Pennsylvania Railroad K4 class
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| Pennsylvania Railroad K4 class | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 PRR No. 3863 being inspected and maintained in the late 1920s | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Pennsylvania Railroad K4 was a class of 425 4-6-2 steam locomotives built between 1914 and 1928 for the PRR, where they served as the primary main line passenger steam locomotives on the entire PRR system until late 1957.
Attempts were made to replace the K4s, including the K5 and the T1 duplex locomotive. However, the low factor-of-adhesion of K5s meant that they were limited in their pulling power. By contrast, the T1s were very successful but suffered from greater maintenance costs, wheel slip due to poor springing, and inexperienced crews. The T1s also came too late in the game for steam traction. As such, the tried and tested K4s held their role as the PRR's primary express passenger locomotives for 30-40 years. The K4s hauled the vast majority of express passenger trains until they were replaced by diesel locomotives.
The K4s were not powerful enough for the heavier trains they often pulled from the mid-1930s onward, so they were often double-headed or even triple-headed, sometimes with early Atlantics and E6s. This was effective but expensive, and several crews were needed. The PRR did have the locomotives needed for this, many having been displaced by electrification east of Harrisburg.
The two preserved K4s, Nos. 1361 and 3750, were designated as Pennsylvania's official state steam locomotives on December 18, 1987, when Pennsylvania Governor Robert P. Casey signed into law House Bill No. 1211.
History
[edit]Development
[edit]
By the 1910s, the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) were in need of a larger and heavier passenger locomotive to haul their heavier main line passenger trains on their entire system.[1] The result was the K4 class 4-6-2 Pacific, which was designed under the supervision of PRR Chief of Motive Power J.T. Wallis, assisted by Chief Mechanical Engineer Alfred W. Gibbs and Mechanical Engineer Axel Vogt, as one of a pair of classes with the L1 class 2-8-2 Mikado, sharing the same boiler design and other features.[2][3] Some inspiration came from the large experimental K29 class Pacific built in 1911 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO).[3][4] Also influential was Gibbs' design for the successful E6 class 4-4-2 Atlantic, from which the K4 class inherited its heat-treated and lightweight machinery, its cast-steel KW trailing truck, and much of its appearance.[3][5]
No. 1737 was the first K4 class locomotive built in May 1914 at PRR's Juniata Shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania with the construction number 2825.[3] The boiler barrel was bigger than previous classes, and the increase in heating surface and boiler size gave the class good steam-generating capability. No. 1737 was conservative and included a screw reverse (power reverse would soon be added); a small 70-P-70 tender holding only 7,000 US gallons (26,000 L) of water and 12½ tons of coal, set up for hand-firing; a wooden cowcatcher pilot; a square-cased, old-fashioned headlight and piston tailrods (soon to go).
The K4s design was successful enough that it influenced other locomotive designs, and not only those of other PRR locomotives. London and North Eastern Railway Chief Mechanical Engineer Nigel Gresley incorporated much of the boiler design (including the tapered shape) into his famous Class A1 Pacific.[6][7]
A World War I-era prototype had distinctive "chicken coop" slat pilots, while the postwar versions had modern pilots.
Production
[edit]_PRR_K4s_5400.jpg)
Three years elapsed until production examples were built. Partly, this was due to extensive testing, but wartime necessitated priority in construction to the L1s Mikado type for freight. In 1917, Altoona's Juniata Shops started producing K4s in numbers. The first 168 carried widely scattered road numbers, traditional for the PRR, but subsequent locomotives produced after 1920 were numbered in consecutive blocks.
| Year | Quantity | Fleet numbers |
|---|---|---|
| 1914 | 1 | 1737 |
| 1917 | 41 | 12, 20, 43, 122, 227, 299, 358-359, 383, 389, 422, 612, 623, 669, 719, 830, 920, 1120, 1139, 1188, 1195, 1395, 1453, 1462, 1488, 1497, 2034, 2445, 5022, 5038, 5041, 5058, 5072, 5077, 5086, 5147, 5154, 5238, 5243, 5253, 5296 |
| 1918 | 111 | 8, 16, 225, 262, 269, 295, 452, 518, 526, 646, 837, 850, 911, 945, 949, 958, 962, 1329–1330, 1339, 1361, 1392, 1433, 1435-1436, 1517, 1522, 1526, 1531, 1533, 1546, 1551, 1554, 1588, 1653, 1980, 1981, 1983-1985, 2032, 2112, 2665, 2673, 2761, 3654-3655, 3667-3684, 5334-5349, 7053-7054, 7116, 7133,7244, 7914, 7938, 8009, 8085, 8157, 8161, 8165, 8181,8195, 8212, 8218, 8225, 8236, 8240, 8242, 8251, 8261, 8278, 8281, 8309, 8334, 8347, 8373, 8377-8378 |
| 1919 | 15 | 7267, 7270, 7273-7275, 7278-7280, 7287-7288, 8068, 8108, 8114, 8122, 8137 for PRR Lines West |
| 1920 | 50 | 3726–3775 |
| 1923 | 57 | 3800, 3801, 3805–3807, 3838–3889 |
| 1924 | 50 | 5350–5399 |
| 1927 | 92 | 5400–5491 |
| 1928 | 8 | 5492–5499 |
| 425 | Total production |
Numbers 5400–5474 were built by Baldwin, while all others were constructed at the PRR's Juniata Shops.
Modifications
[edit]The PRR experimented extensively with its K4s fleet, trying out streamlining, poppet valves, smoke deflectors, driving wheel types and others.
Streamlining
[edit]Several K4 locomotives had streamlining applied over the years, to varying degrees. All were later removed, restoring the locomotives to their original appearance.
No. 3768
[edit]
Locomotive #3768 was clad in a shroud designed by famed industrial designer Raymond Loewy in February 1936. This was a very concealing, enveloping streamlined casing that hid most of the functionality of the steam locomotive, leading to its nickname of "The Torpedo" by train crews. Clay models of Loewy's design streamlined K4s and conventional K4s were tested in a wind tunnel for smoke-lifting ability by Alexander Klemin of the Daniel Guggenheim School of Aeronautics of New York University (CMP). Of 24 variations, 4 were chosen for wind tunnel tests to determine the final design.
At first, the locomotive was not painted in standard Dark Green Locomotive Enamel (DGLE) but instead in a bronze color. It was later refinished in DGLE. A matching tender ran on unusual six-wheel trucks. Like most streamlined steam locomotives, the shrouds impeded maintenance and the covers over the wheels were later removed. For a time, the locomotive was the preferred engine for the Broadway Limited.
Nos. 1120, 2665, 3678, and 5338
[edit]
These four locomotives were streamlined in 1940 and 1941 with simpler, closer-fitting casings that hid less of the steam locomotives' workings, In that sense, they were similar to Henry Dreyfuss's casings for NYC Hudsons. According to an interview with John W. Epstein, Special Projects Manager and vice president, Raymond Loewy & Assoc., these four streamlined K4s were designed by Raymond Loewy but, due to WWII, there was no publicity about it.[9] PRR #1120 and #2665 were streamlined in 1940 for the South Wind, a named passenger train equipped and operated jointly by the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (later Seaboard Coast Line) and the Florida East Coast Railway. The South Wind began operations in December 1940, providing streamliner service between Chicago, Illinois, and Miami, Florida.
PRR No. 3678 and No. 5338 were streamlined in 1941 for The Jeffersonian, one of the PRR's premier, all-coach trains between New York and St. Louis. They were also seen hauling the Broadway Limited (New York to Chicago), Liberty Limited (Washington to Chicago), and the Trail Blazer (New York to Chicago) occasionally. During World War II, these four locomotives formed a streamlined steam engine fleet within the PRR system, with another five locomotives that were also designed by noted industrial designer Raymond Loewy; they were the PRR S1 #6100, PRR Q1 #6130, T1's #6110 and #6111; and K4s #3768. Streamlined shrouding of these four K4s Pacific locomotives was removed after 1950, together with PRR K4s #3678.
Accidents and incidents
[edit]- On December 25, 1937, No. 8309 was pulling a passenger train from Columbus, Ohio to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[10][11] But upon approaching Pittsburgh, the locomotive hits a large piece of rock and derailed off a cliff near Carson Street, killing its engineer and fireman.[10][12] No. 8309 was badly damaged as a result of the accident, becoming the first K4 locomotive to be written off for scrap in September 1938.[13]
- On the night of February 18, 1947, Nos. 422 and 3771 were double heading the Red Arrow passenger train No. 68 from Detroit, Michigan to New York City with fourteen cars behind.[13][14] At around 3:21 a.m., they both derailed at an excessive speed of 65–70 mph (105–113 km/h) at Bennington Curve in Gallitzin, Pennsylvania, killing 22 people, and injuring 138 on board.[13][14] Both locomotives were total losses and scrapped two months later.[13]
- On the evening of February 6, 1951, No. 2445 derailed in Woodbridge, New Jersey with the Broker passenger train No. 733, killing 85 people and injuring hundreds.[15][16] The train derailed due to excessive speed on a temporary trestle due to lack of proper signals. The locomotive was repaired despite extensive damage, only to be retired and scrapped in September 1953.[8]
Preservation
[edit]
There are only two surviving K4s class locomotives:
No. 3750 sits on outdoor static display at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania, outside Strasburg, Pennsylvania.[17] The museum's volunteer group plans to have No. 3750 cosmetically restored prior to it being placed in the newly proposed roundhouse exhibit.
No. 1361 was being restored to operating condition by the Railroaders Memorial Museum in Altoona in 1987, but persistent bearing problems ended its operation the following year. The locomotive was moved to the Steamtown National Historic Site and the boiler moved to the East Broad Top shops. The disassembled locomotive lay in pieces for 22 years before the project was officially abandoned in 2010. The Museum cited changes in FRA safety standards and new limits to mainline railway access that would make operation impractical.[18] In May 2018, a group of preservationists, engineers and financial backers initiated a new restoration study. The work would include a detailed assessment of the engineering needs and a sustainable operating plan.[19] The group plans to replicate a 1940s Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train. It would work with the state's educators to give rides at tourist railroads within the state to school children on field trips, thus educating them on the history of how the Pennsylvania Railroad shaped their state.[20]
On June 25, 2021, the Railroaders Memorial Museum in Altoona announced that it would launch a complete $2.6 million restoration of #1361. The Museum Chairman is Charles "Wick" Moorman, retired Chairman and CEO of Norfolk Southern Railway, and its Board includes Henry Posner III, President of Railroad Development Corporation of Pittsburgh, head of the Posner Foundation and well-known venture capitalist.[21] As of December 2022, a new Belpaire firebox was nearing completion, although with thicker steel and other modifications of the 1914 design in order to comply with current federal safety requirements.[22]
References
[edit]- ^ Pennypacker & Staufer (1962), p. 5.
- ^ Staufer (1962), p. 51.
- ^ a b c d e Staufer (1962), p. 159.
- ^ Staufer (1962), p. 146.
- ^ Staufer (1962), p. 126.
- ^ "LNER Encyclopedia - The LNER A1 and A3 Gresley Pacifics". Retrieved February 12, 2019.
- ^ Westing, F. "K4s," Trains magazine, August 1956
- ^ a b Pennypacker & Staufer (1962), pp. 168–169.
- ^ KEYSTONE magazine VOL 26, Number 3, Autumn 1993
- ^ a b Pennypacker & Staufer (1962), pp. 159–161.
- ^ Staufer (1962), p. 161.
- ^ "Christmas Day Train Wreck 1937". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 27, 1937. p. 13. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Pennypacker & Staufer (1962), pp. 162–165.
- ^ a b Sauro, Sean (February 17, 2017). "Locals tell story of the Red Arrow 70 years after railroad disaster". Altoona Mirror. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
- ^ "Man_Failure". gardenstatelegacy.com. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
- ^ Cotey, Angela (August 9, 2023). "Doubleheaded K4's on the Northern Central". Classic Trains. Kalmbach Media. Retrieved July 29, 2024.
- ^ Cupper, Dan (25 June 2021). "PRR K4s engine No. 1361 to be restored in $2.6 million campaign". Trains. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Kalmbach Media. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
- ^ Kibler, William (April 14, 2010). "Official: Working K-4 plans derailed" (PDF). Altoona Mirror. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
- ^ Keefe, Kevin (May 29, 2018). "Contemplating a K4 1361 comeback". Classic Trains, Kalmbach Media. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
- ^ "New effort will focus on restoration of famed Pennsylvania Railroad K4s No. 1361 (May 10, 2018)". Retrieved February 12, 2019.
- ^ Cupper, Dan (June 25, 2021). "PRR K4s engine No. 1361 to be restored in $2.6 million campaign". Trains. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ Cupper, Dan (14 November 2022). "New Belpaire firebox emerges for PRR K4s steam engine No. 1361". Trains. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
Bibliography
[edit]- Pennypacker, Bert; Staufer, Alvin F. (1962). The Many Faces of the Pennsy K-4. Classic Power (1st ed.). N.J. International Inc. ISBN 0-934088-13-6.
- Staufer, Alvin F. (1962). Pennsy Power: Steam and Electric Locomotives of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1900-1957 (1st ed.). Standard Print & Publishing. LCCN 62-20878.
External links
[edit]- Pennsylvania / Vandalia Line 4-6-2 "Pacific" Locomotives in the USA at SteamLocomotive.com.
- PRR Steam Roster Pt6 - Class K.
- K4s - All of them! by Gary Mittner.s
