Jump to content

Interstitial cystitis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Painful Bladder Syndrome)

Interstitial cystitis
Other namesBladder pain syndrome (BPS),[1] painful bladder syndrome (PBS), IC/BPS, IC/PBS, UCPPS[2]
Hunner's lesion seen in some interstitial cystitis patients by cystoscopy[3][4]
Pronunciation
SpecialtyUrology
SymptomsChronic pain of the bladder, feeling the need to urinate right away, needing to urinate often, pain with sex[1]
ComplicationsDepression, irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia[1][5]
Usual onsetMiddle age[1]
DurationLong term[1]
CausesUnknown[1]
Diagnostic methodBased on the symptoms after ruling out other conditions[5]
Differential diagnosisUrinary tract infection, overactive bladder, sexually transmitted infections, endometriosis, bladder cancer, prostatitis[1][6]
TreatmentLifestyle changes, medications, procedures[1]
MedicationIbuprofen, pentosan polysulfate, amitriptyline[1]
Frequency0.5% of people[1][5]

Interstitial cystitis (IC), a type of bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is chronic pain in the bladder and pelvic floor of unknown cause.[1] It is the urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome of women.[2] Symptoms include feeling the need to urinate right away, needing to urinate often, and pain with sex.[1] IC/BPS is associated with depression and lower quality of life.[5] Many of those affected also have irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia.[1]

The cause of interstitial cystitis is unknown.[1] While it can, it does not typically run in a family.[1] The diagnosis is usually based on the symptoms after ruling out other conditions.[5] Typically the urine culture is negative.[5] Ulceration or inflammation may be seen on cystoscopy.[5] Other conditions which can produce similar symptoms include overactive bladder, urinary tract infection (UTI), sexually transmitted infections, prostatitis, endometriosis in females, and bladder cancer.[1][6]

There is no cure for interstitial cystitis and management of this condition can be challenging.[1] Treatments that may improve symptoms include lifestyle changes, medications, or procedures.[1] Lifestyle changes may include stopping smoking and reducing stress.[1] Medications may include ibuprofen, pentosan polysulfate, or amitriptyline.[1] Procedures may include bladder distention, nerve stimulation, or surgery.[1] Kegel exercises and long term antibiotics are not recommended.[5]

In the United States and Europe, it is estimated that around 0.5% of people are affected.[1][5] Women are affected about five times as often as men.[1] Onset is typically in middle age.[1] The term "interstitial cystitis" first came into use in 1887.[7]

Signs and symptoms

[edit]

The most common symptoms of IC/BPS are suprapubic pain,[8] urinary frequency, painful sexual intercourse,[9] and waking up from sleep to urinate.[10]

In general, symptoms may include painful urination described as a burning sensation in the urethra during urination, pelvic pain that is worsened with the consumption of certain foods or drinks, urinary urgency, and pressure in the bladder or pelvis.[11] Other frequently described symptoms are urinary hesitancy (needing to wait for the urinary stream to begin, often caused by pelvic floor dysfunction and tension), and discomfort and difficulty driving, working, exercising, or traveling. Pelvic pain experienced by those with IC typically worsens with filling of the urinary bladder and may improve with urination.[12]

During cystoscopy, 5–10% of people with IC are found to have Hunner's ulcers.[13] A person with IC may have discomfort only in the urethra, while another might struggle with pain in the entire pelvis. Interstitial cystitis symptoms usually fall into one of two patterns: significant suprapubic pain with little frequency or a lesser amount of suprapubic pain but with increased urinary frequency.[14]

Association with other conditions

[edit]

Some people with IC/BPS have been diagnosed with other conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), fibromyalgia, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), allergies, Sjögren syndrome, which raises the possibility that interstitial cystitis may be caused by mechanisms that cause these other conditions.[15] There is also some evidence of an association between urologic pain syndromes, such as IC/BPS and CP/CPPS, with non-celiac gluten sensitivity in some people.[16][17][18]

In addition, men with IC/PBS are frequently diagnosed as having chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, and there is an extensive overlap of symptoms and treatment between the two conditions, leading researchers to posit that the conditions may share the same cause and pathology.[19]

Causes

[edit]

The cause of IC/BPS is not known.[9] However, several explanations have been proposed and include the following: autoimmune theory, nerve theory, mast cell theory, leaky lining theory, infection theory, and a theory of production of a toxic substance in the urine.[20] Other suggested etiological causes are neurologic, allergic, genetic, and stress-psychological.[13][21][22] In addition, recent research shows that those with IC may have a substance in the urine that inhibits the growth of cells in the bladder epithelium.[15] An infection may then predispose those people to develop IC. Evidence from clinical and laboratory studies confirms that mast cells play a central role in IC/BPS possibly due to their ability to release histamine and cause pain, swelling, scarring, and interfere with healing.[23] Research has shown a proliferation of nerve fibers is present in the bladders of people with IC which is absent in the bladders of people who have not been diagnosed with IC.[11]

Regardless of the origin, most people with IC/BPS struggle with a damaged urothelium, or bladder lining.[24] When the surface glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer is damaged (via a urinary tract infection (UTI), traumatic injury, etc.), urinary chemicals can "leak" into surrounding tissues, causing pain, inflammation, and urinary symptoms. Oral medications like pentosan polysulfate and medications placed directly into the bladder via a catheter sometimes work to repair and rebuild this damaged/wounded lining, allowing for a reduction in symptoms.[25] Most literature supports the belief that IC's symptoms are associated with a defect in the bladder epithelium lining, allowing irritating substances in the urine to penetrate into the bladder—a breakdown of the bladder lining (also known as the adherence theory).[26] Deficiency in this glycosaminoglycan layer on the surface of the bladder results in increased permeability of the underlying submucosal tissues.[11]

GP51 has been identified as a possible urinary biomarker for IC with significant variations in GP51 levels in those with IC when compared to individuals without interstitial cystitis.[27]

Numerous studies have noted the link between IC, anxiety, stress, hyper-responsiveness, and panic.[15] Another proposed mechanism for interstitial cystitis is the autoimmune mechanism.[28] Biopsies on the bladder walls of people with IC may contain mast cells. Mast cells, which contain histamine granules, respond to allergic stimuli. In this theory, Mast cells are activated in response to antigen detection in the bladder wall. The activation of mast cells triggers the release of histamine, amongst other inflammatory mediators.[29] Additionally, another proposed mechanism is increased activity of unspecified nerves in the bladder wall. An unknown toxin or stimuli may activate nerves within the bladder wall, causing the release of neuropeptides. These neuropeptides can induce a secondary cascade which stimulates pain in the bladder wall.[23]

Genes

[edit]

Some genetic subtypes, in some people, have been linked to the disorder.

  • An antiproliferative factor is secreted by the bladders of people with IC/BPS which inhibits bladder cell proliferation, thus possibly causing the missing bladder lining.[11][15]
  • PAND, at gene map locus 13q22–q32, is associated with a constellation of disorders (a "pleiotropic syndrome") including IC/BPS and other bladder and kidney problems, thyroid diseases, serious headaches/migraines, panic disorder, and mitral valve prolapse.[15]

Diagnosis

[edit]

A diagnosis of IC/BPS is one of exclusion, as well as a review of clinical symptoms.[8] The American Urological Association Guidelines recommend starting with a careful history of the person, physical examination and laboratory tests to assess and document symptoms of interstitial cytitis,[30] as well as other potential disorders.

The KCl test, also known as the potassium sensitivity test, is no longer recommended. The test uses a mild potassium solution to evaluate the integrity of the bladder wall.[11] Though the latter is not specific for IC/BPS, it has been determined to be helpful in predicting the use of compounds, such as pentosan polysulphate, which are designed to help repair the GAG layer.[31]

For complicated cases, the use of hydrodistention with cystoscopy may be helpful. Researchers, however, determined that this visual examination of the bladder wall after stretching the bladder was not specific for IC/BPS[32] and that the test, itself, can contribute to the development of small glomerulations (petechial hemorrhages) often found in IC/BPS. Thus, a diagnosis of IC/BPS is one of exclusion, as well as a review of clinical symptoms.

In 2006, the ESSIC society proposed more rigorous and demanding diagnostic methods with specific classification criteria so that it cannot be confused with other, similar conditions. Specifically, they require that a person must have pain associated with the bladder, accompanied by one other urinary symptom. Thus, a person with just frequency or urgency would be excluded from a diagnosis. Secondly, they strongly encourage the exclusion of confusable diseases through an extensive and expensive series of tests including (A) a medical history and physical exam, (B) a dipstick urinalysis, various urine cultures, and a serum PSA in men over 40, (C) flowmetry and post-void residual urine volume by ultrasound scanning and (D) cystoscopy. A diagnosis of IC/BPS would be confirmed with a hydrodistention during cystoscopy with biopsy.[33]

They also propose a ranking system based upon the physical findings in the bladder.[11] People would receive a numeric and letter based score based upon the severity of their disease as found during the hydrodistention. A score of 1–3 would relate to the severity of the disease and a rating of A–C represents biopsy findings. Thus, a person with 1A would have very mild symptoms and disease while a person with 3C would have the worst possible symptoms. Widely recognized scoring systems such as the O'Leary Sant symptom and problem score have emerged to evaluate the severity of IC symptoms such as pain and urinary symptoms.[34]

Differential diagnosis

[edit]

The symptoms of IC/BPS are often misdiagnosed as a urinary tract infection. However, IC/BPS has not been shown to be caused by a bacterial infection and antibiotics are an ineffective treatment.[35] IC/BPS is commonly misdiagnosed as chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) in men,[36] and endometriosis and uterine fibroids (in women).

Treatment

[edit]

In 2011, the American Urological Association released consensus-based guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis.[37]

They include treatments ranging from conservative to more invasive:

  1. First-line treatments – education, self care (diet modification), stress management
  2. Second-line treatments – physical therapy, oral medications (amitriptyline, cimetidine or hydroxyzine, pentosan polysulfate), bladder instillations (DMSO, heparin, or lidocaine)
  3. Third-line treatments – treatment of Hunner's lesions (laser, fulguration or triamcinolone injection), hydrodistention (low pressure, short duration)
  4. Fourth-line treatments – neuromodulation (sacral or pudendal nerve)
  5. Fifth-line treatments – cyclosporine A, botulinum toxin (BTX-A)
  6. Sixth-line treatments – surgical intervention (urinary diversion, augmentation, cystectomy)

The American Urological Association guidelines also listed several discontinued treatments, including long-term oral antibiotics, intravesical bacillus Calmette Guerin, intravesical resiniferatoxin), high-pressure and long-duration hydrodistention, and systemic glucocorticoids.[37]

Bladder distension

[edit]

Bladder distension while under general anesthesia, also known as hydrodistention (a procedure which stretches the bladder capacity), has shown some success in reducing urinary frequency and giving short-term pain relief to those with IC.[8][38] However, it is unknown exactly how this procedure causes pain relief.[39] Recent studies show pressure on pelvic trigger points can relieve symptoms. The relief achieved by bladder distensions is only temporary (weeks or months), so is not viable as a long-term treatment for IC/BPS. The proportion of people with IC/BPS who experience relief from hydrodistention is currently unknown and evidence for this modality is limited by a lack of properly controlled studies.[8] Bladder rupture and sepsis may be associated with prolonged, high-pressure hydrodistention.[8]

Bladder instillations

[edit]

Bladder instillation of medication is one of the main forms of treatment of interstitial cystitis, but evidence for its effectiveness is currently limited.[8] Advantages of this treatment approach include direct contact of the medication with the bladder and low systemic side effects due to poor absorption of the medication.[8] Single medications or a mixture of medications are commonly used in bladder instillation preparations. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the only approved bladder instillation for IC/BPS yet it is much less frequently used in urology clinics.[38]

A 50% solution of DMSO had the potential to create irreversible muscle contraction. However, a lesser solution of 25% was found to be reversible. Long-term use of DMSO is questionable, as its mechanism of action is not fully understood though DMSO is thought to inhibit mast cells and may have anti-inflammatory, muscle-relaxing, and analgesic effects.[8][11] Other agents used for bladder instillations to treat interstitial cystitis include: heparin, lidocaine, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, pentosan polysulfate, oxybutynin, and botulinum toxin A. Preliminary evidence suggests these agents are efficacious in reducing symptoms of interstitial cystitis, but further study with larger, randomized, controlled clinical trials is needed.[8]

Diet

[edit]

Diet modification is often recommended as a first-line method of self-treatment for interstitial cystitis, though rigorous controlled studies examining the impact diet has on interstitial cystitis signs and symptoms are currently lacking.[8] An increase in fiber intake may alleviate symptoms.[40] Individuals with interstitial cystitis often experience an increase in symptoms when they consume certain foods and beverages. Avoidance of these potential trigger foods and beverages such as caffeine-containing beverages including coffee, tea, and soda, alcoholic beverages, chocolate, citrus fruits, hot peppers, and artificial sweeteners may be helpful in alleviating symptoms.[9][11] Diet triggers vary between individuals with IC;[8] the best way for a person to discover his or her own triggers is to use an elimination diet. Sensitivity to trigger foods may be reduced if calcium glycerophosphate and/or sodium bicarbonate is consumed.[41] The foundation of therapy is a modification of diet to help people avoid those foods which can further irritate the damaged bladder wall.[42]

The mechanism by which dietary modification benefits people with IC is unclear. Integration of neural signals from pelvic organs may mediate the effects of diet on symptoms of IC.[43]

Medications

[edit]

The antihistamine hydroxyzine failed to demonstrate superiority over placebo in treatment of people with IC in a randomized, controlled, clinical trial.[8] Amitriptyline has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms such as chronic pelvic pain and nocturia[8] in many people with IC/BPS with a median dose of 75 mg daily.[11] In one study, the antidepressant duloxetine was found to be ineffective as a treatment,[44] although a patent exists for use of duloxetine in the context of IC, and is known to relieve neuropathic pain. The calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A has been studied as a treatment for interstitial cystitis due to its immunosuppressive properties. A prospective randomized study found cyclosporine A to be more effective at treating IC symptoms than pentosan polysulfate, but also had more adverse effects.[8]

Oral pentosan polysulfate is believed to repair the protective glycosaminoglycan coating of the bladder, but studies have encountered mixed results when attempting to determine if the effect is statistically significant compared to placebo.[8][45][25]

Pelvic floor treatments

[edit]

Urologic pelvic pain syndromes, such as IC/BPS and CP/CPPS, are characterized by pelvic muscle tenderness, and symptoms may be reduced with pelvic myofascial physical therapy.[46]

This may leave the pelvic area in a sensitized condition, resulting in a loop of muscle tension and heightened neurological feedback (neural wind-up), a form of myofascial pain syndrome. Current protocols, such as the Wise–Anderson Protocol, largely focus on stretches to release overtensed muscles in the pelvic or anal area (commonly referred to as trigger points), physical therapy to the area, and progressive relaxation therapy to reduce causative stress.[47]

Pelvic floor dysfunction is a fairly new area of specialty for physical therapists worldwide. The goal of therapy is to relax and lengthen the pelvic floor muscles, rather than to tighten and/or strengthen them as is the goal of therapy for people with urinary incontinence. Thus, traditional exercises such as Kegel exercises, which are used to strengthen pelvic muscles, can provoke pain and additional muscle tension. A specially trained physical therapist can provide direct, hands on evaluation of the muscles, both externally and internally.[48]

A therapeutic wand can also be used to perform pelvic floor muscle myofascial release to provide relief.[49]

Surgery

[edit]

Surgery is rarely used for IC/BPS. Surgical intervention is very unpredictable, and is considered a treatment of last resort for severe refractory cases of interstitial cystitis.[38] Some people who opt for surgical intervention continue to experience pain after surgery. Typical surgical interventions for refractory cases of IC/BPS include: bladder augmentation, urinary diversion, transurethral fulguration and resection of ulcers, and bladder removal (cystectomy).[8][38]

Neuromodulation can be successful in treating IC/BPS symptoms, including pain.[50] One electronic pain-killing option is TENS.[50][51] Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation stimulators have also been used, with varying degrees of success.[52] Percutaneous sacral nerve root stimulation was able to produce statistically significant improvements in several parameters, including pain.[47]

Alternative medicine

[edit]

There is little evidence looking at the effects of alternative medicine though their use is common.[53] There is tentative evidence that acupuncture may help pain associated with IC/BPS as part of other treatments.[54] Despite a scarcity of controlled studies on alternative medicine and IC/BPS, "rather good results have been obtained" when acupuncture is combined with other treatments.[55]

Biofeedback, a relaxation technique aimed at helping people control functions of the autonomic nervous system, has shown some benefit in controlling pain associated with IC/BPS as part of a multimodal approach that may also include medication or hydrodistention of the bladder.[56][57]

Prognosis

[edit]

IC/BPS has a profound impact on quality of life.[8][23] A 2007 Finnish epidemiologic study showed that two-thirds of women at moderate to high risk of having interstitial cystitis reported impairment in their quality of life and 35% of people with IC reported an impact on their sexual life.[8] A 2012 survey showed that among a group of adult women with symptoms of interstitial cystitis, 11% reported suicidal thoughts in the past two weeks.[58] Other research has shown that the impact of IC/BPS on quality of life is severe[11] and may be comparable to the quality of life experienced in end-stage kidney disease or rheumatoid arthritis.[59][60]

International recognition of interstitial cystitis has grown and international urology conferences to address the heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria have recently been held.[61] IC/PBS is now recognized with an official disability code in the United States of America.[62]

Epidemiology

[edit]

IC/BPS affects men and women of all cultures, socioeconomic backgrounds, and ages. Although the disease was previously believed to be a condition of menopausal women, growing numbers of men and women are being diagnosed in their twenties and younger. IC/BPS is not a rare condition.[63] Early research suggested that the number of IC/BPS cases ranged from 1 in 100,000 to 5.1 in 1,000 of the general population. In recent years, the scientific community has achieved a much deeper understanding of the epidemiology of interstitial cystitis. Recent studies[62][64] have revealed that between 2.7 and 6.53 million women in the USA have symptoms of IC and up to 12% of women may have early symptoms of IC/BPS. Further study has estimated that the condition is far more prevalent in men than previously thought ranging from 1.8 to 4.2 million men having symptoms of interstitial cystitis.[citation needed]

The condition is officially recognized as a disability in the United States.[65][66]

History

[edit]

Philadelphia surgeon Joseph Parrish published the earliest record of interstitial cystitis in 1836 describing three cases of severe lower urinary tract symptoms without the presence of a bladder stone.[23] The term "interstitial cystitis" was coined by Dr. Alexander Skene in 1887 to describe the disease.[11] In 2002, the United States amended the Social Security Act to include interstitial cystitis as a disability. The first guideline for diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis is released by a Japanese research team in 2009.[67] The American Urological Association released the first American clinical practice guideline for diagnosing and treating IC/BPS in 2011 and has since (in 2014 and 2022) updated the guideline to maintain standard of care as knowledge of IC/BPS evolves.[68]

Names

[edit]

Originally called interstitial cystitis, this disorder was renamed to interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) in the 2002–2010 timeframe. In 2007, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) began using the umbrella term urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS) to refer to pelvic pain syndromes associated with the bladder (e.g., interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome) and with the prostate gland or pelvis (e.g., chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome).[69]

In 2008, terms currently in use in addition to IC/BPS include painful bladder syndrome, bladder pain syndrome and hypersensitive bladder syndrome, alone and in a variety of combinations. These different terms are being used in different parts of the world. The term "interstitial cystitis" is the primary term used in ICD-10 and MeSH. Grover et al.[70] said, "The International Continence Society named the disease interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) in 2002 [Abrams et al. 2002], while the Multinational Interstitial Cystitis Association have labeled it as painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) [Hanno et al. 2005]. Recently, the European Society for the study of Interstitial Cystitis (ESSIC) proposed the moniker, 'bladder pain syndrome' (BPS) [van de Merwe et al. 2008]."

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome fact sheet". OWH. 16 July 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  2. ^ a b Adamian L, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Hoyt D, Driessen R, Freeman JA, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Garcia AJ, Cornett EM, Viswanath O (May 2020). "A Comprehensive Review of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome". Curr Pain Headache Rep. 24 (6): 27. doi:10.1007/s11916-020-00857-9. PMID 32378039. S2CID 218513050.
  3. ^ Persu C, Cauni V, Gutue S, Blaj I, Jinga V, Geavlete P (2010). "From interstitial cystitis to chronic pelvic pain". Journal of Medicine and Life. 3 (2): 167–74. PMC 3019050. PMID 20968203.
  4. ^ Stedman TL (2005). Stedman's Medical Eponyms. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 344. ISBN 9780781754439.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hanno PM, Erickson D, Moldwin R, Faraday MM, American Urological A (May 2015). "Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: AUA guideline amendment". The Journal of Urology. 193 (5): 1545–53. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.01.086. PMID 25623737. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014.
  6. ^ a b Bogart LM, Berry SH, Clemens JQ (2007). "Symptoms of interstitial cystitis, painful bladder syndrome and similar diseases in women: a systematic review". The Journal of Urology. 177 (2): 450–456. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2006.09.032. PMID 17222607. S2CID 14482415.
  7. ^ Bostwick DG, Cheng L (2014). Urologic Surgical Pathology (3 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 208. ISBN 9780323086196. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Hsieh CH, Chang WC, Huang MC, Su TH, Li YT, Chiang HS (2012). "Treatment of interstitial cystitis in women". Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 51 (4): 526–32. doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2012.10.002. PMID 23276554.
  9. ^ a b c "Interstitial Cystitis (Painful Bladder Syndrome)". PubMed Health Glossary.
  10. ^ Ustinova EE, Fraser MO, Pezzone MA (2010). "Cross-talk and sensitization of bladder afferent nerves". Neurourology and Urodynamics. 29 (1): 77–81. doi:10.1002/nau.20817. PMC 2805190. PMID 20025032.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Moutzouris DA, Falagas ME (2009). "Interstitial Cystitis: An Unsolved Enigma". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 4 (11): 1844–57. doi:10.2215/CJN.02000309. PMID 19808225.
  12. ^ Harvard Health Publishing (25 March 2020). "Diagnosing and treating interstitial cystitis". Harvard Health. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  13. ^ a b National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2012). "Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome". National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  14. ^ Peters DJ. ""Interstitial Cystitis" Paul Perry, MD, Chairman, Obgyn.Net Editorial Advisory Board, Chronic Pelvic Pain interviews Jill Peters, MD". OBGYN.net. Obgyn.Net Conference Coverage from International Pelvic Pain Society—Simsbury Connecticut—April/May, 1999. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
  15. ^ a b c d e Dimitrakov J, Guthrie D (2009). "Genetics and Phenotyping of Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome". The Journal of Urology. 181 (4): 1550–7. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.119. PMC 2692547. PMID 19230927.
  16. ^ Catassi C (2015). "Gluten Sensitivity". Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 67 (2): 16–26. doi:10.1159/000440990. PMID 26605537.
  17. ^ Anonymous, Rostami K, Hogg-Kollars S (2012). "Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity". BMJ. 345: e7982. doi:10.1136/bmj.e7982. PMID 23204003.
  18. ^ "Gluten and CP/CPPS". Prostatitis Network. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  19. ^ PubMed Health (2011). "Prostatitis-nonbacterial-chronic". U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  20. ^ Patnaik SS, Laganà AS, Vitale SG, Butticè S, Noventa M, Gizzo S, Valenti G, Rapisarda AM, La Rosa VL (June 2017). "Etiology, pathophysiology and biomarkers of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome". Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 295 (6): 1341–1359. doi:10.1007/s00404-017-4364-2. ISSN 1432-0711. PMID 28391486. S2CID 19926780.
  21. ^ Eric S Rovner, MD (20 September 2018). "Interstitial Cystitis: Etiology". MedScape Reference. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ "Understanding Interstitial Cystitis". MD Conversation / peer-reviewed. Archived from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  23. ^ a b c d Persu C, Cauni V, Gutue S, Blaj I, Jinga V, Geavlete P (2010). "From interstitial cystitis to chronic pelvic pain". Journal of Medicine and Life. 3 (2): 167–174. PMC 3019050. PMID 20968203.
  24. ^ "Causes". Mayo Clinic. 2012. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  25. ^ a b Anderson VR, Perry CM (2006). "Pentosan Polysulfate". Drugs. 66 (6): 821–35. doi:10.2165/00003495-200666060-00006. PMID 16706553. S2CID 46958245.
  26. ^ "Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: Symptom recognition is key to early identification, treatment" (PDF). Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. S54–S62. 74 (3). May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  27. ^ Teichman J (2002). "The Role of Pentosan Polysulfate in Treatment Approaches for Interstitial Cystitis". Reviews in Urology. 4 (Supplement 1): S21–S27. PMC 1476002. PMID 16986030.
  28. ^ "Adult Conditions / Bladder / Interstitial Cystitis". American Urological Association Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  29. ^ Kavaler E (2007). "Interstitial Cystitis and Pelvic Pain Syndromes". A Seat on the Aisle, Please!: The Essential Guide to Urinary Tract Problems in Women. Springer. pp. 271–310. ISBN 978-0-387-36745-3.
  30. ^ "American Urological Association -". www.auanet.org. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  31. ^ Reynard J, Brewster S, Biers S (28 February 2013). Oxford Handbook of Urology. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-101592-2.
  32. ^ MacDiarmid SA, Sand PK (2007). "Diagnosis of Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome in Patients With Overactive Bladder Symptoms". Reviews in Urology. 9 (1): 9–16. PMC 1832106. PMID 17396167.
  33. ^ van de Merwe JP, Nordling J, Bouchelouche P, Bouchelouche K, Cervigni M, Daha LK, Elneil S, Fall M, Hohlbrugger G (January 2008). "Diagnostic Criteria, Classification, and Nomenclature for Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis: An ESSIC Proposal". European Urology. 53 (1): 60–67. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.09.019. ISSN 0302-2838. PMID 17900797.
  34. ^ Tyagi P, Kashyap MP, Kawamorita N, Yoshizawa T, Chancellor M, Yoshimura N (January 2014). "Intravesical liposome and antisense treatment for detrusor overactivity and interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome". ISRN Pharmacol. 2014 (601653): 601653. doi:10.1155/2014/601653. PMC 3914518. PMID 24527221.
  35. ^ Lim Y, O'Rourke S (2022), "article-132252", Interstitial Cystitis, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 34033350, retrieved 26 January 2022
  36. ^ Arora HC, Shoskes DA (2015). "The enigma of men with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome". Translational Andrology and Urology. 4 (6): 668–76. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.10.01. PMC 4708534. PMID 26813678.
  37. ^ a b "AUA Guidelines Diagnosis and Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis" (PDF). American Urological Association. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  38. ^ a b c d "Treatments and drugs". Mayo Clinic. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  39. ^ Erickson D, Kunselman A, Bentley C, Peters K, Rovner E, Demers L, Wheeler M, Keay S (2007). "Changes in Urine Markers and Symptoms after Bladder Distention for Interstitial Cystitis". The Journal of Urology. 177 (2): 556–60. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2006.09.029. PMC 2373609. PMID 17222633.
  40. ^ "How to get more fiber in your diet". Harvard Health. Harvard Health Publishing. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  41. ^ Friedlander JI, Shorter B, Moldwin RM (2012). "Diet and its role in interstitial cystitis /bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) and comorbid conditions". BJU International. 109 (11): 1584–1591. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10860.x. PMID 22233286. S2CID 205546249.
  42. ^ Gordon B, Shorter B, Sarcona A, Moldwin RM (September 2015). "Nutritional Considerations for Patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome". Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 115 (9): 1372–1379. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.03.021. ISSN 2212-2672. PMID 25934323.
  43. ^ Klumpp DJ, Rudick CN (2008). "Summation model of pelvic pain in interstitial cystitis". Nature Clinical Practice Urology. 5 (9): 494–500. doi:10.1038/ncpuro1203. PMID 18769376. S2CID 22431404.
  44. ^ Papandreou C, Skapinakis P, Giannakis D, Sofikitis N, Mavreas V (2009). "Antidepressant Drugs for Chronic Urological Pelvic Pain: an Evidence-Based Review". Advances in Urology. 2009: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2009/797031. PMC 2821755. PMID 20169141.
  45. ^ Dimitrakov J, Kroenke K, Steers WD, Berde C, Zurakowski D, Freeman MR (2007). "Pharmacological Management of Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis: A Systematic Review". Archives of Internal Medicine. 167 (18): 1922–1929. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.18.1922. PMC 2135553. PMID 17923590.
  46. ^ Anderson R, Wise D, Nathanson BH (2011). "Safety and effectiveness of an internal pelvic myofascial trigger point wand for urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome". Clin J Pain. 27 (9): 764–8. doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31821dbd76. PMID 21613956. S2CID 23867038.
  47. ^ a b Bharucha AE, Trabuco E (2008). "Functional and Chronic Anorectal and Pelvic Pain Disorders". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 37 (3): 685–96. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2008.06.002. PMC 2676775. PMID 18794003.
  48. ^ "Physical Therapy". Interstitial Cystitis Association. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  49. ^ Bond J, Pape H, Ayre CA (2017). "Efficacy of a therapeutic wand in addition to physiotherapy for treating bladder pain syndrome in women: a pilot randomized controlled trial". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  50. ^ a b Fariello (2010). "Sacral neuromodulation stimulation for IC/PBS, chronic pelvic pain, and sexual dysfunction". International Urogynecology Journal. 21 (12): 1553–8. doi:10.1007/s00192-010-1281-3. PMID 20972541. S2CID 13040070.
  51. ^ Hunter C, Davé N, Diwan S, Deer T (2013). "Neuromodulation of Pelvic Visceral Pain: Review of the Literature and Case Series of Potential Novel Targets for Treatment". Pain Practice. 13 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00558.x. PMID 22521096. S2CID 39659746.
  52. ^ Zhao J, Bai J, Zhou Y, Qi G, Du L (2008). "Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation Twice a Week in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis". Urology. 71 (6): 1080–4. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2008.01.018. PMID 18372023.
  53. ^ Verghese TS, Riordain RN, Champaneria R, Latthe PM (7 December 2015). "Complementary therapies for bladder pain syndrome: a systematic review". International Urogynecology Journal. 27 (8): 1127–1136. doi:10.1007/s00192-015-2886-3. PMC 4947099. PMID 26642800.
  54. ^ Whitmore KE (2002). "Complementary and Alternative Therapies as Treatment Approaches for Interstitial Cystitis". Reviews in Urology. 4 (Suppl 1): S28–35. PMC 1476005. PMID 16986031.
  55. ^ Binder I, Rossbach G, Ophoven Av (2008). "Die Komplexität chronischer Beckenschmerzen am Beispiel der Interstitiellen Zystitis". Aktuelle Urologie. 39 (4): 289–97. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1038199. PMID 18663671. S2CID 259989342.
  56. ^ Hsieh CH, Chang ST, Hsieh CJ, Hsu CS, Kuo TC, Chang HC, Lin YH (2008). "Treatment of interstitial cystitis with hydrodistention and bladder training". International Urogynecology Journal. 19 (10): 1379–84. doi:10.1007/s00192-008-0640-9. PMID 18496634. S2CID 11606637.
  57. ^ Dell JR, Parsons CL (2004). "Multimodal therapy for interstitial cystitis". The Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 49 (3 Suppl): 243–52. PMID 15088863.
  58. ^ Hepner KA, Watkins KE, Elliott M, Clemens JQ, Hilton L, Berry SH (June 2012). "Suicidal ideation among patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis". Urology. 80 (2): 280–285. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2011.12.053. PMC 3411912. PMID 22658505.
  59. ^ "American Urological Association Guideline: Diagnosis and Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome [January 2011]" (PDF). American Urological Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  60. ^ Ho NJ, Koziol JA, Parsons CL (1997). "Epidemiology of Interstitial Cystitis". In Sant GR (ed.). Interstitial Cystitis. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. pp. 9–15. ISBN 978-0-397-51695-7.
  61. ^ Nickel JC (2004). "Interstitial Cystitis:The Paradigm Shifts". Reviews in Urology. 6 (4): 200–202. PMC 1472838. PMID 16985602.
  62. ^ a b Rosenberg MT, Newman DK, Page SA (2007). "Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: Symptom recognition is key to early identification, treatment". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 74: S54–62. doi:10.3949/ccjm.74.Suppl_3.S54. PMID 17546832. S2CID 32727097.
  63. ^ Robert M. Moldwin (1 October 2000). The Interstitial Cystitis Survival Guide: Your Guide to the Latest Treatment Options and Coping Strategies. New Harbinger Publications. ISBN 978-1-57224-210-4. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  64. ^ Berry SH, Elliott MN, Suttorp M, Bogart LM, Stoto MA (2011). "Prevalence of symptoms of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis among adult females in the United States". Journal of Urology. 186 (2): 540–544. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.132. PMC 3513327. PMID 21683389.
  65. ^ "Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide: Treating interstitial cystitis". Harvard Medical School. Archived from the original on 2 February 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
  66. ^ "Policy Interpretation Ruling Titles II and XVI: Evaluation of Interstitial Cystitis". Social Security Administration. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
  67. ^ Homma Y, Ueda T, Ito T, Takei M, Tomoe H (2009). "Japanese guideline for diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis". International Journal of Urology. 16 (1): 4–16. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02208.x. PMID 19120522. S2CID 23551461.
  68. ^ "Diagnosis and Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (2022)". American Urological Association. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  69. ^ "Multi-disciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network". NIDDK. 2007. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2008.
  70. ^ Grover S, Srivastava A, Lee R, Tewari AK, Te AE (2011). "Role of inflammation in bladder function and interstitial cystitis". Therapeutic Advances in Urology. 3 (1): 19–33. doi:10.1177/1756287211398255. PMC 3126088. PMID 21789096.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstitial_cystitis&oldid=1248933340"