Cervinae

Cervinae; Temporal range: Late Miocene to recent; ~11.63–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Cervidae
Subfamily:	Cervinae; Goldfuss, 1820
Tribes
	Muntiacini Elaphodus; Muntiacus; ; Cervini Dama; Axis; Rucervus; Elaphurus; Rusa; Cervus; ; For extinct genera, see text

The Cervinae or the Old World deer, are a subfamily of deer. Alternatively, they are known as the plesiometacarpal deer, due to having lost the parts of the second and fifth metacarpal bones closest to the foot (though retaining the parts away from the foot), distinct from the telemetacarpal deer of the Capreolinae (which have instead retained these parts of those metacarpals, while losing the parts away from the foot instead).^[1]

Classification and species

The following species are recognised in extant genera:^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Tribe Muntiacini
- Genus Elaphodus
  - Tufted deer (E. cephalophus)
- Genus Muntiacus
  - Bornean yellow muntjac (M. atherodes)
  - Hairy-fronted muntjac (M. crinifrons)
  - Fea's muntjac (M. feae)
  - Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis)
  - Indian muntjac (M. muntjak)
  - Sumatran muntjac (M. montanum)
  - Pu Hoat muntjac (M. puhoatensis)
  - Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis)
  - Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi)
  - Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum)
  - Truong Son muntjac or Annamite muntjac (M. truongsonensis)
  - Giant muntjac (M. vuquangensis)
Tribe Cervini ("true" deer)
- Genus Dama
  - Common fallow deer (D. dama)
  - Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica)
- Genus Axis
  - Chital (A. axis)
  - Calamian deer (A. calamianensis)
  - Bawean deer (A. kuhlii)
  - Indian hog deer (A. porcinus)
- Genus Rucervus
  - Barasingha (R. duvaucelii)
  - Eld's deer (R. eldii)
  - †Schomburgk's deer (R. schomburgki)
- Genus Elaphurus
  - Père David's deer (E. davidianus)
- Genus Rusa
  - Visayan spotted deer or Prince Alfred's deer (R. alfredi)
  - Philippine deer or Philippine sambar (R. mariannus)
  - Javan rusa deer (R. timorensis)
  - Sambar (R. unicolor)
- Genus Cervus
  - Thorold's deer (C. albirostris)
  - Elk or American wapiti (C. canadensis)
  - Red deer (C. elaphus)
  - Central Asian red deer (C. hanglu)
  - Sika deer (C. nippon)

The taxonomy of Cervini is poorly resolved due to conflict between nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies:

Mitchondrial DNA phylogeny after Heckeberg (2020)^[7]^[8]

Cervidae

Capreolinae

Cervinae

Muntiacini

	Elaphodus (tufted deer)

	Muntiacus (muntjacs)

Cervini

	Rucervus (Schomburgk's deer and barasingha)

	Axis (chital, hog deer)

	Dama (Fallow deer)

	†Megaloceros giganteus (Irish elk)

	Elaphurus (Père David's deer)

	Panolia/Rucervus eldii (Eld's deer)

	Rusa alfredi (Visayan spotted deer)

	Rusa marianna (Philippine deer)

	Rusa timorensis (Javan rusa)

	Rusa unicolor (Sambar deer)

Cervus (red deer, elk, sika deer)

Nuclear DNA phylogeny after Heckeberg (2020)^[7]^[8]

Cervidae

Capreolinae

Cervinae

Muntiacini

	Elaphodus (tufted deer)

	Muntiacus (muntjacs)

Cervini

Dama (Fallow deer)

Elaphurus (Père David's deer)

	Cervus elaphus (red deer)

	Cervus nippon (sika deer)

Cervus albirostris (Thorold's deer)

Rusa unicolor (Sambar deer)

	Rusa timorensis (Javan rusa)

	Panolia/Rucervus eldii (Eld's deer)

	Rucervus duvaucelii (barasingha)

	Axis (chital, hog deer)

Extinct genera

†Amphiprox
†Cervavitus? (Eurasia, Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene)
†Croizetoceros?
†Dicrocerus
†Euprox
†Praesinomegaceros
†Heteroprox
†Metacervocerus
†Praeelaphus
†Megaloceros (Eurasia, Early/Middle Pleistocene-Holocene, ~5700 BC)
†Praemegaceros (Europe, Early Pleistocene-Holocene, ~5500 BC)
†Pseudodama (Eurasia, Early Pleistocene)
†Sinomegaceros (Central and East Asia, Early-Late Pleistocene)
†Megaceroides (North Africa, Late Pleistocene-Holocene, ~ 4000 BC)
†Eucladoceros (Eurasia, Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene)
†Candiacervus (Crete, Late Pleistocene)
†Haploidoceros (Europe, Middle-Late Pleistocene)

Evolution

Cervinae is suggested to have split from Capreolinae at least 13.8 million years ago based on the first appearance of Euprox, suggested to be a stem-group cervine in Europe at this time.^[9] Modern Cervinae first appeared during the Late Miocene in Eastern Asia, arriving in the Indian subcontinent and Europe during the Early Pilocene.^[1] The ancestor of Cervinae probably had a bifurcated antlers similar to muntjacs, with the complex antlers of Cervini evolving independently from those of Capreolinae.^[10] Cervinae radiated during the Early Pleistocene, becoming the dominant group of deer across Eurasia.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Croitor, Roman (December 2022). "Paleobiogeography of Crown Deer". Earth. 3 (4): 1138–1160. Bibcode:2022Earth...3.1138C. doi:10.3390/earth3040066. ISSN 2673-4834.
^ Randi, E.; Mucci, N.; et al. (February 2001). "A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the Cervinae: speciation in Cervus and implications for conservation". Animal Conservation. 4 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2001AnCon...4....1R. doi:10.1017/S1367943001001019. S2CID 86572236.
^ Pitraa, C.; Fickel, J.; et al. (December 2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 880–895. Bibcode:2004MolPE..33..880P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013. PMID 15522810.
^ Alvarez D. (2007)^{[full citation needed]}
^ Duarte, J.M.B.; González, S.; Maldonado, J.E. (October 2008). "The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (1): 17–22. Bibcode:2008MolPE..49...17D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.009. PMID 18675919.
^ "A new perspective on Ungulate Taxonomy". Archived from the original on 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
^ ^a ^b Heckeberg, Nicola S.; Zachos, Frank E.; Kierdorf, Uwe (January 2023). "Antler tine homologies and cervid systematics: A review of past and present controversies with special emphasis on Elaphurus davidianus". The Anatomical Record. 306 (1): 5–28. doi:10.1002/ar.24956. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 35578743.
^ ^a ^b Heckeberg, Nicola S. (2020-02-18). "The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach". PeerJ. 8: e8114. doi:10.7717/peerj.8114. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7034380. PMID 32110477.
^ Mennecart, Bastien; DeMiguel, Daniel; Bibi, Faysal; Rössner, Gertrud E.; Métais, Grégoire; Neenan, James M.; Wang, Shiqi; Schulz, Georg; Müller, Bert; Costeur, Loïc (2017-10-13). "Bony labyrinth morphology clarifies the origin and evolution of deer". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 13176. Bibcode:2017NatSR...713176M. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12848-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5640792. PMID 29030580.
^ Samejima, Yuusuke; Matsuoka, Hiroshige (2020-06-02). "A new viewpoint on antlers reveals the evolutionary history of deer (Cervidae, Mammalia)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 8910. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.8910S. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64555-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7265483. PMID 32488122.

[:2-1] Croitor, Roman (December 2022). "Paleobiogeography of Crown Deer". Earth. 3 (4): 1138–1160. Bibcode:2022Earth...3.1138C. doi:10.3390/earth3040066. ISSN 2673-4834.

[Randi2001-2] Randi, E.; Mucci, N.; et al. (February 2001). "A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the Cervinae: speciation in Cervus and implications for conservation". Animal Conservation. 4 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2001AnCon...4....1R. doi:10.1017/S1367943001001019. S2CID 86572236.

[Pitraa2004-3] Pitraa, C.; Fickel, J.; et al. (December 2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 880–895. Bibcode:2004MolPE..33..880P. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013. PMID 15522810.

[Alvarez2007-4] Alvarez D. (2007)^{[full citation needed]}

[Duarte2008-5] Duarte, J.M.B.; González, S.; Maldonado, J.E. (October 2008). "The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (1): 17–22. Bibcode:2008MolPE..49...17D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.009. PMID 18675919.

[6] "A new perspective on Ungulate Taxonomy". Archived from the original on 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2013-01-23.

[:0-7] Heckeberg, Nicola S.; Zachos, Frank E.; Kierdorf, Uwe (January 2023). "Antler tine homologies and cervid systematics: A review of past and present controversies with special emphasis on Elaphurus davidianus". The Anatomical Record. 306 (1): 5–28. doi:10.1002/ar.24956. ISSN 1932-8486. PMID 35578743.

[:1-8] Heckeberg, Nicola S. (2020-02-18). "The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach". PeerJ. 8: e8114. doi:10.7717/peerj.8114. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7034380. PMID 32110477.

[9] Mennecart, Bastien; DeMiguel, Daniel; Bibi, Faysal; Rössner, Gertrud E.; Métais, Grégoire; Neenan, James M.; Wang, Shiqi; Schulz, Georg; Müller, Bert; Costeur, Loïc (2017-10-13). "Bony labyrinth morphology clarifies the origin and evolution of deer". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 13176. Bibcode:2017NatSR...713176M. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12848-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5640792. PMID 29030580.

[10] Samejima, Yuusuke; Matsuoka, Hiroshige (2020-06-02). "A new viewpoint on antlers reveals the evolutionary history of deer (Cervidae, Mammalia)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 8910. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.8910S. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64555-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7265483. PMID 32488122.

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