11. ^ Soto Martínez, Víctor (2019-11-29). Análisis comparativo entre la Constitución vigente y el proyecto de reforma constitucional de Michelle Bachelet (Report) (in Spanish). Vol. 155–19. Library of Congress of Chile.
  12. ^ Vanessa Buschschlüter (5 September 2022). "Chile constitution: Voters overwhelmingly reject radical change". BBC News. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  13. ^ Montes, Rocío (2022-08-31). "El debate sobre el reconocimiento del "Estado plurinacional" divide a los chilenos". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  14. ^ Marimán, José; Valenzuela, Esteban (2015). "El nuevo ciclo de movilización mapuche en Chile: la emergencia de la CAM y el proyecto autonomista para una región plurinacional" [The new cycle of mapuche mobilization in Chile: the emergence of the CAM and the project for a plurinational autonomy region]. Araucaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades (in Spanish) (34): 279–301.
  15. ^ Bruna, Roberto (2022-07-18). "Diplomático José Rodríguez Elizondo teme que la plurinacionalidad sea funcional a la estrategia marítima boliviana". El Mostrador (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-09-21.

Further reading

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