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Peyssonneliales

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Peyssonneliales
Peyssonnelia squamaria
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Archaeplastida
Division: Rhodophyta
Class: Florideophyceae
Subclass: Rhodymeniophycidae
Order: Peyssonneliales
D.M. Krayesky, J.N. Norris & S. Fredericq, 2009[1]
Family: Peyssonneliaceae
Denizot, 1968

Peyssonneliales is a monotypic order of red algae belonging to the class Florideophyceae and the subclass Rhodymeniophycidae.[2] It contains only 1 known family, Peyssonneliaceae Denizot, M., 1968.[1][3]

The type species is Peyssonnelia Decaisne

History

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Genera Peyssonnelia and Sonderopelta were originally in order Gigartinales Schmitz.[4] but comparative morphology and rbcL and nuclear LSU rRNA sequence data showed that they were separate and therefore order Peyssonneliales was established in 2009 to hold them both.[5][1]

Incendia was initially resolved as a monophyletic clade with full support for rbcL.[6] Then using robust rbcL phylogeny, order Peyssonneliales was lso resolved as monophyletic with well-supported main lineages.[7]

Description

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Delineation of the various genera in the Peyssonneliaceae had mostly been based on vegetative characteristics.[7]

Peyssonneliales order algae are red, crustose,[8] prostrate, and usually epilithic (growing on the surfaces of rocks). The crusts may be non-calcified throughout, calcified throughout, or partially calcified (with hypobasal calcification (situated posterior to the basal wall) between the attachment rhizoids). Calcium carbonate, if present, is in the mineral form aragonite (James et al., 1988). The lower surfaces of the crusts are partially to completely attached to the sub-stratum, either directly (i.e., without rhizoids) or by unicellular or multi cellular rhizoids. Prostrate growth is by radiating marginal rows of transversely dividing apical initials in the basal layer (multi axial). These growths then later divide vertically to form a single upper or lower perithallial cell (surrounding the thallus). The first section of the perithallial cells gives rise to simple or branched filaments that together form a loose to compact upper- only cortex or upper and lower cortices. Cortical cells have numerous discoid or ribbon- like chloroplasts.[5]

The red algae colour comes from photosynthetic pigments (phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin). Then the various blends of relative amounts of these 3 and chlorophyll, influences the plant colour, which can vary from dark red to blue, brown, or greenish.[9]

Genera

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As accepted by AlgaeBase (with number of species per genera);[10]

Former genera; Gymnosorus Trevisan, Haematostagon Strömfelt, Lithymenia Zanardini, Nardoa Zanardini and Sonderopelta Womersley & Sinkora[10]

WoRMS doesn't accept the genera; Agissea, Brasilophycus, Olokunia, Piriora, Rhodowynnea and Squamaria.
It also notes; Cruoriopsis is accepted as synonym of Peyssonnelia, Haematostagon Strömfelt, 1886 is accepted as synonym of Peyssonnelia, Lithymenia Zanardini, 1863 is accepted as synonym of Peyssonnelia Sonderopelta Womersley & Sinkora, 1981 is accepted as synonym of Sonderophycus.[11]

Distribution

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The order has cosmopolitan distribution,[12] worldwide.[5] They are found in places such as Brazil,[6][7] western Atlantic Ocean,[13] San Andres Island, (in the Caribbean Sea),[14] Jamaica (also in the Caribbean Sea),[15] Puerto Rico,[13][16] Gulf of California (Pacific Ocean),[5] Hawaii,[17][18] Azores (Atlantic Ocean),[8] Brittany in France,[19] southern Australia,[4] New Zealand,[20] also parts of Asia (near Indonesia, Thailand, South Korea and China).[21]

They can grow at low depths, from the Intertidal zone,[5] (between 90–120 m (295–394 ft) in western Atlantic Ocean),[13] or down to depths as low as 288 m (945 ft) below sea level in the Pacific Ocean (near California).[5]

Members of Peyssonneliales can be found growing on hard substratum (bedrock),[5] or found growing on corals.[15]

Uses

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Peyssonnelia has anti-viral abilities.[22]

Ecology

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Peyssonneliaceae make thick, brown/dark red growths that may have a soft top above a hard base. Fish do not eat it, allowing it to grow and smother corals. Peyssonneliaceae also keep coral from successfully reproducing sexually by preventing coral larvae from settling.[23]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Krayesky, David M.; Norris, James N.; Gabrielson, Paul W.; Gabriel, Daniela; Fredericq, Suzanne (1 October 2009). "A new order of red algae based on the Peyssonneliaceae, with an evaluation of the ordinal classification of the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 122 (3): 364–391. doi:10.2988/08-43.1. S2CID 86232035.
  2. ^ Kamiya, M., Lindstrom, S.C., Nakayama, T., Yokoyama, A., Lin, S.-M., Guiry, M.D., Gurgel, F.D.G., Huisman, J.M., Kitayama, T., Suzuki, M., Cho, T.O. & Frey, W. 2017. Rhodophyta. In: Syllabus of Plant Families, 13th ed. Part 2/2: Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae. (Frey, W. Eds), pp. [i]–xii, [1]–171. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers
  3. ^ Denizot, M., 1968. Les algues floridées encroutantes (à l'éxclusion des Corallinacées). pp. [1]–310, 227 figs. Paris: Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Reference page. : 86, 308.
  4. ^ a b "Peyssonneliaceae, State Herbarium of South Australia". www.flora.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Krayesky, David; Norris, James (14 November 2014). "Peyssonneliales; Peyssonneliaceae, In: Norris, J.N., Marine Algae of the Northern Gulf of California, II: Rhodophyta". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 96: 366–374.
  6. ^ a b c Pestana, E.M. D.S.; Lyra, G.M.; Santos, Gabriel Do Nascimento; Santos, Cibele Conceicao Dos; Cassano, Valeria; Nunes, Jose Marcos De Castro (15 April 2020). "Integrative approach reveals underestimated Peyssonneliales diversity in Brazil: registering the first occurrence of Ramicrusta and Incendia, with the description of three new species". Phytotaxa. 439 (1). doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.439.1.2. S2CID 218813278.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Pestana, Edilene Maria Dos Santos; Nunes, José Marcos de Castro; Cassano, Valéria; Lyra, Goia de Mattos (December 2021). "Taxonomic revision of the Peyssonneliales (Rhodophyta): Circumscribing the authentic Peyssonnelia clade and proposing four new genera and seven new species". Journal of Phycology. 57 (6): 1749–1767. doi:10.1111/jpy.13207. PMID 34448497. S2CID 237321243.
  8. ^ a b Gabriel, Daniela; Schmidt, William; Krayesky, David; Harris, David; Fredericq, Suzanne (2015). "The crustose red algal genus Peyssonnelia (Peyssonneliales, Rhodophyta) in the Azores: from five to one species". Arqupelago - Life and Marine Sciences. 32: 1–9. hdl:10400.3/3899.
  9. ^ "Phylum Rhodophyta | SeaNet". seanet.stanford.edu. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Taxonomy Browser :: AlgaeBase". www.algaebase.org. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  11. ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Peyssonneliaceae Denizot, 1968". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  12. ^ "Peyssonneliales". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  13. ^ a b c Yossi Loya, Kimberly A. Puglise and Tom C.L. Bridge (Editors)Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems (2019), p. 507, at Google Books
  14. ^ Santiago Herrera, Juan Armando Sanchez and Luisa Fernanda Dueñas (Editors) 7th International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals (2022), p. 181, at Google Books
  15. ^ a b Pueschel, C.M.; Saunders, G.W. (2009). "Ramicrusta textilis sp. nov. (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta), an anatomically complex Caribbean alga that overgrows corals". Phycologia. 48 (6): 480–491. doi:10.2216/09-04.1. S2CID 86604885.
  16. ^ Ballantine, D.L.; Ruiz, H. (2011). "A new encrusting deep-water coral reef alga, Peyssonnelia incomposita (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta), from Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea". Cryptogamie, Algologie. 32: 19–26. doi:10.7872/crya.v32.iss1.2011.019. S2CID 85646094.
  17. ^ Sherwood, Alison R.; Cabrera, Feresa P.; Spalding, Heather L.; Alvarado, Erika A.; Smith, Celia M.; Hauk, Brian B.; Matadobra, Stephen J.; Kosaki, Randall K.; Paiano, Monica O. (28 October 2021). "Biodiversity of Hawaiian Peyssonneliales (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta): new species in the genera Incendia and Seiria". Phytotaxa. 524 (1): 14–26. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.524.1.2. S2CID 240206038.
  18. ^ Sherwood, A.R., Paiano, M.O., Spalding, H.L. & Kosaki, R.K. (2020) Biodiversity of Hawaiian Peyssonneliales (Rhodophyta). 2. Sonderophycus copusii, a new species from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. ALGAE 35: 145–155. https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2020.35.5.20
  19. ^ Christian Wiencke (Editor) Biology of Polar Benthic Algae (2011), p. 60, at Google Books
  20. ^ Nelson, Wendy; Ngauma, Bruce; Norman, Jerry H.; Ringham, Sandi; Sutherland, Judy (30 Sep 2022). "Agissea teruruhau sp. nov. (Peyssonneliales, Rhodophyta) and epiphyte Piriora waewaeiti gen. & sp. nov. (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from Manawatāwhi, New Zealand". Phycologia: 1–18. doi:10.1080/00318884.2022.2132054. S2CID 253791165.
  21. ^ Antoninovich Eduard Titlyanov, Viktorovna Tamara Titlyanova, Xiubao Li and Hui Huang Coral Reef Marine Plants of Hainan Island (2016), p. 211, at Google Books
  22. ^ Maria Hayes (Editor) Marine Bioactive Compounds: Sources, Characterization and Applications (2011), p. 25, at Google Books
  23. ^ PENNISI, ELIZABETH (6 November 2023). "Algal outbreaks around the world are crowding out corals". Science.

Other sources

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