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Spathiphyllum

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Spathiphyllum
Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Subfamily: Monsteroideae
Tribe: Spathiphylleae
Genus: Spathiphyllum
Schott
Map of the natural distribution
Synonyms[1]
  • Hydnostachyon Liebm.
  • Massowia K.Koch
  • Spathiphyllopsis Teijsm. & Binn.
  • Amomophyllum Engl.
  • Leucochlamys Poepp. ex Engl.

Spathiphyllum is a genus of about 60 species of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas and southeastern Asia. Certain species of Spathiphyllum are commonly known as spath or peace lilies.

They are evergreen herbaceous perennial plants with large leaves 12–65 cm long and 3–25 cm broad. The flowers are produced in a spadix, surrounded by a 10–30 cm long, white, yellowish, or greenish spathe. The plant does not need large amounts of light or water to survive. It is most often grown as a houseplant. However, it can withstand the elements well enough to thrive when planted outdoors in hot and humid situations.[2]

Description

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Spathiphyllum is a genus of herbaceous evergreen plants with dark green foliage that can reach 1 to 6 feet (0.30 to 1.83 m) in height.[3] Rosettes of glossy, dark green leaves emerge directly from a low-lying or underground creeping stem.[4][3] The leaves are elliptical or lanceolate, 4 to 25 inches (10 to 64 cm) long and 1 to 10 inches (2.5 to 25.4 cm) wide.[4][3] They are supported on shoots (petioles) of shorter or similar length to the leaf.[3]

The flowering structure rises above the foliage, with a single white or greenish-white spathe (a specialized leaf associated with the flower) partially surrounding the flower structure.[3] The spathe is elliptical or lanceolate, and 4 to 12 inches (10 to 30 cm) long.[3] It surrounds the spadix (a short fleshy structure that contains the male and female flower parts), which is greenish-white or cream in color, and shorter than the surrounding spathe.[3] The spadix is covered in equal-sized flowers that contain both the male and female reproductive parts.[5] All Spathiphyllum flowers on a given spadix mature at the same time, and produce pollen for up to four days.[5] Pollinated flowers produce ovoid fruits that mature over four to six months, each containing up to eight seeds.[5][6]

Ecology and distribution

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Members of Spathiphyllum are widespread in Central America and northern South America. Two species are found on Pacific islands: one on Cocos Island (S. laeve) and one in Indonesia and the Philippines (S. commutatum). They grow on the forest floors of tropical humid forests, in shady, moist or wet areas along rivers and streams, in river valleys and foothills.[6][7] They often grow in colonies along waterways, and can be in places periodically inundated with water.[7]

Taxonomy

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Spathiphyllum includes 59 accepted species.[8] Several sections of the genus have also been recognized. Massowia, which includes the widespread American S. cannifolium and the Pacific S. laeve and S. commutatum; Dysspathiphyllum containing only the Colombian S. humboldtii; and the larger sections Spathiphyllum and Amomophyllum.[7]

Selected species

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Species include:[9]

Cultivated hybrids include:[10]

Cultivation and uses

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Spathiphyllum are popular houseplants due to their attractive dark foliage and contrasting white flowers, easy care, and variety of cultivars available of different sizes.[4] Commercially, Spathiphyllum plants are typically propagated by plant tissue culture, then potted up to multi-well plastic trays, then on into larger containers containing peat, pine bark, vermiculite, and/or coir.[4] Plants grow best between 70 to 90 °F (21 to 32 °C). Once at a size ready for sale, plants are sprayed with gibberellic acid, which induces flowering 9 to 12 weeks after a single treatment.[4]

It lives best in shade and needs little sunlight to thrive, and is watered approximately once a week. The soil is best left moist but only needs watering if the soil is dry.[11][12]

The cultivar 'Mauna Loa' has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[13]

At least one Spathiphyllum is used as food. The young spadix of S. matudae is pickled in vinegar, or cooked with eggs.[7]

Toxicity

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Although it is called a "lily", the peace lily is not a true lily from the family Liliaceae. True lilies are highly toxic (poisonous) to cats and dogs,[14][15] but the peace lily, Spathiphyllum is only mildly toxic to humans and other animals when ingested.[16][17] Like many Araceae, it contains calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause skin irritation, a burning sensation in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, and nausea,[18] but it does not contain the toxins found in true lilies, which can cause acute kidney failure in cats and some other animals.[19]

Diseases

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Infection of peace lilies with Botrytis cinerea was first documented in Tokyo, Japan from 1989 to 1994. Myrothecium roridum has also been used to harden in vitro cultures of the plant. Alternaria alternata leaf rot was documented on peace lilies in Argentina in 2008.[20]

History

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Heinrich Wilhelm Schott formally described the genus Spathiphyllum – literally "leaf spathe" – in his and Stephan Endlicher's 1832 book Meletemata Botanica. It encompassed two species: S. lanceifolium (previously described as Dracontium lanceaefolium by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1790) and S. sagittaefolium.[7] Examinations of similar specimens by others resulted in new genera: Frederik Liebmann's Hydnostachyon in 1849 and Karl Koch's Massowia in 1852. Schott redefined Spathiphyllum in 1853, moving S. sagittaefolium into the new genus Urospatha, and claiming Massowia and Hydnostachyon to be more appropriately Spathiphyllum.[7] Just five years later, Schott's Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum expanded Spathiphyllum to 22 species.[7] From there, the genus remained relatively stable. Collections that included type specimens of many Spathiphyllum were destroyed by fire in Vienna (1945, where Schott had worked) and by war in Berlin (where Adolf Engler had described several Spathiphyllum species).[7] George S. Bunting revised the genus as his PhD thesis work in 1960, encompassing a total 36 species.[21][22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
  2. ^ "Is a peace lily an indoor or outdoor plant? - Gardening Host". 2022-12-23. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Spathiphyllum". NC State Extension. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e Chen J, McConnell DB, Henny RJ, Everitt KC (5 July 2018). "Cultural Guidelines for Commercial Production of Interiorscape Spathiphyllum". University of Florida IFAS Extension. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  5. ^ a b c Henny RJ, Chen J, Mellich A (15 October 2020). "Tropical Foliage Plant Development: Breeding Techniques for Anthurium and Spathiphyllum". University of Florida IFAS Extension. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  6. ^ a b "Spathiphyllum - Descriptions". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – Plants of the World Online. 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Bunting GS (Nov 1960). "A Revision of Spathiphyllum (Araceae)". Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. 10 (3): 1–53. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  8. ^ "Spathiphyllum, Schott". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  9. ^ "Search results — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org.
  10. ^ Edward F. Gilman (1999). "Spathiphyllum x 'Clevelandii', Fact Sheet FPS-555" (PDF). University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service.
  11. ^ Anne Raver (February 13, 1994). "Need an Air Freshener? Try Plants". New York Times.
  12. ^ Wolverton, B.C. (1996). Eco-Friendly Houseplants. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 23–25, 32–33, 58–59. ISBN 978-0-14-026243-8.
  13. ^ "Spathiphyllum 'Mauna Loa'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  14. ^ Fitzgerald, Kevin T. (2010). "Lily toxicity in the cat". Topics in Companion Animal Medicine. 25 (4): 213–217. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.006. PMID 21147474.
  15. ^ "Peace Lily". Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  16. ^ "University of California - Toxic Plants (list)". Archived from the original on 2010-01-31. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
  17. ^ "23 Common Flowers That Are Poisonous For Your Pet". www.entirelypets.com.
  18. ^ "Toxic and Non-Toxic Plants - Peace Lily". Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  19. ^ "Peace Lily". Pet Poison Helpline.
  20. ^ Mounika, K., Panja, B., & Saha, J. (2017). Diseases of peace lily [spathiphyllum sp.] caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses: A review. [1]
  21. ^ "Bunting, George Sydney (1927-2015)". JSTOR - Global Plants. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  22. ^ Croat TB (2015). "A Review of Studies of Neotropical Araceae" (PDF). Aroideana. 38 (1). Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
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