Peak experience
A peak experience is an altered state of consciousness characterized by euphoria, often achieved by self-actualizing individuals.[citation needed] The concept was originally developed by Abraham Maslow in 1964,[citation needed] who described peak experiences as "rare, exciting, oceanic, deeply moving, exhilarating, elevating experiences that generate an advanced form of perceiving reality, and are even mystic and magical in their effect upon the experimenter."[1] : 627 [2] There are several unique characteristics of a peak experience, but each element is perceived together in a holistic manner that creates the moment of reaching one's full potential.[3] Peak experiences can range from simple activities to intense events;[4] however, it is not necessarily about what the activity is, but the ecstatic, blissful feeling that is being experienced during it.[5]
History
[edit]Peak experiences were originally described by psychologist Abraham Maslow as "moments of highest happiness and fulfillment" in his 1964 work Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences.[2] To some extent the term represents Maslow's attempt to denominate those experiences which have generally been identified as religious experiences and whose origins have, by implication, been thought of as supernatural. Maslow (1970) believed the origin, core and essence of every known "high religion" was "the private, lonely, personal illumination, revelation, or ecstasy of some acutely sensitive prophet or seer" (p. 19).
Maslow's assertions about peak experience, along with his famous hierarchy of needs, were widely celebrated due to the theories' focus on the psychology of healthy people, which stood out in a time where the bulk of psychology research focused on psychological disorders.[6]
In original peak experience research, Maslow utilized interviews and questionnaires to gather participants' testimonies of peak experience. These early studies suggested common triggers for peak experience included art, nature, sex, creative work, music, scientific knowledge, and introspection.[7]
Historically, peak experience is associated with the psychological phenomenon flow. Peak experience is differentiated from flow due to a number of factors including subjective level of experience intensity: while peak experience denotes a high level of stimulation or euphoria, flow is not associated with an increased level of stimulation.[7] For further differentiation, see "Peak Experiences in Self-Actualization" below.
Characteristics
[edit]According to Maslow, often-reported emotions in a peak experience include "wonder, awe, reverence, humility, surrender, and even worship before the greatness of the experience",[2]: 65 and reality is perceived with truth, goodness, beauty, wholeness, aliveness, uniqueness, perfection, completion, justice, simplicity, richness, effortlessness, playfulness, and self-sufficiency.[2]: 92–94
An individual in a peak experience will perceive the following simultaneously:
- loss of judgment to time and space[5]
- the feeling of being one whole and harmonious self, free of dissociation or inner conflict[3]
- the feeling of using all capacities and capabilities at their highest potential, or being "fully functioning"[5]
- functioning effortlessly and easily without strain or struggle[5]
- feeling completely responsible for perceptions and behavior. Use of self-determination to becoming stronger, more single-minded, and fully volitional[5]
- being without inhibition, fear, doubt, and self-criticism[5]
- spontaneity, expressiveness, and naturally flowing behavior that is not constrained by conformity[5]
- a free mind that is flexible and open to creative thoughts and ideas[5]
- complete mindfulness of the present moment without influence of past or expected future experiences[5]
- a physical feeling of warmth, along with a sensation of pleasant vibrations emanating from the heart area outward into the limbs.[citation needed]
Self-actualization
[edit]Self-actualization is a concept developed by Abraham Maslow that is characterized by one becoming all they want to be, and can be, by maximizing their potential.[8] A common phenomenon that many self-actualized people experience is called flow, proposed by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi.[8] Flow has been described as a state of mind when one is using their full potential, completely immersed in their current activity, and are therefore not conscious of time, or anything else for that matter.[8]
Self-actualized people often experience flow, as well as peak experiences.[8] Although flow and peak experiences are often thought of as the same thing,[citation needed] they are different occurrences. While flow is a subjective conscious process that happens internally, peak experiences are describing an event that has occurred to someone who was functioning at optimal levels.[citation needed] Peak experiences are the actual outcome of an external occurrence, while flow is an internal mental process that may or may not precede a peak experience.[citation needed]
Examples
[edit]Polyson (1985):
"Most of the peak experiences had occurred during athletic, artistic, religious, or nature experiences, or during intimate moments with a friend or family member."[4]
Maslow (1962):
"Think of the most wonderful experience of your life: the happiest moments, ecstatic moments, moments of rapture, perhaps from being in love, or from listening to music or suddenly 'being hit' by a book or painting, or from some creative moment."[5]
Specific examples of when peak experiences often occur:
- Scientific discoveries; seeing or discovering some phenomenon for the first time[9]
- Extreme sports activities – mountain biking, motorcycling, mountain/rock climbing, sky diving, snowboarding[citation needed]
- Musical talents – while playing an instrument alone, or with a group[10]
- Childhood experiences – experiences with close friends and loved ones in the developmental phases of early life[11]
Implications
[edit]Abraham Maslow considered the peak experience to be one of the most important goals of life, as it is an indication of self-actualization.[5] This moment of feeling wholly and completely the true self makes the peak experience an essential component of identity.[5] The aftereffects of the peak experience leave the individual to see himself and the world in a new way. He views himself more positively, he views life as worthwhile and meaningful, and most importantly, he seeks to repeat the experience.[5]
Plateau experience
[edit]Maslow also recognized a related but distinct phenomenon of plateau experience.[12][13] He wrote:
This is serene and calm rather than a poignantly emotional, climactic, autonomic response to the miraculous, the awesome, the sacralized, the Unitive, the B-values. So far as I can now tell, the high plateau-experience always has a noetic and cognitive element, which is not always true for peak experiences, which can be purely and exclusively emotional. It is far more voluntary than peak experiences are. One can learn to see in this Unitive way almost at will. It then becomes a witnessing, an appreciating, what one might call a serene, cognitive blissfulness.[14]
After Maslow's death, investigation into the nature of plateau experience per se "largely fizzled into obscurity."[15] However research into the related phenomenon of self-transcendence[16] is potentially increasing.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Corsini, Raymond J. (1998). Encyclopedia of Psychology. United States: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471192824.
- ^ a b c d Maslow, A.H. (1964). Religions, values, and peak experiences. London: Penguin Books Limited.
- ^ a b Maslow, Abraham (1968). Toward a Psychology of Being. New York, NY: Van Nostrand-Reinhold.
- ^ a b Polyson, J. (1985). "Student's peak experiences: A written exercise". Teaching of Psychology. Vol. 12. pp. 211–213.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Maslow, A. H. (1962). Toward a psychology of being. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand-Reinhold.
- ^ Boniface, M.R. (2007). Towards an understanding of flow and other positive experience phenomena within outdoor and adventurous activities. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 1, 55-68.
- ^ a b Privette, G. (1983). Peak experience, peak performance and flow: A comparative analysis of positive human experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1361-1368.
- ^ a b c d Larsen, R. J.; Buss, D. M. (2008). Personality Psychology: Domains of knowledge about human nature third edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
- ^ Charlton, Bruce (1998). "Peak experiences, creativity and the Colonel Flastratus phenomenon."Abraxas vol. 14"". pp. 10–19.
- ^ Whaley, John; Sloboda, John; Gabrielsson, Alf (2008). "Peak experiences in music".
- ^ Celestine, Nicole (2017). "Abraham Maslow, His Theory & Contribution to Psychology".
- ^ Krippner, Stanley (1972). The plateau experience: A. H. Maslow and others. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 4(2), 107–120.
- ^ Gruel, Nicole (2015). The plateau experience: an exploration of its origins, characteristics, and potential. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 47(1), 44−63.
- ^ Maslow, Abraham H. Religion, values, and peak experiences. Viking, 1970; (Preface).
- ^ Gruel(2015), p. 44
- ^ Messerly, John G. (2017). Summary of Maslow on self-transcendence Reason and Meaning (web; accessed 5 October 2018).
Further reading
[edit]- Craighead, W. Edward; Nemeroff, Charles B. (eds.) (2002). Peak experiences The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Volume 3. Wiley. (1156−1158).
- Gruel, Nicole (2015). The plateau experience: an exploration of its origins, characteristics, and potential.The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 47(1), 44−63.
- Krippner, Stanley (1972). The plateau experience: A. H. Maslow and others. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 4(2), 107–120.
- Maslow, Abraham H. (1970). "Religious aspects of peak-experiences". In Sadler, W. A. (ed.). Personality and Religion. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0334012443.
- Maslow, Abraham H. (1968). Toward a psychology of Being. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
- Maslow, Abraham H. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-8446-6069-1.
- Polyson, J. (1985). "Student's peak experiences: A written exercise". Teaching of Psychology. Vol. 12. pp. 211–213.
- Yair, G (2008). "Key educational experiences and self-discovery in higher education". Teaching and Teacher Education. 24: 92–103. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2007.04.002.