Jump to content

Eurasian magpie

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Pica caudata)
"Pica pica" redirects here. Not to be confused with Pika pika (disambiguation).

Eurasian magpie
Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene – Recent
↓
Nominate subspecies in Kaliningrad, Russia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Corvidae
Genus: Pica
Species:
P. pica
Binomial name
Pica pica
Subspecies

See text

Global range of the Eurasian magpie and other Afro-Eurasian Pica species.

Light blue: Pica pica melanotos
Light green: Pica pica pica
Dark green: Pica pica fennorum
Yellow: Pica pica bactriana
Magenta: Pica pica leucoptera
Dark blue: Pica pica camtschatica

Now treated as separate species:
Orange: Maghreb magpie (Pica mauritanica)
Dark grey: Asir magpie (Pica asirensis)
Light red: Black-rumped magpie (Pica bottanensis)
Dark red: Oriental magpie (Pica serica)

Synonyms

Corvus pica Linnaeus, 1758

The Eurasian magpie or common magpie (Pica pica) is a resident breeding bird throughout the northern part of the Eurasian continent. It is one of several birds in the crow family (corvids) designated magpies, and belongs to the Holarctic radiation of "monochrome" magpies. In Europe, "magpie" is used by English speakers as a synonym for the Eurasian magpie: the only other magpie in Europe is the Iberian magpie (Cyanopica cooki), which is limited to the Iberian Peninsula. Despite having a shared name and similar colouration, it is not closely related to the Australian Magpie.

The Eurasian magpie is one of the most intelligent birds, and it is believed to be one of the most intelligent of all non-human animals.[2] The expansion of its nidopallium is approximately the same in its relative size as the brain of chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and humans.[3] It is the only bird known to pass the mirror test, along with very few other non-avian species.

Taxonomy and systematics

[edit]

The magpie was described and illustrated by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in his Historiae animalium of 1555.[4] In 1758, Linnaeus included the species in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Corvus pica.[5][6] The magpie was moved to a separate genus Pica by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[5][7][8] Pica is the Classical Latin word for this magpie.[9]

The Eurasian magpie is almost identical in appearance to the North American black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia) and at one time the two species were considered to be conspecific. The English name used was "black-billed magpie" and the scientific name used was Pica pica. [5][10] In 2000, the American Ornithologists' Union decided to treat the black-billed magpie as a separate species based on studies of the vocalization and behaviour that indicated that the black-billed magpie was closer to the yellow-billed magpie (Pica nuttalli) than to the Eurasian magpie.[11]

The gradual clinal variation over the large geographic range and the intergradation of the different subspecies means that the geographical limits, and acceptance of the various subspecies, vary between authorities. The International Ornithological Congress recognises six subspecies (a seventh, P. p. hemileucoptera, is included in P. p. bactriana):[12]

  • P. p. fennorum – Lönnberg, 1927: northern Scandinavia and northwest Russia
  • P. p. pica – (Linnaeus, 1758): British Isles and southern Scandinavia east to Russia, south to Mediterranean, including most islands
  • P. p. melanotos – A.E. Brehm, 1857: Iberian Peninsula
  • P. p. bactriana – Bonaparte, 1850: Siberia east to Lake Baikal, south to Caucasus, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia and Pakistan
  • P. p. leucoptera – Gould, 1862: southeast Russia and northeast China
  • P. p. camtschatica – Stejneger, 1884: northern Sea of Okhotsk, and Kamchatka Peninsula in Russian Far East

Others now considered as distinct species:

  • P. mauritanica – Malherbe, 1845: North Africa (Morocco, northern Algeria and Tunisia) (now considered a separate species, the Maghreb magpie)[13]
  • P. asirensis – Bates, 1936: southwest Saudi Arabia (now considered a separate species, the Asir magpie)[14]
  • P. serica – Gould, 1845: east and south China, Taiwan, north Myanmar, north Laos and north Vietnam (now considered a separate species, the Oriental magpie)
  • P. bottanensis – Delessert, 1840: west central China (now considered a separate species, the black-rumped magpie)

A study using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA found that magpies in eastern and northeastern China are genetically very similar to each other, but differ from those in northwestern China and Spain.[15]

Etymology

[edit]

Magpies were originally known as simply "pies". This is hypothesized to derive from a Proto-Indo-European root *(s)peyk- meaning "pointed", in reference to the beak or perhaps the tail (cf. woodpecker). The prefix "mag" dates from the 16th century and comes from the short form of the given name Margaret, which was once used to mean women in general (as Joe or Jack is used for men today); the pie's call was considered to sound like the idle chattering of a woman, and so it came to be called the "Mag pie".[16] "Pie" as a term for the bird dates to the 13th century, and the word "pied", first recorded in 1552, became applied to other birds that resembled the magpie in having black-and-white plumage.[17]

Description

[edit]

The adult male of the nominate subspecies, P. p. pica, is 44–46 cm (17–18 in) in length, of which more than half is the tail. The wingspan is 52–62 cm (20–24 in).[18] The head, neck, breast and vent are glossy black with a metallic green and violet sheen; the belly and scapulars (shoulder feathers) are pure white; the wings are black glossed with green or purple, and the primaries have white inner webs, conspicuous when the wing is open. The graduated tail is black, glossed with green and reddish purple. The legs and bill are black; the iris is dark brown.[19] The rump is black with white stripe above which varies in thickness between subspecies.[20] The plumage of the sexes is similar but females are slightly smaller. The tail feathers of both sexes are quite long, about 12–28 cm long. Males of the nominate subspecies weigh 210–272 g (7.4–9.6 oz) while females weigh 182–214 g (6.4–7.5 oz). The young resemble the adults, but are at first without much of the gloss on the sooty plumage. The young have the malar region pink, and somewhat clear eyes. The tail is much shorter than the adults.[18]

The subspecies differ in their size, the amount of white on their plumage and the colour of the gloss on their black feathers. The Asian subspecies P. p. bactriana has more extensive white on the primaries and a prominent white rump.[19]

Adults undergo an annual complete moult after breeding. Moult begins in June or July and ends in September or October. The primary flight feathers are replaced over a period of three months. Juvenile birds undergo a partial moult beginning about one month later than the adult birds in which their body feathers are replaced but not those of the wings or the tail.[21]

Eurasian magpies have a well-known call. It is a choking chatter "chac-chac" or a repetitive "chac-chac-chac-chac". The young also emit the previous call, although they also emit an acute call similar to a "Uik Uik", which may resemble the barking of a small dog. Both adults and young can emit a kind of hiss barely noticeable from afar.

  • Skull of a Eurasian magpie
    Skull of a Eurasian magpie
  • In flight, showing the numerous brightly coloured sheens on its feathers
    In flight, showing the numerous brightly coloured sheens on its feathers
  • A magpie's underside visible as it prepares to land
    A magpie's underside visible as it prepares to land

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The range of the magpie extends across temperate Eurasia from Portugal, Spain and Ireland in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula.[19]

The preferred habit is open countryside with scattered trees and magpies are normally absent from treeless areas and dense forests.[19] They sometimes breed at high densities in suburban settings such as parks and gardens.[22][23] They can often be found close to the centre of cities.[24]

Magpies are normally sedentary and spend winters close to their nesting territories but birds living near the northern limit of their range in Sweden, Finland and Russia can move south in harsh weather.[19]

Behaviour and ecology

[edit]
P. p. bactriana in Ladakh
A recently fledged magpie

Breeding

[edit]
Eurasian magpie egg
Pica pica pica - (MHNT)
Magpie nest.

Some magpies breed after their first year, while others remain in the non-breeding flocks and first breed in their second year.[25] They are monogamous, and the pairs often remain together from one breeding season to the next. They generally occupy the same territory on successive years.[26]

Mating takes place in spring. In the courtship display, males rapidly raise and depress their head feathers, uplift, open and close their tails like fans, and call in soft tones quite distinct from their usual chatter. The loose feathers of the flanks are brought over the primaries, and the shoulder patch is spread so the white is conspicuous, presumably to attract females. Short buoyant flights and chases follow.

Magpies prefer tall trees for their bulky nest, firmly attaching them to a central fork in the upper branches. A framework of the sticks is cemented with earth and clay, and a lining of the same is covered with fine roots. Above is a stout though loosely built dome of prickly branches with a single well-concealed entrance. These huge nests are conspicuous when the leaves fall. Where trees are scarce, though even in well-wooded country, nests are at times built in bushes and hedgerows.

In Europe, clutches are typically laid in April,[27] and usually contain five or six eggs, but clutches with as few as three and as many as ten have been recorded.[28] The eggs are laid in early morning, usually at daily intervals.[29] On average, the eggs of the nominate species measure 32.9 mm × 23 mm (1.30 in × 0.91 in) and weigh 9.9 g (0.35 oz).[29][30] Small for the size of the bird, they are typically pale blue-green, with close specks and spots of olive brown, but show much variation in ground and marking.[31]

The eggs are incubated for 21–22 days by the female, who is fed on the nest by the male.[32] The chicks are altricial, hatching nearly naked with closed eyes. They are brooded by the female for the first 5–10 days and fed by both parents.[33] Initially the parents eat the faecal sacs of the nestlings, but as the chicks grow larger, they defecate on the edge of the nest.[34] The nestlings open their eyes 7 to 8 days after hatching. Their body feathers start to appear after around 8 days and the primary wing feathers after 10 days.[35] For several days before they are ready to leave the nest, the chicks clamber around the nearby branches.[36] They fledge at around 27 days.[35] The parents then continue to feed the chicks for several more weeks. They also protect the chicks from predators, as their ability to fly is poor, making them vulnerable.[35] On average, only 3 or 4 chicks survive to fledge successfully. Some nests are lost to predators, but an important factor causing nestling mortality is starvation. Magpie eggs hatch asynchronously, and if the parents have difficulty finding sufficient food, the last chicks to hatch are unlikely to survive.[37] Only a single brood is reared, unless disaster overtakes the first clutch.[19]

A nest made by Eurasian magpie.

A study conducted near Sheffield in Britain, using birds with coloured rings on their legs, found that only 22% of fledglings survived their first year. For subsequent years, the survival rate for the adult birds was 69%, implying that for those birds that survive the first year, the average total lifespan was 3.7 years.[38] The maximum age recorded for a magpie is 21 years and 8 months for a bird from near Coventry in England that was ringed in 1925 and shot in 1947.[39][40]

Feeding

[edit]

The magpie is omnivorous, eating young birds and eggs, small mammals,[41] insects, scraps and carrion, acorns, grain, and other vegetable substances.

Intelligence

[edit]

Along with other corvids such as ravens, western jackdaws and crows, the Eurasian magpie is believed to be not only among the most intelligent of birds, but also among the most intelligent of all animals. The Eurasian magpie's nidopallium is approximately the same relative size as those in chimpanzees and humans, and significantly larger than those of the gibbons.[3] Their total brain-to-body mass ratio is equal to most great apes and cetaceans.[42] A 2004 review suggests that the intelligence of the corvid family to which the Eurasian magpie belongs is equivalent to that of the great apes (bonobos, gorillas and orangutans) in terms of social cognition, causal reasoning, flexibility, imagination and prospection.[43]

Magpies have been observed engaging in elaborate social rituals, possibly including the expression of grief.[44] Mirror self-recognition has been demonstrated in European magpies,[45] making them one of only a few species known to possess this capability.[2] The cognitive abilities of the Eurasian magpie are regarded as evidence that intelligence evolved independently in both corvids and primates. This is indicated by tool use, an ability to hide and store food across seasons, episodic memory, and using their own experience to predict the behavior of conspecifics.[2] Another behaviour exhibiting intelligence is cutting their food in correctly sized proportions for the size of their young. In captivity, magpies have been observed counting up to get food,[clarification needed] imitating human voices, and regularly using tools to clean their own cages.[citation needed] In the wild, they organise themselves into gangs and use complex strategies[examples needed] hunting other birds and when confronted by predators.[46]

Status

[edit]

The Eurasian magpie has an extremely large range. The European population is estimated to be between 7.5 and 19 million breeding pairs. Allowing for the birds breeding in other continents, the total population is estimated to be between 46 and 228 million individuals. The population trend in Europe has been stable since 1980.[47] There is no evidence of any serious overall decline in numbers, so the species is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of Least Concern.[1]

Relationship with humans

[edit]

Traditions, symbolism, and reputation

[edit]

Europe

[edit]
Hopscotch game in England with the magpie rhyme.

In Europe, magpies have been historically demonized by humans, mainly as a result of superstition and myth. The bird has found itself in this situation mainly by association, says Steve Roud: "Large black birds, like crows and ravens, are viewed as evil in British folklore and white birds are viewed as good".[48] In European folklore, the magpie is associated with a number of superstitions[49] surrounding its reputation as an omen of ill fortune. In the 19th century book, A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar, a proverb concerning magpies is recited: "A single magpie in spring, foul weather will bring". The book further explains that this superstition arises from the habits of pairs of magpies to forage together only when the weather is fine. In Scotland, a magpie near the window of the house is said to foretell death.[50] An English tradition holds that a single magpie be greeted with a salutation in order to ward off the bad luck it may bring. A greeting might be something like "Good morning, Mr Magpie, how are Mrs Magpie and all the other little magpies?",[51] and a 19th century version recorded in Shropshire is to say "Devil, Devil, I defy thee! Magpie, magpie, I go by thee!" and to spit on the ground three times.[52]

In Britain and Ireland, a widespread traditional rhyme, "One for Sorrow", records the myth (it is not clear whether it has been seriously believed) that seeing magpies predicts the future, depending on how many are seen. There are many regional variations on the rhyme, which means that it is impossible to give a definitive version.[50][53]

In Italian, British and French folklore, magpies are believed to have a penchant for picking up shiny items, particularly precious stones or metal objects. Rossini's opera La gazza ladra and The Adventures of Tintin comic The Castafiore Emerald are based on this theme. However, one recent research study has cast doubt on the veracity of this belief.[54][55] In Bulgarian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, Slovak and Swedish folklore the magpie is seen as a thief. In Hungary there is an old saying which said when you heard a magpie singing it meant guests would be coming to your house.[56][57][58] Perhaps because the magpie loved to sit on the trees in front of the village houses and signaled when a man was approaching.[59]

In Sweden, it is further associated with witchcraft.[50] In Norway, a magpie is considered cunning and thievish, but also the bird of hulder, the underground people.[60]

Magpies have been attacked for their role as predators, which includes eating other birds' eggs and their young, mostly smaller songbirds. However, one study has disputed the view that they affect total song-bird populations, finding "no evidence of any effects of [magpie] predator species on songbird population growth rates. We therefore had no indication that predators had a general effect on songbird population growth rates".[61] Another study has claimed that smaller songbird populations increased in places where magpie populations were high and that they do not have a negative impact on the total songbird population.[62]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b BirdLife International. (2017) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Pica pica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103727048A112300389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103727048A112300389.en. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Prior, H.; Schwarz, A.; Güntürkün, O. (2008). "Mirror-induced behavior in the Magpie (Pica pica): evidence of self-recognition". PLOS Biology. 6 (8): e202. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202. PMC 2517622. PMID 18715117.
  3. ^ a b Emery, N.J.; Clayton, N.S. (2004). "Comparing the complex cognition of birds and primates". In Rogers, L.J.; Kaplan, G.T. (eds.). Comparative vertebrate cognition: are primates superior to non-primates?. New York: Kluwer Academic. pp. 9, 3–56. ISBN 978-0-306-47727-0.
  4. ^ Gesner, Conrad (1555). Historiæ animalium liber III qui est de auium natura. Adiecti sunt ab initio indices alphabetici decem super nominibus auium in totidem linguis diuersis: & ante illos enumeratio auium eo ordiné quo in hoc volumine continentur (in Latin). Zurich: Froschauer. pp. 666–672.
  5. ^ a b c Blake, Emmet R.; Vaurie, Charles (1962). "Family Corvidae, Crows and Jays". In Mayer, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr. (eds.). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 250–254.
  6. ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae [Stockholm]: Laurentii Salvii. pp. 106–107.
  7. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: C.J.-B. Bauche. p. 30.
  8. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: C.J.-B. Bauche. p. 35.
  9. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  10. ^ American Ornithologists' Union (1998). Check-list of North American Birds (PDF). Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. pp. 448–449. ISBN 978-1-891276-00-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  11. ^ American Ornithologists' Union (2000). "Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds". The Auk. 117 (3): 847–858. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0847:FSSTTA]2.0.CO;2.
  12. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Crows, mudnesters & birds-of-paradise". IOC World Bird List Version 8.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  13. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Pica mauritanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103727118A112291895. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103727118A112291895.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  14. ^ Madge, S. (2009). "Arabian Magpie (Pica asirensis)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. doi:10.2173/bow.eurmag5.01. S2CID 216387095.
  15. ^ Zhang, R.; et al. (2012). "Comparative phylogeography of two widespread magpies: Importance of habitat preference and breeding behavior on genetic structure in China". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (2): 562–572. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.011. PMID 22842292.
  16. ^ "Magpie (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  17. ^ "Pie". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  18. ^ a b Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M., eds. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. 2 Passerines (Concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1457–1460. ISBN 978-0-19-850188-6.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Madge, S. (2009). "Common Magpie (Pica pica)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions.
  20. ^ Birkhead 1991, p. 24.
  21. ^ Birkhead 1991, p. 31.
  22. ^ Leszek, Jerzak (2001). "Synurbanization of the magpie in the Palearctic". In Marzluff, J.; Bowman, R.; Donnelly, R. (eds.). Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 403–425. ISBN 978-0-7923-7458-9.
  23. ^ Antonov, A.; Atanasova, D. (2002). "Nest-site selection in the magpie Pica pica in a high-density urban population of Sofia (Bulgaria)". Acta Ornithologica. 37 (2): 55–66. doi:10.3161/068.037.0201.
  24. ^ Holden, Peter (2012). RSPB Handbook Of British Birds. Christopher Helm. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-4081-2735-3.
  25. ^ Birkhead 1991, pp. 132–133.
  26. ^ Birkhead 1991, pp. 61–62.
  27. ^ Birkhead 1991, pp. 147–148.
  28. ^ Birkhead 1991, p. 155.
  29. ^ a b Birkhead 1991, pp. 162–163.
  30. ^ Witherby, H.F. (1920). A practical handbook of British birds. Vol. v. 1, pt. 1-8. London: Witherby. p. 23.
  31. ^ Birkhead 1991, p. 164.
  32. ^ Birkhead 1991, p. 161.
  33. ^ Birkhead 1991, p. 166.
  34. ^ Birkhead 1991, p. 173.
  35. ^ a b c Birkhead 1991, p. 183.
  36. ^ Birkhead 1991, p. 177.
  37. ^ Birkhead 1991, pp. 179–181.
  38. ^ Birkhead 1991, pp. 130–132.
  39. ^ "European Longevity Records". Euring. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  40. ^ Robinson, R.A.; Leech, D.I.; Clark, J.A. "Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2014". British Trust for Ornithology. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  41. ^ Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; Lučan, R.K.; Jones, D.N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective". Mammal Review. 46 (3): 160–174. doi:10.1111/mam.12060.
  42. ^ "Corvidae". Birding in India and South Asia. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
  43. ^ Emery, Nathan J.; Clayton, Nicola S. (Dec 2004). "The mentality of crows: convergent evolution of intelligence in corvids and apes". Science. 306 (5703): 1903–1907. Bibcode:2004Sci...306.1903E. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.299.6596. doi:10.1126/science.1098410. PMID 15591194. S2CID 9828891.
  44. ^ Bekoff, M. (2009). "Animal emotions, wild justice and why they matter: Grieving magpies, a pissy baboon, and empathic elephants". Emotion, Space and Society. 2 (2): 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.emospa.2009.08.001.
  45. ^ de Waal, Frans (2009). The Age of Empathy: Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society. New York: Harmony Books. p. 149.
  46. ^ Robertson, Joyce (2010). Meet the Magpie. AuthorHouse. p. 5. ISBN 9781449087913.
  47. ^ "Species factsheet: Pica pica". BirdLife International. Retrieved 20 November 2015. NB – BirdLife International consider the North American black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia) as a subspecies of Pica pica.
  48. ^ Winterman, Denise (2008-03-28). "Why are magpies so often hated?". BBC News Magazine. Magpies have a dubious reputation because they are a bit of both. Over the years they have been lumped in with blackbirds
  49. ^ Tickner, Lisa (1980). "One for Sorrow, Two for Mirth: The Performance Work of Rose Finn-Kelcey". Oxford Art J. 3 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1093/oxartj/3.1.58.
  50. ^ a b c Brewer, E.C. (1970). Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. rev. by Ivor H. Evans (centenary ed.). London: Cassell. p. 674.
  51. ^ "How to salute a magpie - Country Life". Country Life. 2015-03-19. Retrieved 2018-01-10.
  52. ^ Jackson, Georgina Frederica (1885). Shropshire folk-lore, ed. by C.S. Burne, from the collections of G.F. Jackson. p. 223.
  53. ^ Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1959). The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 217.
  54. ^ Harrabin, Roger (16 August 2014). "Magpies 'don't steal shiny objects'". BBC News. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  55. ^ Shephard, T.V.; Lea, Stephen E.G.; Hempel de Ibarra, N. (2015). "'The thieving magpie'? No evidence for attraction to shiny objects". Animal Cognition. 18 (1): 393–397. doi:10.1007/s10071-014-0794-4. hdl:10871/16723. PMID 25123853. S2CID 717341. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  56. ^ "Gömöri magyar néphagyományok (Miskolc, 2002) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana". library.hungaricana.hu. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
  57. ^ "Szarka. | Régi magyar szólások és közmondások | Kézikönyvtár". www.arcanum.com. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
  58. ^ "Szarka". www.dunaipoly.hu. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
  59. ^ "Nagyvárosi természetbúvár: Szarka". Magyarnarancs.hu (in Hungarian). 14 December 2000. Retrieved 2021-08-04.
  60. ^ "skjære – folketro" [magpie – folklore]. Store Norske Leksikon [Norwegian Encyclopedia] (in Norwegian). 2017-02-22.
  61. ^ Stoate, C.; Thomson, D.L. (2000). "Predation and songbird populations" (PDF). In Aebischer, N.J.; Evans, A.D.; Grice, P.V.; Vickery, J.A. (eds.). Ecology and Conservation of Lowland Farmland Birds. Tring, England: British Ornithologists' Union. pp. 134–139. ISBN 978-0-907446-24-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  62. ^ Gooch, S.; Baillie, S.R.; Birkhead, T.R. (1991). "Magpie Pica pica and songbird populations. Retrospective investigation of trends in population density and breeding success". Journal of Applied Ecology. 28 (3): 1068–1086. Bibcode:1991JApEc..28.1068G. doi:10.2307/2404226. JSTOR 2404226.

Cited sources

[edit]
  • Birkhead, T. R. (1991). The Magpies: The Ecology and Behaviour of Black-Billed and Yellow-Billed Magpies. T. & A.D. Poyser. ISBN 978-085661067-7.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pica pica.
Wikispecies has information related to Pica pica.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_magpie&oldid=1248557121"