Amara (beetle)
(Redirected from Phobophorus)
| Sun beetles | |
|---|---|
| |
| Amara aenea | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Family: | Carabidae |
| Subfamily: | Pterostichinae |
| Tribe: | Zabrini |
| Subtribe: | Amarina Zimmermann, 1832 |
| Genus: | Amara Bonelli, 1810[1] |
| Type species | |
| Carabus vulgaris (= Amara lunicollis Schiødte, 1837)[2] | |
| Subgenera | |
|
See text | |
| Synonyms[2][3] | |
| |
Amara is a large genus of carabid beetles, commonly called the sun beetles. Many are holarctic, but a few species are neotropical or occur in eastern Asia.[4]
These ground beetles are mostly black or bronze-colored, and many species have a characteristic "bullet-shaped" habitus, as shown in the photos, making them taxonomically difficult for a beginner. They are predominantly herbivorous, with some species known to climb ripening grasses to feed on the seeds. Other species are used as weed control agents. Numerous species are adventive in non-native habitats, particularly species that thrive in synanthropic settings.
Gallery
[edit]-
A. communis -
A. fulva -
A. lunicollis -
A. ovata
Subgenera
[edit]The following are subgenera of Amara:[5][6]
- Acorius Zimmermann, 1831
- Allobradytus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1975
- Amara Bonelli, 1810
- Amarocelia Motschulsky, 1862
- Amathitis Zimmermann, 1831
- Ammoleirus Tschitscherine, 1899
- Ammoxena Tschitscherine, 1894
- Armatoleirides Tanaka, 1957
- Atlantocnemis Antoine, 1953
- Bradytodema Hieke, 1983
- Bradytulus Tschitscherine, 1894
- Bradytus Stephens, 1827
- Camptocelia Jeannel, 1942
- Celia Zimmermann, 1832
- Cribramara Kryzhanovskij, 1964
- Cumeres Andrewes, 1924
- Curtonotus Stephens, 1827
- Eoleirides Tschitscherine, 1898
- Harpaloamara Baliani, 1934
- Harpalodema Reitter, 1888
- Heterodema Tschitscherine, 1894
- Hyalamara Tschitscherine, 1903
- Leiocnemis Zimmermann, 1831
- Leiramara Hieke, 1988
- Leirides Putzeys, 1866
- Leiromorpha Ganglbauer, 1891
- Leironotus Ganglbauer, 1892
- Leuris Lutshnik, 1927
- Microleirus Kryzhanovskij, 1974
- Neopercosia Hieke, 1978
- Paracelia Bedel, 1899
- Paraleirides Sainte-Claire Deville, 1906
- Parapercosia Tschitscherine, 1899
- Percosia Zimmermann, 1832
- Phaenotrichus Tschitscherine, 1898
- Phanerodonta Tschitscherine, 1894
- Polysitamara Kryzhanovskij, 1968
- Pseudoamara Baliani, 1934
- Pseudocelia Lutshnik, 1935
- Pseudoleirides Kryzhanovskij, 1968
- Pseudoleiromorpha Hieke, 1981
- Reductocelia Lafer, 1989
- Shunichius Habu, 1972
- Xanthamara Bedel, 1899
- Xenocelia Hieke, 2001
- Zabrocelis Putzeys, 1866
- Zezea Csiki, 1929
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Bonelli, F.A. (1813). "Tabula Synoptica". Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences, Littérature et Beaux-Arts de Turin: Sciences Physiques et Mathématiques. Pour les Années 1811—1812.
- ^ a b Bousquet, Yves (2012). "Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico" (PDF). ZooKeys (245): 1–1722. doi:10.3897/zookeys.245.3416. PMC 3577090. PMID 23431087.
- ^ Bouchard, Patrice; Bousquet, Yves; Davies, Anthony E.; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel A.; Lawrence, John F.; Lyal, Chris H. C.; Newton, Alfred F.; Reid, Chris A. M.; Schmitt, Michael; Ślipiński, S. Adam; Smith, Andrew B. T. (2011). "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)". ZooKeys (88): 1–972. doi:10.3897/zookeys.88.807. PMC 3088472. PMID 21594053.
- ^ "Amara Bonelli, 1810". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
- ^ Löbl, Ivan; Löbl, Daniel (2017). Archostemata-Myxophaga-Adephaga. Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 1 (Revised and Updated ed.). ISBN 9789004330290.
- ^ Hieke, Fritz (1 February 2011). "Aktueller Katalog der Gattung Amara Bonelli, 1810" (PDF) (in German).
- Haghebaert, G. (1989). Coleoptera from marine habitats, in: Wouters, K.; Baert, L. (Ed.) (1989). Proceedings of the Symposium "Invertebrates of Belgium". pp. 301–308
Further reading
[edit]- SASKA, Pavel; HONĚK, Alois (2003). "Temperature and development of central European species of Amara (Coleoptera: Carabidae)" (PDF). European Journal of Entomology. 100 (4): 509–515. doi:10.14411/eje.2003.078.
- Raupach, Michael J.; Hannig, Karsten; Morinière, Jérôme; Hendrich, Lars (2018). "A DNA barcode library for ground beetles of Germany: the genus Amara Bonelli, 1810 (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae)". ZooKeys (759): 57–80. doi:10.3897/zookeys.759.24129. PMC 5968077. PMID 29853775.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Amara at Wikimedia Commons- Amara Bonelli 1810
