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North River (Hudson River)

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Coordinates: 40°47′12″N 73°59′31″W / 40.78667°N 73.99194°W / 40.78667; -73.99194
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The North River portion of the Hudson River highlighted in red between North Jersey and Manhattan Island
The river seen from atop The Palisades in New Jersey

North River (Dutch: Noort Rivier) is an alternative name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey in the United States.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

History

[edit]

Name

[edit]
A 1781 map, developed during the Revolutionary War, that refers to the "North River or Hudson River", using both names interchangeably

In the early 17th century, the entire watercourse was named the North River (Dutch: Noort Rivier") by the Dutch colonial empire; by the early 18th century, the term fell out of general use for most of the river's 300+ mile course.[7] The name remains in limited use among local mariners and others[8][9][10] and on some nautical charts[11] and maps. The term is also used to describe infrastructure on and under the river, including the North River piers, North River Tunnels, and Riverbank State Park.

The origin of the name North River is generally attributed to the Dutch.[12] In describing the major rivers in the New Netherland colony, they called the present-day Hudson River the "North River", the present-day Connecticut River the "Fresh River", and the Delaware River the "South River".[13] Another theory is that the North River and East River were so named for the direction of travel they permitted once having entered the Upper New York Bay.[14]

At various times, North River has referred to:

The river's history is strongly connected to the shipping industry in the Port of New York and New Jersey, which shifted primarily to Port Newark in the mid-20th century due to the construction of the Holland Tunnel and other river crossings and the advent of containerization.[16] Throughout this multi-century history, the name for the lower portion of the river has remained interchangeable with both North River and Hudson River used to describe it.

19th century

[edit]

In 1808, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin issued a report of proposed locations for transportation and communication internal improvements of national importance. The North River figured prominently among his proposals as the best route toward western and northern lands; similar routes were chosen for the Erie Canal and other early canals built by the New York state.

Gallatin noted the following in reference to the North and Hudson Rivers, writing:[17]

What is called the North River is a narrow and long bay, which in its northwardly course from the harbor of New York breaks through or turns all the mountains, affording a tide navigation for vessels of eighty tons to Albany and Troy, one hundred and sixty miles above New York. This peculiarity distinguishes the North River from all the other bays and rivers of the United States. The tide in no other ascends higher than the granite ridge or comes within thirty miles of the Blue Ridge or eastern chain of mountains. In the North River it breaks through the Blue Ridge at West Point and ascends above the eastern termination of the Catskill or great western chain. A few miles above Troy, and the head of the tide, the Hudson from the north and the Mohawk from the west unite their waters and form the North River. The Hudson in its course upwards approaches the waters of Lake Champlain, and the Mohawk those of Lake Ontario.

20th century

[edit]

In 1909, two tunnels were under construction: one was called the North River Tunnels, the other, the Hudson Tubes. That year the Hudson–Fulton Celebration was held, commemorating Henry Hudson, the first European to record navigating the river, and Robert Fulton, the first man to use a paddle steamer in America, named the North River Steamboat, to sail up it, leading to controversy over what the waterway should be called.[18][19][20]

Much of the shoreline previously used for maritime, rail, and industrial activities has given way to recreational promenades and piers. On the Hudson Waterfront in New Jersey, the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway runs for about 18 miles. In Manhattan, the Hudson River Park runs from Battery Park to 59th Street.

North River on maps

[edit]
The label "North River" used on a 1997 Hagstrom Map to describe the stretch of the Hudson River between Hudson County, New Jersey and Lower Manhattan

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's current charts call the lower river the "Hudson",[21] and the United States Geological Survey lists "North River" as an alternative name of the Hudson River without qualifying it as any particular portion of the river.[22]

Hagstrom Maps, formerly the leading mapmaker in the New York metropolitan area and known for occasional quirky and anachronistic names, features, and artifacts on their maps, has labeled all or part of the Hudson adjacent to Manhattan as "North River" on several of its products. For instance, on a 1997 Hagstrom Map of Manhattan, the stretch of river between Hudson County, New Jersey, and Lower Manhattan, roughly corresponding to the location of the North River piers, was labeled "North River", with the label "Hudson River" used above Midtown Manhattan.

On a 2000 map of "Northern Approaches to New York City" included in Hagstrom's New York [State] Road Map, the entire river adjacent to Manhattan was labeled "Hudson River (North River)" with the river further north at Tappan Zee labeled the "Hudson River".

North River piers

[edit]

Piers along the Hudson shore of Manhattan were formerly used for shipping and berthing ocean-going ships.[23] In shipping notices, they were designated as, for example, "Pier 14, North River". As with the river, the name "North River piers" has largely been supplanted by "Hudson River piers", or just by a pier and number, e.g., "Pier 54". Pier 40 is located at Houston Street, and the numbering of the piers to the north correspond to the nearest numbered street plus 40 – thus, for example, North River Pier 86 is at West 46th Street.

Most of the piers that once existed in lower Manhattan fell into disuse or were destroyed in the last half of the 20th century. The remaining piers are Pier A at the Battery and piers ranging from Pier 25 at North Moore Street to Pier 99 at 59th Street. Many of these piers and the waterfront between them are part of the Hudson River Park which stretches from 59th Street to the Battery. The park, a joint project between New York City and New York State commenced in 1998, consists of several non-contiguous parcels of land and piers totaling 125 acres (0.51 km2), plus another 400 acres (1.6 km2) of the river itself.[24] Several piers were rebuilt for adaptive re-use as part of the park project, with approximately 70% of the planned work complete by 2011.[25]

Status

[edit]
Chelsea Piers with the RMS Lusitania docked, c. 1910
Rebuilding of Pier 97 in Hudson River Park in July 2011
Javits Center behind NY Waterway's West Midtown Ferry Terminal at Pier 79; Weehawken Terminal was located across the river at the base of the Hudson Palisades from its opening in 1884 and its closing in 1959.
  • Pier A is a designated national and New York City landmark. The building on the pier dates to 1886, and was used by the city's Department of Docks, Harbor Police, and was later a fireboat station. The pier was closed and renovated from 1992 to November 2014, after which it reopened as a restaurant.[26]
  • What little remained of Piers 1 through 21 were buried under landfill from the World Trade Center construction project in 1973 and turned into Battery Park City.
  • Pier 25 is a sports and docking facility at the foot of North Moore Street with a mini golf course.[27]
  • Pier 26 was rebuilt over 2008–2009 and is home to a new park designed by OLIN and Rafael Viñoly and opened in September 2020, featuring a sports court and an engineered wetland.[28]
  • Pier 34, at Canal Street, contains a ventilation shaft for the Holland Tunnel.[29]
  • Pier 40, at Houston Street, was built as a terminal for the Holland America Line in 1962,[30][31][32] and now contains various playing fields, long-term parking spaces and the Trapeze School of New York on the roof (during the summer).[33][34]
  • The term "Christopher Street Pier" usually refers specifically to Pier 45 opposite West 10th Street in Greenwich Village. However, it refers to three other piers as well, between Piers 42–51.[35] Pier 51 houses a water-themed playground, part of Hudson River Park.[36]
  • Piers 52 and 53, also known as Gansevoort Peninsula, were formerly a New York City Department of Sanitation facility used for shipping trash out of Manhattan.[37] They are being converted into a public park, expected to be complete in 2023.[38][39] Also at the end of Pier 53 is the FDNY's Marine 1 fireboat facility, occupying a new building completed in 2011.[40][41]
  • Pier 54 and Pier 55, part of Hudson River Park since its creation in 1998, was closed in 2011 when it was deemed structurally unsound.[42] Plans were unveiled in November 2014 for a new park designed by Heatherwick Studio and costing $130 million.[43] The project was temporarily canceled in 2017 after costs had grown to $250 million,[44] but was later revived as part of an agreement to complete the remainder of Hudson River Park.[45] The new park, dubbed "Little Island," took the place of the now-dismantled Piers 54 and 55, and opened in May 2021.[46][47]
  • Pier 57, at 15th Street and 11th Avenue, formerly served as a terminal for shipping and storage of cargo for the Grace Line.[48] Between 1969 and 2003, Pier 57 housed the Hudson Pier Bus Depot for the New York City Transit Authority.[49][50] After its abandonment, plans created in 2009 called for an improved pier design for commercial use, initially dubbed the SuperPier by its developer.[51] The renovated pier reopened to the public in April 2022, featuring office space for Google,[52] a food hall, and a rooftop park.[53]
  • Piers 59–62 are used as Chelsea Piers, which were originally a passenger ship terminal in the early 1900s that was used by the RMS Lusitania and was the destination of the RMS Titanic.[54] The Chelsea Piers Sports & Entertainment Complex opened at the site in 1995.[55]
  • Pier 63 was the location of a Pavonia Ferry terminal that opened in 1869.[56] The terminal was demolished in 1942,[57] and the pier then housed a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad transfer barge. In the late 1980s, boat enthusiast John Krevey converted an old railroad barge on the Hudson River to a floating jetty.[58]
  • Pier 66 is part of Hudson River Park, It is located at 26th Street and is used for sailing and paddle sports.[59][60]
  • Pier 76, formerly the NYPD impound lot, was reopened by the Hudson River Park Trust on June 9, 2021 as a park and cultural space.[61]
  • Pier 78 is the only Hudson River pier that is privately owned,[62] and is used for sightseeing cruises.[63]
  • Pier 79 is the West Midtown Ferry Terminal used by NY Waterway and NYC Ferry. Pier 79 connects to an Art Deco style ventilation shaft for the Lincoln Tunnel.[64]: 59 
  • Pier 81 is site of North River Lobster and World Yacht
  • Pier 83 is used by Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises.[65]
  • Pier 84 served as a concert venue from the former Schaefer Music Festival.[66] The pier also houses a water-themed playground within Hudson River Park,[66][67] is a stop for New York Water Taxi, and has a bicycle rental shop and other businesses serving primarily tourists.[66]
  • Pier 86 at West 46th Street is home to the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum,[68] the centerpiece of which is the USS Intrepid, an aircraft carrier that served from World War II to the Vietnam War.[68][69] This pier once served as the passenger ship terminal for the United States Lines.[70]
  • Piers 88–92 are part of the New York Passenger Ship Terminal, used by numerous modern cruise ships and ocean liners.[64]: B.51  In 1942, the USS Lafayette (formerly SS Normandie) caught fire at Pier 88, remaining capsized there for a year.[71][72] Pier 92 was subsequently used as an exhibition space, but closed in 2019 after the pier was found to be unsafe.[73]
  • Pier 94 was formerly also part of the Passenger Ship Terminal, and until 2020 housed the "UnConvention Center", the second-largest exhibition hall in New York City.[74][75] As of 2023, it is slated to be redeveloped into a film studio.[76]
  • Pier 96 is part of Hudson River Park. It is the home of Manhattan Community Boathouse, an all-volunteer non-profit organization that offers free kayaking to the public each summer.[77]
  • Pier 97 is part of Hudson River Park. It was until 1975 the home of the Swedish American Line passenger ship terminal.[78] The terminal was demolished some time after 1984 and the pier has since been used for various purposes, including many years as a Sanitation Department parking lot and a brief period as a live event venue sponsored by JBL and Live Nation.[79] In November 2019, it was announced that the pier would be converted into a park, with construction expected to start in September 2020.[80] As of September 2020, the pier is now expected to reopen in March 2024.[81]
  • Pier 98 is used for Con Edison employee car parking, a training facility and delivery by barge and storage of fuel oil.[82]
  • Pier 99 houses the West 59th Street Marine Transfer Station, used by the New York City Sanitation Department.
  • Pier I and most of Riverside Park South were originally part of the abandoned Penn Central railyard between 59th and 72nd Streets. These lettered piers were built at a 55-degree angle to the shore to facilitate the transfer of rail cars from their tracks to a waiting barge. Pier I is the only remaining rail pier.[83] The 69th Street Transfer Bridge of the New York Central Railroad is still extant and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2003.[84]

Railroads and ferries

[edit]
Railroad and ferry terminals along the North River, c. 1900

Prior to the opening of the North River Tunnels and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad tubes in the early 1900s,[85] passengers and freight were required to cross the river for travel to points east. This led to an extensive network of intermodal terminals, railyards, ferry slips, docks, barges, and carfloats. The west shore of the river from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century was home to expansive facilities operated by competing railroads.[86] Most are now gone, allowing for public access to the waterfront at piers, parks, promenades and marinas along the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway. New ferry slips and terminals exclusively for pedestrian use have been built.

Fixed crossings

[edit]
Crossing Carries Location Coordinates
Downtown Hudson Tubes PATH Exchange Place and World Trade Center
Holland Tunnel I-78
Route 139 		Jersey City and Lower Manhattan 40°43′39″N 74°01′16″W / 40.72750°N 74.02111°W / 40.72750; -74.02111
Uptown Hudson Tubes PATH Jersey City and Midtown Manhattan
North River Tunnels Amtrak
New Jersey Transit 		Weehawken and Midtown Manhattan 40°45′32″N 74°00′46″W / 40.75889°N 74.01278°W / 40.75889; -74.01278
(part of New York Tunnel Extension between North Bergen and Long Island City)
Lincoln Tunnel Route 495
I-495 / NY 495 		Weehawken and Midtown Manhattan 40°45′47″N 74°00′36″W / 40.76306°N 74.01000°W / 40.76306; -74.01000
George Washington Bridge I-95
US 1
US 9
US 46 		Fort Lee and Upper Manhattan 40°51′05″N 73°57′09″W / 40.85139°N 73.95250°W / 40.85139; -73.95250

The last crossing to be built was the south tube of the Lincoln Tunnel in 1957, but in 1962, another deck was added to the George Washington Bridge.[87] Since 2003, various proposals have been made to add a new train line. This includes an extension of the completed 7 Subway Extension, the canceled Access to the Region's Core, and the proposed Gateway Project.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ The Random House Dictionary (2009) ("Part of the Hudson River between NE New Jersey and SE New York.")
  2. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,'Fourth Edition (2006) ("An estuary of the Hudson River between New Jersey and New York City flowing into Upper New York Bay.")
  3. ^ Webster's New World College Dictionary (2005) ("The lower course of the Hudson River, between New York City & NE N.J.")
  4. ^ The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2009) Archived May 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ("An estuary of Hudson River between SE New York & NE New Jersey" )
  5. ^ Joint Report With Comprehensive Plan and Recommendations New York, New Jersey Port and Harbor Development Commission (1926)
  6. ^ McCarten, John (July 4, 1959). "Harbor Display". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  7. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer."F.Y.I",The New York Times, May 15, 1994. Accessed January 17, 2008. "The North River was the colonial name for the entire Hudson River, just as the Delaware was known as the South River. These names went out of use sometime early in the century, said Norman Brouwer, a historian at the South Street Seaport Museum."
  8. ^ "North River Historic Ship Society". Archived from the original on July 28, 2009.
  9. ^ The Great North River Tugboat Race and Competition Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "North River Sail & Power Squadron (NRSPS)". www.northriversquadron.org. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  11. ^ "Lopez, Doerner, Malloy and friends brave the Hudson to raise autism awareness, SEA PADDLE NYC - SURFLINE.COM". www.surfline.com. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
  12. ^ "The North River in New Netherland". World Digital Library. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  13. ^ Roberts, Sam. "Brooklyn Murders, Depression Love, a Glamorous Librarian", The New York Times, June 24, 2007. Accessed January 6, 2008. "You may even be directed to the sewage treatment plant in West Harlem, practically the last vestige of the name that, legend has it, the Dutch bestowed on the tidal estuary navigated by Henry Hudson to distinguish it from the South River, now known as the Delaware."
  14. ^ Dougherty, Steve. "MY MANHATTAN; Away From the Uproar, Before a Strong Wind", The New York Times, May 31, 2002. Accessed January 17, 2008. "'Because it's the river you sail to go north,' Captain Freitas explained. 'To sail east, to Long Island Sound, you would take the East River.'"
  15. ^ Baxter, Raymond J.; Adams, Arthur G. (1999), Railroad Ferries of the Hudson: And Stories of a Deckhand, Fordham University Press, p. 5, ISBN 9780823219544
  16. ^ Glanz, James; Lipton, Eric (November 12, 2003). City in the Sky: The Rise and Fall of the World Trade Center. Macmillan. ISBN 9780805074284. Retrieved March 3, 2018 – via Google Books.
  17. ^ Portions of the Gallatin Report, 1808, Included in the Preliminary Report of the Inland Waterways Commission, 1908
  18. ^ Pettengill, G. T. (March 2, 1908), "Hudson, Not North River" (PDF), The New York Times, retrieved January 25, 2011
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  20. ^ "Hudson and not North River" (PDF), The New York Times, September 26, 1909, retrieved January 25, 2011
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  22. ^ "U.S. Board on Geographic Names | U.S. Geological Survey". www.usgs.gov.
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  29. ^ "Historic Structures Report: Holland Tunnel" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. November 4, 1993. p. 5. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
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  31. ^ Ryan, Joseph J (September 12, 1957). "Holland-America Line Signs 20-Year Contract for New Pier; Four-Ship Terminal Costing $18,723,000 to Rise at West Houston St.--Lease Ends Two Years of Negotiation 6 Per Cent Rental Set" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
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  38. ^ Attanasio, Cedar; Italiano, Laura (January 31, 2019). "Manhattan is getting its own beach". New York Post. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  39. ^ Young, Michael (July 9, 2022). "Tree Planting Begins at Gansevoort Peninsula Park on the West Village Waterfront, Manhattan". New York YIMBY. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  40. ^ "Marine 1 F.D.N.Y." marine1fdny.com. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
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  44. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (September 13, 2017). "Billionaire Diller's Plan for Elaborate Pier in the Hudson is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  45. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (October 25, 2017). "'Diller Island' Is Back From the Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  46. ^ Spivack, Caroline (November 13, 2019). "Meet 'Little Island': The $250M floating park on the Hudson River". Curbed NY. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  47. ^ Offenhartz, Jake (May 20, 2021). "Photos: Explore Little Island, NYC's Luxurious New Floating Park On The Hudson". Gothamist. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  48. ^ "Once-Neglected Pier 57 Prepares for Its SuperPier Moment". Curbed. January 17, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  49. ^ Testimony by State Senator José M. Serrano given before the City Council Transportation Committee Hearing on MTA Environmental Practices Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, October 18, 2006
  50. ^ David W. Chen, Hoping for a Waterfront Makeover Just South of Chelsea Piers, The New York Times, October 15, 2003, section B, page 6
  51. ^ "Pier's Developer Looks for a Creative Tenant Mix". The New York Times. September 13, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
  52. ^ "Google keeps gobbling up space in Chelsea; Takes more of Pier 57". The Villager Newspaper. February 21, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
  53. ^ "Governor Kathy Hochul and Mayor Eric Adams Join Hudson River Park Trust, RXR and Google to Open 80,000-Square-Foot Public Park on Roof of Historic Pier 57" (PDF). April 18, 2022.
  54. ^ "Chelsea Piers History 101". chelseapiers.com. Chelsea Piers. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  55. ^ Weber, Bruce (August 9, 1995). "For Huge Recreation Complex, It's Time to Start Playing All". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  56. ^ Baxter, Raymond J.; Adams, Arthur G. (1999). Railroad Ferries of the Hudson: And Stories of a Deckhand. Fordham University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780823219544.
  57. ^ Adams, Arthur G. (1996). The Hudson Through the Years. Fordham University Press. pp. 307. ISBN 9780823216772.
  58. ^ Amateau, Albert (February 22, 2010). "John Krevey, 62; Activist enlivened the waterfront". The Villager. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  59. ^ "New York City Water Trail : New York City Department of Parks & Recreation : NYC Parks". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. June 26, 1939. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
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  61. ^ Gannon, Devin (March 24, 2021). "Hudson River tow pound at Pier 76 to open as a public park in June". 6sqft. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  62. ^ "Other Piers". Hudson River Park. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  63. ^ Staff, W. S. J. (June 4, 2012). "What's the Deal: Private Hudson Pier Sold". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  64. ^ a b Route 9A Reconstruction Project, Battery Place to 59th St., New York County: Environmental Impact Statement. Route 9A Reconstruction Project, Battery Place to 59th St., New York County: Environmental Impact Statement. 1994. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  65. ^ Thompson, Teri; Gendar, Alison; Hutchinson, Bill (January 16, 2009). "Ferry changed course to help save passengers of US Airways Flight 1549". nydailynews.com. Daily News. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
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  67. ^ "Pier 84 Play Area - Hudson River Park". hudsonriverpark.org.
  68. ^ a b "The Intrepid's History and Hardware, Berthed at Pier 86". The New York Times. November 7, 2008. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  69. ^ "Intrepid, USS (Aircraft Carrier)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 28 July 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
  70. ^ See, for instance:
  71. ^ Roberts, Sam (September 16, 2013). "A Salvage Job in the Hudson Long Before a Cruise Ship Ran Aground in Italy". City Room. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  72. ^ "The History Press | The brief but glorious career of SS Normandie". www.thehistorypress.co.uk. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  73. ^ Goldbaum, Christina (February 24, 2019). "Manhattan Pier Is Deemed Unsafe, Forcing Cancellation of an Art Show". The New York Times. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  74. ^ "Piers 92/94 New York - BizBash". BizBash. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
  75. ^ Fried, Joseph P. (August 13, 2009). "The City Hopes to Double the Size of Manhattan's No. 2 Convention Center, in the West 50s". The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
  76. ^ Haag, Matthew; Rubinstein, Dana (June 11, 2023). "A Pier Deal Is Full of Developer Perks, but Is It Good for the City?" – via NYTimes.com.
  77. ^ "Manhattan Community Boathouse". Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  78. ^ "Pier 97". salship.se. Lars Hemingstam, A tribute to the Swedish American Line. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  79. ^ "JBL Live Pier 97: Introducing New York City's newest music venue - NY Daily News". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  80. ^ Spivack, Caroline (November 19, 2019). "Hudson River Park's Pier 97 will transform into 'otherworldly' green space". Curbed NY. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  81. ^ "!melk develops 'pier 97' for hudson river park in new york". designboom | architecture & design magazine. September 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  82. ^ "Not All Piers Are for Play: Keeping the Steam Up and the Lights On". West Side Rag. June 2, 2022. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  83. ^ "Pier I |". riversideparknyc.org. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  84. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings July 11, 2003". nps.gov. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
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  86. ^ "GREAT RAILROADS AT WAR Fighting to Secure Lands on Jersey Shore" (PDF). New York Times. December 15, 1889. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  87. ^ PANYNJ, "History Across the Hudson", The Star Ledger, archived from the original on July 14, 2011, retrieved March 15, 2011
[edit]

40°47′12″N 73°59′31″W / 40.78667°N 73.99194°W / 40.78667; -73.99194

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