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South Georgia diving petrel

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South Georgia diving petrel
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Procellariiformes
Family: Procellariidae
Genus: Pelecanoides
Species:
P. georgicus
Binomial name
Pelecanoides georgicus
Murphy & Harper, 1916

The South Georgia diving petrel or Georgian diving-petrel (Pelecanoides georgicus) is one of five very similar small auk-like diving petrels of the southern oceans. It is native to the South Atlantic and islands of the southern Indian Ocean and south-eastern Australia.

Taxonomy and nomenclature

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The American ornithologist Robert Cushman Murphy and the zoologist Francis Harper described the South Georgia diving petrel in 1916.[1][2] Its specific name, georgicus, is derived from the South Georgia islands where they identified the species. Other common names include puffinure de Géorgie du Sud (French), Breitschnabel Lummensturmvogel (German), and potoyunco de Georgia (Spanish).[3] A unique New Zealand population is now considered a separate species, the Whenua Hou diving petrel.[4]

Description

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The South Georgia diving petrel is a small, plump petrel, 180 to 220 mm (7.1–8.7 in) in length and weighing around 90 to 150 g (3.2–5.3 oz).[5] Its plumage is black above and dull white below, and it has a stubby black bill with pale blue edges.[6] The wings have thin white strips. The face and neck can be more brown than black. The legs are blue with posterior black lines down the tarsi.[6] Unless seen very close, it is almost indistinguishable from the common diving petrel; the common diving petrel has brown inner web primary feathers, whereas the South Georgia diving petrel has light inner web feathering. Common diving petrels have smaller and narrower bills than the South Georgia diving petrel,[6][7] and there are also slight size differences.[8]

Distribution and habitat

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This species nests in colonies on Subantarctic islands. It breeds on South Georgia in the south Atlantic and on the Prince Edward Islands, Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands and Heard Island and McDonald Islands in the southern Indian Ocean.[9][10] It disperses to surrounding seas and vagrants have been recorded in the Falkland Islands and Australia.[1] While 1.5 m (4.9 ft) nesting burrows are usually built on scree slopes above the vegetation line, they are occasionally built on flat land.[5][6]

Behaviour

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Egg of Pelecanoides georgicus

The South Georgia diving petrel feeds primarily on planktonic crustaceans, particularly krill, but will also feed on small fish and young cephalopods. Breeding season is October–February.[11] The female lays one egg that is incubated for 44–52 days. Fledging occurs in 43–60 days.[5] Threats to the South Georgia diving petrel include skuas, cats and rats. South Georgia diving petrels are noted for their diving capabilities: "The most proficient divers of the order Procellariformes are likely to be the diving petrels in the family Pelecanoididae."[12] Dive depths for the South Georgia diving petrel have been recorded to 48.6 m (159 ft), with most in the range of 20.4 to 24.4 m (67–80 ft).[12]

References

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  1. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2012). "Pelecanoides georgicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ^ Murphy, Robert Cushman; Harper, Francis (1916). "Two new diving petrels" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 35: 65–67.
  3. ^ "South Georgia Diving Petrel (Pelecanoides georgicus)". Internet Bird Collection. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  4. ^ Fischer, Johannes H.; Debski, Igor; Miskelly, Colin M.; Bost, Charles A.; Fromant, Aymeric; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; Tessler, Jake; Cole, Rosalind; Hiscock, Johanna H. (2018-06-27). "Analyses of phenotypic differentiations among South Georgian Diving Petrel (Pelecanoides georgicus) populations reveal an undescribed and highly endangered species from New Zealand". PLOS ONE. 13 (6): e0197766. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1397766F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197766. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6021066. PMID 29949581.
  5. ^ a b c "South Georgia Diving Petrel". Polar Conservation. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d Dewey, Tanya. "Pelecanoides urinatrix". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  7. ^ Brooke, Michael (2004). Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 428–430. ISBN 978-0-19-850125-1.
  8. ^ "A Comparison Between Common and South Georgia Diving Petrels". Sea Birding. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  9. ^ Holdaway, Richard N.; Jones, Martin D.; Beavan Athfield, Nancy R. (2003). "Establishment and extinction of a population of South Georgian diving petrel (Pelecanoides georgicus) at Mason Bay, Stewart Island, New Zealand, during the late Holocene". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 33 (3): 601–622. Bibcode:2003JRSNZ..33..601H. doi:10.1080/03014223.2003.9517748. S2CID 140188250.
  10. ^ Fischer, Johannes H.; Hjorsvarsdottir, Freydis O.; Hiscock, Johanna A.; Debski, Igor; Taylor, Graeme A.; Wittmer, Heiko U. (2017). "Confirmation of the extinction of South Georgian diving petrels (Pelecanoides georgicus) on Enderby Island" (PDF). Notornis. 64: 48–51. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  11. ^ "South Georgia Diving Petrel Pelecanoides georgicus". BirdLife International. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  12. ^ a b Prince, P. A.; M. Jones (1992). "Maximum dive depths attained by South Georgia Diving Petrel Pelecanoides georgicus at Bird Island, South Georgia". Antarctic Science. 4 (4): 433–434. Bibcode:1992AntSc...4..433P. doi:10.1017/s0954102092000646.
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